The Impact of a Novel Operational Readiness Response Model on the Environmental Cleanliness of Emergency Ambulances

References

• World Health Organisation. Report on the burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organisation; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Allegranzi B, Kilpatrick C, Storr J, Kelley E, Park BJ, Donaldson L. Global infection prevention and control priorities 2018–22: a call for action. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(12):e1178–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30427-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makiela S, Weber A, Maguire BJ, Taylor-Robinson AW. Infection control protocols: is it time to clean up our act? Australas J Paramed. 2018;15(3):1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.3.624.
   Google Scholar
• Williams B, Onsman A, Brown T. From stretcher-bearer to paramedic: the Australian paramedics’ move towards professionalisation. Australas J Paramed. 2009;7(4):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.7.4.191.
   Google Scholar
• Barr N, Holmes M, Roiko A, Dunn P, Lord B. Challenges for environmental hygiene practices in Australian paramedic-led health care: a brief report. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(6):723–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.11.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carling P. Methods for assessing the adequacy of practice and improving room disinfection. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(5 Suppl):S20–S5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alves DW, Bissell RA. Bacterial pathogens in ambulances: results of unannounced sample collection. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(2):218–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903120801906721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibicht S, Vogel U. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) contamination of ambulance cars after short term transport of MRSA-colonised patients is restricted to the stretcher. J Hosp Infect. 2011;78(3):221–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2011.01.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigam Y, Cutter J. A preliminary investigation into bacterial contamination of Welsh emergency ambulances. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(5):479–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.20.5.479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikke HS, Giebner M, Kolmos HJ. Prehospital infection control and prevention in Denmark: a cross-sectional study on guideline adherence and microbial contamination of surfaces. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-018-0541-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackenzie M, Pilbery R. The impact of an ambulance vehicle preparation service on the presence of bacteria: a service evaluation. Br Paramed J. 2019;3(4):27–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.29045/14784726.2019.03.3.4.27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butterbaugh MW, Washick M, Wesley K. Dirty ambulances; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence measurement in the surveillance of ambulance cleanliness. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(6):S46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.04.102.
   Google Scholar
• Sobuwa S, Ragbheer S. Assessing the effectiveness of infection control prevention in an ambulance environment within the Qatar National Ambulance Service. Paramedics Australasia International Conference; Queensland, Australia: Australasian Journal of Paramedicine; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Mulvey D, Redding P, Robertson C, Woodall C, Kingsmore P, Bedwell D, Dancer SJ. Finding a benchmark for monitoring hospital cleanliness. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77(1):25–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr N, Holmes M, Roiko A, Dunn P, Lord B. Self-reported behaviors and perceptions of Australian paramedics in relation to hand hygiene and gloving practices in paramedic-led health care. Am J Infect Control. 2017;45(7):771–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2017.02.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe BE, Sweeney RJ, Berkeley RP, Cole KT, Forred WJ, Johnson LD. EMS provider compliance with infection control recommendations is suboptimal. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(2):290–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2013.851311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Health Information. Healthcare quarterly, activity and performance, emergency department, ambulance, admitted patients, seclusion and restraint, and elective surgery, July to September 2019. Sydney NSW: BHI; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• NSW Ambulance. Paramedic response network; 2019. http://www.ambulancesuperstations.health.nsw.gov.au/.
   Google Scholar
• Somani T, Morris D. NSW ambulance-make ready model environmental cleaning: the fight against healthcare associated infections. Infect Dis Health. 2018;23:S20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2018.09.080.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Health Information. Spotlight on measurement: measuring and reporting performance of NSW ambulance services. Sydney (NSW): BHI; Sydney (NSW): Bureau of Health Information; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteley GS, Derry C, Glasbey T. The comparative performance of three brands of portable ATP-bioluminometer intended for use in hospital infection control. Healthcare Infect. 2012;17(3):91–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/HI12021.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteley GS, Glasbey T, Fahey PP. A suggested sampling algorithm for use with ATP testing in cleanliness measurement. Infect Dis Health. 2016;21(4):169–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2016.11.003.
   Google Scholar
• Vikke HS, Vittinghus S, Giebner M, Kolmos HJ, Smith K, Castrén M, Lindström V. Compliance with hand hygiene in emergency medical services: an international observational study. Emerg Med J. 2019;36(3):171–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2018-207872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris D, Fierravanti G, Schreiber A, Johnson S, Bartolo D, Thyer L, Simpson P. Environmental cleanliness standards for emergency ambulances: a scoping review. Paramedics Australasia International Conference; Hobart, Australia: Australasian Journal of Paramedicine; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Alrazeeni D, Al Sufi MS. Nosocomial infections in ambulances and effectiveness of ambulance fumigation techniques in Saudi Arabia: phase I study. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(11):1354–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsley WG, McClelland TL, Neu DT, Martin SB, Mead KR, Thewlis RE, Noti JD. Ambulance disinfection using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI): effects of fixture location and surface reflectivity. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2018;15(1):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2017.1376067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter JA, Yezli S, Salkeld JA, French GL. Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(5 Suppl):S6–S11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donskey CJ. Does improving surface cleaning and disinfection reduce health care-associated infections? Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(5 Suppl):S12–S19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwarenstein M, Treweek S. Making trials matter: pragmatic and explanatory trials and the problem of applicability BMC. Trials. 2009;10:37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-10-37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shama G, Malik DJ. The uses and abuses of rapid bioluminescence-based ATP assays. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2013;216(2):115–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.03.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar