205
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Rehabilitation, a necessity in hospitalized and discharged people infected with COVID-19: a narrative review

, , &
Pages 202-210 | Received 25 Oct 2020, Accepted 02 Mar 2021, Published online: 17 Mar 2021

References

  • Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242.
  • World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report–51 Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1ba62e57_10.
  • WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/region/amro/country/ca.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
  • Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052.
  • Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1775–1776.
  • Novel CPERE. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145.
  • Covid C, Team R. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(12):343–346.
  • Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95.
  • Bornstein SR, Dalan R, Hopkins D, et al. Endocrine and metabolic link to coronavirus infection. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(6):297–298.
  • Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Discov. 2020;6(1):11–14.
  • Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. BioRxiv. 2020.
  • Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970–971.
  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8.
  • Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, et al. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. BioRxiv. 2020.
  • Kuhn J, Li W, Choe H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2004;61(21):2738–2743.
  • Zhang J, Wu Y, Wang R, et al. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that the reproductive system is potentially at risk from 2019-nCoV. BioRxiv. 2020.
  • Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514–523.
  • Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420–422.
  • Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(3):247–250.
  • Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, et al. Review of the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35(5):1545–1545.
  • Simões e Silva A, Silveira K, Ferreira A, et al. ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas receptor axis in inflammation and fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;169(3):477–492.
  • Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–116.
  • Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. 2020;81(5):537–540.
  • Nunes-Silva A, Rocha GC, Magalhaes DM, et al. Physical exercise and ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis of the Renin Angiotensin System. Protein Pept Lett. 2017;24(9):809–816.
  • Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 is suspected Interim guidance. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinicalmanagement-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-whennovel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
  • Riviello ED, Kiviri W, Twagirumugabe T, et al. Hospital incidence and outcomes of the acute respiratory distress syndrome using the Kigali modification of the Berlin definition. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(1):52–59.
  • Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, et al. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). In: Statpearls [internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
  • Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020; 34:101623.
  • Rezabakhsh A, Ala A, Hassanpour Khodaei S. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): a new emerging pandemic threat. J Res Clin Med. 2020;8(1):5–5.
  • Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269–271.
  • Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. BST. 2020;14(1):72–73.
  • Rawal G, Yadav S, Kumar R. Post-intensive care syndrome: an overview. J Transl Int Med. 2017;5(2):90–92.
  • Kress JP, Hall JB. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(17):1626–1635.
  • Siebens H, Aronow H, Edwards D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise to improve outcomes of acute hospitalization in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(12):1545–1552.
  • Boldrini P. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on rehabilitation services and Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) physicians' activities in Italy. An official document of the Italian PRM Society (SIMFER). Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2020;56(3):316–318.
  • McNeary L, Maltser S, Verduzco‐Gutierrez M. Navigating coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in physiatry: a CAN report for inpatient rehabilitation facilities. PM R. 2020;12(5):512–515.
  • Bailey P, Thomsen GE, Spuhler VJ, et al. Early activity is feasible and safe in respiratory failure patients. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(1):139–145.
  • Stiller K, Phillips A, Lambert P. The safety of mobilisation and its effect on haemodynamic and respiratory status of intensive care patients. Physiother Theory Pract. 2004;20(3):175–185.
  • Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS, et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1874–1882.
  • World Health Organization. Framework for action on interprofessional education and collaborative practice. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010.
  • World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020.
  • Stucki G, Stier-Jarmer M, Grill E, et al. Rationale and principles of early rehabilitation care after an acute injury or illness. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(7-8):353–359.
  • Zanni JM, Korupolu R, Fan E, et al. Rehabilitation therapy and outcomes in acute respiratory failure: an observational pilot project. J Crit Care. 2010;25(2):254–262.
  • Health NIf, Excellence C. Rehabilitation after critical illness in adults. NICE Reino Unido; 2014.
  • Liang T. Handbook of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Hangzhou (China): The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Compiled According to Clinical Experience. 2020.
  • Martínez-Velilla N, Casas-Herrero A, Zambom-Ferraresi F, et al. Effect of exercise intervention on functional decline in very elderly patients during acute hospitalization: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(1):28–36.
  • Kim SJ, Lee JH, Han B, et al. Effects of hospital-based physical therapy on hospital discharge outcomes among hospitalized older adults with community-acquired pneumonia and declining physical function. Aging Dis. 2015;6(3):174–179.
  • Wang T-H. Early mobilization on patients with mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Physical therapy effectiveness. London (UK): IntechOpen; 2020.
  • Aschwanden M, Engel H, Schwob A, et al. Acute deep vein thrombosis: early mobilization does not increase the frequency of pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(01):42–46.
  • Pashikanti L, Von Ah D. Impact of early mobilization protocol on the medical-surgical inpatient population: an integrated review of literature. Clin Nurse Spec. 2012;26(2):87–94.
  • Garzon-Serrano J, Ryan C, Waak K, et al. Early mobilization in critically ill patients: patients' mobilization level depends on health care provider's profession. PM R. 2011;3(4):307–313.
  • Surkan MJ, Gibson W. Interventions to mobilize elderly patients and reduce length of hospital stay. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(7):881–888.
  • Morris PE, Herridge MS. Early intensive care unit mobility: future directions. Crit Care Clin. 2007;23(1):97–110.
  • Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Holland A, et al. The effects of active mobilisation and rehabilitation in ICU on mortality and function: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(2):171–183.
  • Brummel N, Girard T, Ely E, et al. Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(3):370–379.
  • World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: rights, roles and responsibilities of health workers, including key considerations for occupational safety and health. 2020. March 19.
  • Zhao H-M, Xie Y-X, Wang C. Recommendations for respiratory rehabilitation in adults with COVID-19. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(13):1595–1602.
  • Thomas P, Baldwin C, Bissett B, et al. Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting: clinical practice recommendations. J Physiother. 2020;66(2):73–82.
  • Vitacca M, Carone M, Clini EM, et al. Joint statement on the role of respiratory rehabilitation in the COVID-19 crisis: the Italian position paper. Respiration. 2020;99(6):493–497.
  • Li X, Ma X. Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: is it “typical” ARDS? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1–5.
  • Gautam AP, Arena R, Dixit S, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID‐19 pandemic era: the need for a revised approach. Respirology (Carlton, Vic). 2020;25(12):1320–1322.
  • Force ADT, Ranieri V, Rubenfeld G, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526–2533.
  • Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330893.
  • Yang F, Liu N, Hu J, et al. [Pulmonary rehabilitation guidelines in the principle of 4S for patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43(3):180–182.
  • Gosselink R. Controlled breathing and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(5 Suppl 2):25–34.
  • Lewis A, Cave P, Stern M, et al. Singing for lung health—a systematic review of the literature and consensus statement. npj Prim Care Resp Med. 2016;26(1):1–8.
  • Ubolnuar N, Tantisuwat A, Thaveeratitham P, et al. Effects of breathing exercises in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rehabil Med. 2019;43(4):509–523.
  • Aytür YK, Köseoğlu BF, Taşkıran ÖÖ, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation principles in SARS-COV-2 infection (COVID-19): a guideline for the acute and subacute rehabilitation. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;66(2):2587–0823.
  • Hodgson CL, Stiller K, Needham DM, et al. Expert consensus and recommendations on safety criteria for active mobilization of mechanically ventilated critically ill adults. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):658–659.
  • Narula D, Nangia V. Use of an oscillatory PEP device to enhance bronchial hygiene in a patient of post-H1NI pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome with pneumothorax. Case Rep. 2014;2014(mar07 1):bcr2013202598–bcr2013202598.
  • Lazzeri M, Lanza A, Bellini R, et al. Respiratory physiotherapy in patients with COVID-19 infection in acute setting: a Position Paper of the Italian Association of Respiratory Physiotherapists (ARIR). Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2020;90(1).
  • World Health Organization. Technical specifications for invasive and non-invasive ventilators for COVID-19: interim guidance, 15 April 2020. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020.
  • World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance, 27 May 2020. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2020.
  • Hollander JE, Carr BG. Virtually perfect? Telemedicine for COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1679–1681.
  • Naik BN, Gupta R, Singh A, et al. Real-time smart patient monitoring and assessment amid COVID-19 pandemic–an alternative approach to remote monitoring. J Med Syst. 2020;44(7):1–2.
  • Gosselink R, Bott J, Johnson M, et al. Physiotherapy for adult patients with critical illness: recommendations of the European Respiratory Society and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Task Force on physiotherapy for critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(7):1188–1199.
  • Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;8(3):201–217.
  • Cerqueira É, Marinho DA, Neiva HP, et al. Inflammatory effects of high and moderate intensity exercise—a systematic review. Front Physiol. 2019;10:1550.
  • Dixit S. Can moderate intensity aerobic exercise be an effective and valuable therapy in preventing and controlling the pandemic of COVID-19? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109854.
  • Prata LO, Rodrigues CR, Martins JM, et al. Original Research: ACE2 activator associated with physical exercise potentiates the reduction of pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017;242(1):8–21.
  • Motta-Santos D, Dos Santos RAS, Oliveira M, et al. Effects of ACE2 deficiency on physical performance and physiological adaptations of cardiac and skeletal muscle to exercise. Hypertens Res. 2016;39(7):506–512.
  • Gomes-Santos IL, Fernandes T, Couto GK, et al. Effects of exercise training on circulating and skeletal muscle renin-angiotensin system in chronic heart failure rats. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98012
  • Pereira M, Ferreira J, Bueno C, et al. Exercise training reduces cardiac angiotensin II levels and prevents cardiac dysfunction in a genetic model of sympathetic hyperactivity-induced heart failure in mice. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(6):843–850.
  • Guimarães GG, Santos SH, Oliveira ML, et al. Exercise induces renin-angiotensin system unbalance and high collagen expression in the heart of Mas-deficient mice. Peptides. 2012;38(1):54–61.
  • Silva SD Jr, Zampieri TT, Ruggeri A, et al. Downregulation of the vascular renin-angiotensin system by aerobic training–focus on the balance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator axes. Circ J. 2015;79(6):1372–1380.
  • Goessler KF, Polito MD, Mota GF, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 polymorphisms and postexercise hypotension in hypertensive medicated individuals. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2018;38(2):206–212.
  • Heffernan KS, Jae SY. Exercise as medicine for COVID-19: an ACE in the hole? Med Hypotheses. 2020;142:109835.
  • Mohamed A, Alawna M. Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): a review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(4):489–496.
  • Gosselink R, Clini E. Rehabilitation in intensive care. Textbook of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. New York (NY): Springer; 2018. p. 349–365.
  • Connolly B, O'neill B, Salisbury L, et al. Physical rehabilitation interventions for adult patients during critical illness: an overview of systematic reviews. Thorax. 2016;71(10):881–890.
  • Kotfis K, Marra A, Ely EW. ICU delirium―a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in the intensive care unit. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2018;50(2):160–167.
  • Kotfis K, Williams Roberson S, Wilson JE, et al. COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1–9.
  • Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683–690.
  • Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, et al. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(23):2268–2270.
  • Vasilevskis EE, Chandrasekhar R, Holtze CH, et al. The cost of ICU delirium and coma in the intensive care unit patient. Med Care. 2018;56(10):890–897.
  • Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC, et al. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1306–1316.
  • LaHue SC, James TC, Newman JC, et al. Collaborative delirium prevention in the age of COVID-19. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(5):947–949.
  • Gordon CS, Waller JW, Cook RM, et al. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2019;156(1):80–91.
  • Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020; 39:101166.
  • Herridge MS, Moss M, Hough CL, et al. Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients and their family caregivers. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42(5):725–738.
  • Sheehy LM. Considerations for postacute rehabilitation for survivors of COVID-19. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(2):e19462.
  • Jansen-Kosterink S, Dekker-van Weering M, van Velsen L. Patient acceptance of a telemedicine service for rehabilitation care: a focus group study. Int J Med Inform. 2019;125:22–29.
  • Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation after critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;99(6):470–474.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.