Prehospital Airway Management Training and Education: An NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document

References

• Dickison P, Haerling KA, Lasater K. Integrating the national council of state boards of nursing clinical judgment model into nursing educational frameworks. J Nurs Educ. 2019;58(2):72–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20190122-03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickison P, Luo X, Kim D, Woo A, Muntean W, Bergstrom B. Assessing higher-order cognitive constructs by using an information-processing framework. Journal of Appl Testing Technol. 2016;17(1):1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Carney N, Totten AM, Cheney T, Jungbauer R, Neth MR, Weeks C, Davis-O'Reilly C, Fu R, Yu Y, Chou R, Daya M. Prehospital airway management: A systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;1–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2021.1940400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchal AR, Finnegan G, Way DP, Terndrup T. Assessment of paramedic performance on difficult airway simulation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(3):411–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2015.1102993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prekker ME, Kwok H, Shin J, Carlbom D, Grabinsky A, Rea TD. The process of prehospital airway management: Challenges and solutions during paramedic endotracheal intubation*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1372–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krathwohl DR. A revision of Bloom's taxonomy: An overview. Theory into Practice. 2002;41(4):212–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michels ME, Evans DE, Blok GA. What is a clinical skill? Searching for order in chaos through a modified Delphi process. Med Teach. 2012;34(8):e573–81–e581. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.669218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker PA, Weller JM, Greenland KB, Riley RH, Merry AF. Education in airway management: Education in airway management. Anaesthesia. 2011;66(Suppl 2):101–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06939.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson KA. The Scientific Study of Expert Levels of Performance: general implications for optimal learning and creativity. High Ability Studies. 1998;9(1):75–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1359813980090106.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and related domains. Acad Med [Internet]. 2004;79(10):S70–S81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Cohen ER, Barsuk JH, Wayne DB. Does simulation-based medical education with deliberate practice yield better results than traditional clinical education? A meta-analytic comparative review of the evidence. Acad Med. 2011;86(6):706–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson KA. Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: A perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice. Acad Med. 2015;90(11):1471–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders Ericsson K. Deliberate practice and acquisition of expert performance: A general overview. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):988–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00227.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyton JR, editor. Teaching & learning in medical practice. Rickmansworth: Manticore Europe Limited; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson KA, Krampe RT, Tesch-Römer C. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychol Rev. 1993;100(3):363–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky LS. Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Young JQ, Van Merrienboer J, Durning S, Ten Cate O. Cognitive Load Theory: Implications for medical education: AMEE Guide No. 86. Med Teach. 2014;36(5):371–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2014.889290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppink J, van den Heuvel A. The evolution of cognitive load theory and its application to medical education. Perspect Med Educ. 2015;4(3):119–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-015-0192-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng A, Nadkarni VM, Mancini MB, Hunt EA, Sinz EH, Merchant RM, Donoghue A, Duff JP, Eppich W, Auerbach M, American Heart Association Education Science Investigators; and on behalf of the American Heart Association Education Science and Programs Committee, Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research, et al. Resuscitation education science: Educational strategies to improve outcomes from cardiac arrest: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(6):e82–e122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kienle GS, Kiene H. Clinical judgement and the medical profession. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17(4):621–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01560.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntean W. Nursing clinical decision-making: A literature review. Paper Commissioned by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. 2012. https://www.ncsbn.org/Nursing_Clinical_Decision_Making_A_Literature_Review.htm
   Google Scholar
• Guyette FX, Wang HE. EMS airway management: system considerations. In: Emergency medical services: clinical practice and systems oversight; 2021;vol. 1. p. 19–29.
   Google Scholar
• Bossers SM, Schwarte LA, Loer SA, Twisk JW, Boer C, Schober P. Experience in prehospital endotracheal intubation significantly influences mortality of patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2015; 10(10):e0141034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis JL, Gonzales J, Johns D, Sager L. Implementation of a clinical bundle to reduce out-of-hospital peri-intubation hypoxia. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;72(3):272–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.01.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuwenburg T. Access to Difficult Airway equipment and training for rural GP-anaesthetists in Australia: results of a 2012 survey. Rural Remote Health. 2012;12:2127. doi:https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH2127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Seitz SR, Hostler D, Yealy DM. Defining the learning curve for paramedic student endotracheal intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9(2):156–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903120590924645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang HE, Mann NC, Mears G, Jacobson K, Yealy DM. Out-of-hospital airway management in the United States. Resuscitation. 2011;82(4):378–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.12.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HE, Yealy DM. How many attempts are required to accomplish out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation? Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13(4):372–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2005.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bledsoe BE, Slattery DE, Lauver R, Forred W, Johnson L, Rigo G. Can emergency medical services personnel effectively place and use the Supraglottic Airway Laryngopharyngeal Tube (SALT) airway? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(3):359–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2011.561410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahan K, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S. King LT-D use by urban basic life support first responders as the primary airway device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2011;82(12):1525–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.06.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton PM, Simpson PM, Thomas RE, Bendall JC. Higher insertion success with the i-gel supraglottic airway in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2014;85(7):893–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.02.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubin J, Carter R. The feasibility of daily mannequin practice to improve intubation success. Air Med J. 2009;28(4):195–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2009.03.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DuCanto J, Serrano KD, Thompson RJ. Novel airway training tool that simulates vomiting: suction-assisted laryngoscopy assisted decontamination (SALAD) system. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(1):117–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.9.30891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forney ED, Stokes NA, Ashley DW, Montgomery A, Benjamin Christie D. Can education and enhanced medical director oversight improve definitive airway control in the prehospital environment? Am Surg. 2021;87(1):159–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003134820945228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma R, Sethi N, Honwad M, Singh S. Evaluation of four supraglottic devices used by paramedical staff for securing airway in simulated emergency airway management. Med J Armed Forces India. 2021;77(1):86–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.02.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen ML, Wagner A, Schnapp A, Lin A, Le N, Deverman S, Pedigo E, Johnson A, Cusick J, Gries H, et al. Cluster cross-over randomised trial of paediatric airway management devices in the simulation lab and operating room among paramedic students. Emerg Med J. 2021;38(1):27–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2020-209929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Pan C, Li T, Gan TJ. Airway management education: simulation based training versus non-simulation based training-A systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Anesthesiol. 2017;17(1):17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-017-0313-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Guen M, Martin F. High-fidelity simulation in airway management: Aim or tool towards skills and safety? Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2019; 38(4):327–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2019.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischof JJ, Panchal AR, Finnegan GI, Terndrup TE. Creation and validation of a novel mobile simulation laboratory for high fidelity, prehospital, difficult airway simulation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):465–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16000534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall RE, Plant JR, Bands CJ, Wall AR, Kang J, Hall CA. Human patient simulation is effective for teaching paramedic students endotracheal intubation. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12(9):850–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2005.04.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckey-Smith KN, High KR, Cole EM. Effectiveness of surgical airway training lab and assessment of skill and knowledge fade in surgical airway establishment among prehospital providers. Air Medical Journal. 2020;39(4):244. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2020.05.003.
   Google Scholar
• Hodnick R, Zitek T, Galster K, Johnson S, Bledsoe B, Ebbs D. A comparison of paramedic first pass endotracheal intubation success rate of the VividTrac VT-A 100, GlideScope Ranger, and direct laryngoscopy under simulated prehospital cervical spinal immobilization conditions in a cadaveric model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):621–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17006872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner KJ, Carlbom D, Cooke CR, Bulger EM, Copass MK, Sharar SR. Paramedic training for proficient prehospital endotracheal intubation. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(1):103–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/10903120903144858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiala A, Lederer W, Neumayr A, Egger T, Neururer S, Toferer E, Baubin M, Paal P. EMT-led laryngeal tube vs. face-mask ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation - a multicenter prospective randomized trial. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):104–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-017-0446-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth D, Hafner C, Aufmesser W, Hudabiunigg K, Wutti C, Herkner H, Schreiber W. Safety and feasibility of the laryngeal tube when used by EMTs during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med. 2015;33(8):1050–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.04.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen J. Paramedic clinical decision-making: results of two Canadian studies. Int Paramed Pract. 2011;1(2):63–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/ippr.2011.1.2.63.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom BS, Engelhart MD, Furst EJ, Hill WH, Krathwohl DR. Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals: handbook I: cognitive domain. New York: D. Mckay; 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Gray K. Assessing data on student learning in cognitive & affective domains. [Internet]. 2021. https://study.com/academy/lesson/assessing-data-on-student-learning-in-cognitive-affective-domains.html.
   Google Scholar
• Croskerry P. Diagnostic failure: a cognitive and affective approach. In: Advances in patient safety: Vol 2. Agency for healthcare research and quality. Rockville, MD; 2005. p. 241–53.
   Google Scholar
• Croskerry P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med. 2003;78(8):775–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhu H, Carpenter C, Freeman K, Nabors SG, Olson A. Clinical decisionmaking: opening the black box of cognitive reasoning. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48(6):713–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croskerry P. Clinical cognition and diagnostic error: applications of a dual process model of reasoning. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009;14(1):27–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-009-9182-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banning M. The think aloud approach as an educational tool to develop and assess clinical reasoning in undergraduate students. Nurse Educ Today. 2008;28(1):8–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2007.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond W, Kuhn G, Binstadt E, Quirk M, Wu T, Tews M, Dev P, Ericsson KA. The use of simulation in the development of individual cognitive expertise in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(11):1037–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00229.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myatra SN, Kalkundre RS, Divatia JV. Optimizing education in difficult airway management: meeting the challenge. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2017;30(6):748–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Chang A, Dym AA, Venegas-Borsellino C, Bangar M, Kazzi M, Lisenenkov D, Qadir N, Keene A, Eisen LA. Comparison between simulation-based training and lecture-based education in teaching situation awareness. a randomized controlled study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(4):529–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-950OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasilingam G, Ramalingam M, Chinnavan E. Assessment of learning domains to improve student’s learning in higher education. J Young Pharm. 2014;6(1):27–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2014.1.5.
   Google Scholar
• Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Shimberg B, Garifo M, Correll M. The association between Emergency Medical Services field performance assessed by high-fidelity simulation and the cognitive knowledge of practicing paramedics. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(11):1177–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01208.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter J, Porter M, Phillips A, Evans-Brave M, Williams B. Do paramedic students have situational awareness during high-fidelity simulation? A mixed-methods pilot study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2021;56:100983. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ienj.2021.100983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngquist ST, Henderson DP, Gausche-Hill M, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, Lewis RJ. Paramedic self-efficacy and skill retention in pediatric airway management. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15(12):1295–303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00262.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggio WJ, Grawey T, Stilley J, Dorsett M, on behalf the Education Committee of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Education Committee of the National Association of EMS Physicians. EMS curriculum should educate beyond a technical scope of practice: Position statement and resource document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(5):724–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2021.1925793.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Association of State EMS Officials. EMS Workforce planning and development: Guidelines for state adoption; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Page D, Brazelton T, Kokx G, Jennings PA, Williams B. Paramedic student encounters with patients during clinical placements: A multi-institutional cohort study. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2021;2(2):e12391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/emp2.12391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson JN, Colella MR, Daya MR, De Maio VJ, Nawrocki P, Nikolla DA, Bosson N. Prehospital cardiac arrest airway management: An NAEMSP Position Statement and Resource Document. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;26(0):54–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2021.1971349.
   Google Scholar
• Krathwohl D, Bloom B, Masia B. II: Handbook II: Affective Domain. New York: David McKay, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Yanofsky SD, Nyquist JG. Using the affective domain to enhance teaching of the ACGME competencies in anesthesiology training. J Educ Perioper Med: JEPM. 2010;12(1):E055.
   Google Scholar
• Pagatpatan CP, Valdezco JAT, Lauron JDC. Teaching the affective domain in community-based medical education: A scoping review. Med Teach. 2020; 42(5):507–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1707175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens M, Ormandy P. An evidence-based approach to measuring affective domain development. J Prof Nurs. 2019;35(3):216–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2018.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb DA. Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Santee JA, Marszalek JM, Hardinger KL. A critique of validity analysis from instruments assessing the affective domain. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019;11(2):218–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2018.11.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of State EMS Officials. National EMS Scope of Practice Model 2019. (Report No. DOT HS 812-666). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical credentialing of EMS providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017; 21(3):397–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley MA, Shoben A, Levine R. The demographics and education of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals: A national longitudinal investigation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(0):S18–S29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16001060.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deakin C, King P, Thompson F. Prehospital advanced airway management by ambulance technicians and paramedics: is clinical practice sufficient to maintain skills? Emerg Med J. 2009;26(12):888–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/emj.2008.064642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas F, Rhoades C, Carpenter J, Holleran R, Handrahan D. Difficult airway simulator intubation success rates using commission on accreditation of medical transport systems training standards. Air Med J. 2011;30(4):208–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2010.12.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nayar SK, Musto L, Baruah G, Fernandes R, Bharathan R. Self-assessment of surgical skills: A systematic review. J Surg Educ. 2020;77(2):348–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.09.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erumeda NJ, Couper ID, Thomas LS. A self-assessment study of procedural skills of doctors in peri-urban district hospitals of Gauteng, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2019;11(1):e1–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v11i1.1975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar