Prehospital Ultrasound: A Narrative Review

References

• Bobbia X, Hansel N, Muller L, Claret P-G, Moreau A, Genre Grandpierre R, Chenaitia H, Lefrant J-Y, de La Coussaye J-E. Availability and practice of bedside ultrasonography in emergency rooms and prehospital setting: a French survey. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2014;33(3):e29-33–e33. doi:10.1016/j.annfar.2013.12.010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson BP, Sanghvi A. Out of hospital point of care ultrasound: current use models and future directions. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2016;42(2):139–50. doi:10.1007/s00068-015-0494-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer CB, Ball M, Cash RE, Rivard MK, Chrzan K, Panchal AR. Ultrasound use in the prehospital setting for trauma: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021;25(4):566–82. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1811815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dochartaigh D, Douma M, MacKenzie M. Five-year retrospective review of physician and non-physician performed ultrasound in a Canadian critical care helicopter emergency medical service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(1):24–31. doi:10.1080/10903127.2016.1204036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver P, Bannister P, Bootland D, Lyon RM. Diagnostic performance of prehospital ultrasound diagnosis for traumatic pneumothorax by a UK Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Eur J Emerg Med. 2020;27(3):202–6. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charron C, Templier F, Goddet NS, Baer M, Vieillard-Baron A. The Group of Investigators of SAMU 92. Difficulties encountered by physicians in interpreting focused echocardiography using a pocket ultrasound machine in prehospital emergencies. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;22(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaral CB, Ralston DC, Becker TK. Prehospital point-of-care ultrasound: a transformative technology. SAGE Open Med. 2020;8:2050312120932706. doi:10.1177/2050312120932706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketelaars R, Reijnders G, van Geffen GJ, Scheffer GJ, Hoogerwerf N. ABCDE of prehospital ultrasonography: a narrative review. Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):17. doi:10.1186/s13089-018-0099-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgess S, Smith E, Piper S, Archer F. The development of an updated prehospital search filter for the Cochrane Library: Prehospital Search Filter Version 2.0. Australas J Paramedicine. 2010;8(4):1–5. doi:10.33151/ajp.8.4.82.
   Google Scholar
• Olaussen A, Semple W, Oteir A, Todd P, Williams B. Paramedic literature search filters: optimised for clinicians and academics. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2017;17(1):146. doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0544-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Dochartaigh D, Douma M, Alexiu C, Ryan S, MacKenzie M. Utilization criteria for prehospital ultrasound in a canadian critical care helicopter emergency medical service: Determining who might benefit. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(5):536–40. doi:10.1017/S1049023X1700646X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilbert-Carius P, Struck MF, Rudolph M, Knapp J, Rognås L, Adler J, Slagt C, Jacobsen L, Pich H, Christian MD, POCUS in HEMS orators, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) practices in the helicopter emergency medical services in Europe: results of an online survey. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):124–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press GM, Miller SK, Hassan IA, Alade KH, Camp E, Junco DD, Holcomb JB. Prospective evaluation of prehospital trauma ultrasound during aeromedical transport. J Emerg Med. 2014;47(6):638–45. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.07.056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates JG, Baylous D. Aeromedical ultrasound: the evaluation of point-of-care ultrasound during helicopter transport. Air Med J. 2017;36(3):110–5. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2017.02.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cover M, Tafoya C, Long B, Cranford J, Burkhardt J, Huang R, Theyyunni N, Bassin B, Lowell M, Kessler R, et al. Creation of a flight nurse critical care ultrasound program. Air Med J. 2019;38(4):266–72. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.03.010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strony R, Slimmer K, Slimmer S, Corros P, Davis R, Zhu B, Niedzwiecki K, Cho D, Lapczynski J, Jia S, et al. Helicopter emergency medical services performed extended focused assessment with sonography: training, workflow, and sustainable quality. Air Med J. 2022;41(2):209–16. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2021.11.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor J, McLaughlin K, McRae A, Lang E, Anton A. Use of prehospital ultrasound in North America: a survey of emergency medical services medical directors. BMC Emerg Med. 2014;14(6):1–5. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-14-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ultrasound in the Air Medical Environment. Air Med J. 2018;37(6):351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sedlakova A, Olszynski P, Davis P, Froh J. Prehospital ultrasound use among Canadian aeromedical service providers – a cross-sectional survey. CJEM. 2020; 22(3):338–41. doi:10.1017/cem.2019.451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alstrup K, Møller TP, Knudsen L, Hansen TM, Petersen JAK, Rognås L, Barfod C. Characteristics of patients treated by the Danish Helicopter Emergency Medical Service from 2014-2018: a nationwide population-based study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019;27(1):102–11. doi:10.1186/s13049-019-0672-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharonow M, Weilbach C. Prehospital point-of-care emergency ultrasound: a cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):49 doi:10.1186/s13049-018-0519-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polk JD, Fallon WF, Kovach B, Mancuso C, Stephens M, Malangoni MA. The “Airmedical F.A.S.T.” for trauma patients–the initial report of a novel application for sonography. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001; 72(5):432–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ketelaars R, Holtslag JJM, Hoogerwerf N. Abdominal prehospital ultrasound impacts treatment decisions in a Dutch Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019;26(4):277–82. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketelaars R, Beekers C, Van Geffen GJ, Scheffer GJ, Hoogerwerf N. Prehospital echocardiography during resuscitation impacts treatment in a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service: an observational study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(4):406–13. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1416208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketelaars R, Hoogerwerf N, Scheffer GJ. Prehospital chest ultrasound by a dutch helicopter emergency medical service. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(4):811–7. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.07.085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogh CL, Steinmetz J, Rudolph SS, Hesselfeldt R, Lippert FK, Berlac PA, et al. Effect of ultrasound training of physicians working in the prehospital setting. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;24(99):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jakobsen LK, Botker MT, Lawrence LP, Sloth E, Knudsen L. Systematic training in focused cardiopulmonary ultrasound affects decision-making in the prehospital setting – two case reports. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22(29):1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darocha T, Gałązkowski R, Sobczyk D, Żyła Z, Drwiła R. Point-of-care ultrasonography during rescue operations on board a Polish Medical Air Rescue helicopter. J Ultrason. 2014;14(59):414–20. doi:10.15557/JoU.2014.0043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polk JD, Merlino JI, Kovach BL, Mancuso C, Fallon WF. Fetal evaluation for transport by ultrasound performed by air medical teams: a case series. Air Med J. 2004;23(4):32–4. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2004.04.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Browning Carmo K, Lutz T, Greenhalgh M, Berry A, Kluckow M, Evans N. Feasibility and utility of portable ultrasound during retrieval of sick preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(8):1296–301. doi:10.1111/apa.13881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns BJ, Aguirrebarrena G. Occult traumatic loculated tension pneumothorax–a sonographic diagnostic dilemma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(1):92–4. doi:10.3109/10903127.2012.710720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quick JA, Uhlich RM, Ahmad S, Barnes SL, Coughenour JP. In-flight ultrasound identification of pneumothorax. Emerg Radiol. 2016;23(1):3–7. doi:10.1007/s10140-015-1348-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths E. Helicopter emergency medical services use of thoracic point of care ultrasound for pneumothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):163. doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00977-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roline CE, Heegaard WG, Moore JC, Joing SA, Hildebrandt DA, Biros MH, Caroon LV, Plummer DW, Reardon RF. Feasibility of bedside thoracic ultrasound in the helicopter emergency medical services setting. Air Med J. 2013;32(3):153–7. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2012.10.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzgibbon JB, Lovallo E, Escajeda J, Radomski MA, Martin-Gill C. Feasibility of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest ultrasound by EMS physicians. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(3):297–303. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1518505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aichinger G, Zechner PM, Prause G, Sacherer F, Wildner G, Anderson CL, Pocivalnik M, Wiesspeiner U, Fox JC. Cardiac movement identified on prehospital echocardiography predicts outcome in cardiac arrest patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(2):251–5. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.640414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapostolle F, Petrovic T, Lenoir G, Catineau J, Galinski M, Metzger J, Chanzy E, Adnet F. Usefulness of hand-held ultrasound devices in out-of-hospital diagnosis performed by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med. 2006;24(2):237–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobbia X, Pradeilles C, Claret PG, Soullier C, Wagner P, Bodin Y, Roger C, Cayla G, Muller L, de La Coussaye JE, et al. Does physician experience influence the interpretability of focused echocardiography images performed by a pocket device? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015;23(1):7. doi:10.1186/s13049-015-0122-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Weide L, Popal Z, Terra M, Schwarte LA, Ket JCF, Kooij FO, Exadaktylos AK, Zuidema WP, Giannakopoulos GF. Prehospital ultrasound in the management of trauma patients: systematic review of the literature. Injury. 2019;50(12):2167–75. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2019.09.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat SR, Johnson DA, Pierog JE, Zaia BE, Williams SR, Gharahbaghian L. Prehospital evaluation of effusion, pneumothorax, and standstill (PEEPS): point-of-care ultrasound in. WestJEM. 2015;16(4):503–9. doi:10.5811/westjem.2015.5.25414.
   Google Scholar
• Becker TK, Martin-Gill C, Callaway CW, Guyette FX, Schott C. Feasibility of paramedic performed prehospital lung ultrasound in medical patients with respiratory distress. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(2):175–9. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1358783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unlüer EE, Yavaşi O, Kara PH, Kılıç TY, Vandenberk N, Kayayurt K, Kıyançiçek S, Akoğlu H, Yılmaz C. Paramedic-performed focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) in the emergency department. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2011;17(2):113–6. doi:10.5505/tjtes.2011.88557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin EJ, Chan CH, Mortazavi R, Anderson CL, Kahn CA, Summers S, Fox JC. A pilot study examining the viability of a Prehospital Assessment with UltraSound for Emergencies (PAUSE) protocol. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(1):142–9. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.02.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raio CC, Modayil V, Cassara M, Dubon M, Patel J, Shah T, Chun P, Nelson M, Chiricolo G, Sama AE, et al. Can emergency medical services personnel identify pneumothorax on focused ultrasound examinations? Crit Ultrasound J. 2009;1(2):65–8. doi:10.1007/s13089-009-0016-5.
   Google Scholar
• Boniface KS, Shokoohi H, Smith ER, Scantlebury K. Tele-ultrasound and paramedics: real-time remote physician guidance of the Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma examination. Am J Emerg Med. 2011;29(5):477–81. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth KL, Reed MJ, Brady S, Cranfield KR, Kishen R, Letham K, et al. Training paramedics in focussed echo in life support. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;22(6):430–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke M, Walton J, Scutt D, Connolly J, Jarman B. Acquisition and interpretation of focused diagnostic ultrasound images by ultrasound-naive advanced paramedics: trialling a PHUS education programme. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(4):322–6. doi:10.1136/emj.2010.106484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke M, Walton J, Scutt D. Paramedic application of ultrasound in the management of patients in the prehospital setting: a review of the literature. Emerg Med J. 2010;27(9):702–7. doi:10.1136/emj.2010.094219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heegaard W, Hildebrandt D, Spear D, Chason K, Nelson B, Ho J. Prehospital ultrasound by paramedics: results of field trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(6):624–30. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00755.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney KP, Lahham S, Lahham S, Anderson CL, Bledsoe B, Sloane B, Joseph L, Osborn MB, Fox JC. Pre-hospital assessment with ultrasound in emergencies: implementation in the field. World J Emerg Med. 2016;7(2):117–23. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2016.02.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeneck JH, Coughlin RF, Baloescu C, Cone DC, Liu RB, Kalam S, Medoro AK, Medoro I, Joseph D, Burns K, et al. Paramedic-performed prehospital point-of-care ultrasound for patients with undifferentiated dyspnea: a pilot study. West J Emerg Med. 2021;22(3):750–5. doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.12.49254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of State EMS Officials. National EMS Scope of Practice Model 2019 (Report No. DOT HS 812-666). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh-Feiley G, Eadie L, Wilson P. Paramedic and physician perspectives on the potential use of remotely supported prehospital ultrasound. Rural Remote Health. 2018;18(3):4574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron A, Beirne G, Wald A. Paramedic point of care ultrasound at Australian mass gatherings. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2019;22(1):56–60. doi:10.1002/ajum.12132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boniface KS, Sikka N, Page N, Peretz A, Shokoohi H. A cruise ship emergency medical evacuation triggered by handheld ultrasound findings and directed by tele-ultrasound. Int Marit Health. 2020;71(1):42–5. doi:10.5603/IMH.2020.0010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen BD, Blue RS, Castleberry TL, Antonsen EL, Vanderploeg JM. Point-of-care ultrasound for pulmonary concerns in remote spaceflight triage environments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2018;89(2):122–9. doi:10.3357/AMHP.4808.2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nations JA, Browning RF. Battlefield applications for handheld ultrasound. Ultrasound Q. 2011;27(3):171–6. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e31822b7c14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savell SC, Baldwin DS, Blessing A, Medelllin KL, Savell CB, Maddry JK. Military use of point of care ultrasound (POCUS). J Spec Oper Med. 2021;21(2):35–42. doi:10.55460/AJTO-LW17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts J, McManus J, Harrison B. Use of ultrasonography to avoid an unnecessary procedure in the prehospital combat environment: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10(4):502–6. doi:10.1080/10903120600887023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madill JJ. In-flight thoracic ultrasound detection of pneumothorax in combat. J Emerg Med. 2010;39(2):194–7. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.08.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubecq C, Dubourg O, Morand G, Montagnon R, Travers S, Mahe P. Point-of-care ultrasound for treatment and triage in austere military environments. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021;91(2S Suppl 2):S124–S129. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000003308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hile DC, Morgan AR, Laselle BT, Bothwell JD. Is point-of-care ultrasound accurate and useful in the hands of military medical technicians? A review of the literature. Mil Med. 2012;177(8):983–7. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-12-00020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiner JD, Baker BL, McArthur TJ. The ultrasound detection of simulated long bone fractures by U.S. Army Special Forces Medics. J Spec Oper Med. 2010;10(2):7–10. doi:10.55460/K7EU-35TF.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan AR, Vasios WN, Hubler DA, Benson PJ. Special operator level clinical ultrasound: an experience in application and training. J Spec Oper Med. 2010;10(2):16–24. doi:10.55460/BNPY-WWQ8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil CR, McManus J, Mehta S. The accuracy of portable ultrasonography to diagnose fractures in an austere environment. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13(1):50–2. doi:10.1080/10903120802474513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern BJ, Monti JD, Naylor JF, Cronin AJ, Perreault MD. U.S. Army combat medic eFAST performance with a novel versus conventional transducers: a randomized, crossover trial. Mil Med. 2020;185(Supplement_1):19–24. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West B, Cusser A, Etengoff S, Landsgaard H, LaBond V. The use of FAST scan by paramedics in mass-casualty incidents: a simulation study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):576–9. doi:10.1017/S1049023X14001204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorter M, Macias DJ. Portable handheld ultrasound in austere environments: use in the Haiti disaster. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(2):172–7. doi:10.1017/S1049023X12000611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkwarf KJ, Goodman MD, Press GM, Wade CE, Cotton BA. Prehospital ABC score accurately forecasts patients who will require immediate resource utilization. South Med J. 2021;114(4):193–8. doi:10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Zahran T, El Sayed MJ. Prehospital ultrasound in trauma: a review of current and potential future clinical applications. j Emerg Trauma Shock. 2018;11(1):4–9. doi:10.4103/JETS.JETS_117_17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun PM, Bessereau J, Levy D, Billeres X, Fournier N, Kerbaul F. Prehospital ultrasound thoracic examination to improve decision making, triage, and care in blunt trauma. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(7):817.e1–e2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press GM, Miller SK, Hassan IA, Blankenship R, Junco D d, Camp E, Holcomb JB. Evaluation of a training curriculum for prehospital trauma ultrasound. J Emerg Med. 2013;45(6):856–64. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett JJ, Laselle B, Kendall J. Splenic injury sustained during body hardening drills and the utility of ultrasound in a prehospital combat medical environment. Mil Med. 2010;175(3):182–4. doi:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas B, Hempel D, Otto R, Brenner F, Stier M, Marzi I, Breitkreutz R, Walcher F. Prehospital FAST reduces time to admission and operative treatment: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(4):2701–8. doi:10.1007/s00068-021-01806-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CH, Shin SD, Song KJ, Park CB. Diagnostic accuracy of focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examinations performed by emergency medical technicians. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(3):400–6. doi:10.3109/10903127.2012.664242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcher F, Kirschning T, Müller MP, Byhahn C, Stier M, Rüsseler M, Brenner F, Braun J, Marzi I, Breitkreutz R. Accuracy of prehospital focused abdominal sonography for trauma after a 1-day hands-on training course. Emerg Med J. 2010; 27(5):345–9. doi:10.1136/emj.2008.059626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman B, Van Aarsen K, Lewell M, Tien H, Myslik F, Peddle M, Doran S. Abdominal ultrasound image acquisition and interpretation by novice practitioners after minimal training on a simulated patient model. CJEM Can J Emerg Med Care. 2020;22(S2):S62–S66. doi:10.1017/cem.2019.495.
   Google Scholar
• Ruesseler M, Kirschning T, Breitkreutz R, Marzi I, Walcher F. Prehospital and emergency department ultrasound in blunt abdominal trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2009;35(4):341–6. doi:10.1007/s00068-009-9082-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partyka C, Coggins A, Bliss J, Burns B, Fiorentino M, Goorkiz P, Miller M. A multicenter evaluation of the accuracy of prehospital eFAST by a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service. Emerg Radiol. 2022;29(2):299–306. doi:10.1007/s10140-021-02002-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dochartaigh D, Douma M. Prehospital ultrasound of the abdomen and thorax changes trauma patient management: A systematic review. Injury. 2015;46(11):2093–102. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2015.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer HX, Vogl S, Schiemann U, Haug A, Stolpe E, Michalski T. Prehospital ultrasound in emergency medicine: incidence, feasibility, indications and diagnoses. Eur J Emerg Med. 2010;17(5):254–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busch M. Portable ultrasound in pre-hospital emergencies: a feasibility study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50(6):754–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01030.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcher F, Weinlich M, Conrad G, Schweigkofler U, Breitkreutz R, Kirschning T, Marzi I. Prehospital ultrasound imaging improves management of abdominal trauma. Br J Surg. 2006;93(2):238–42. doi:10.1002/bjs.5213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamberini L, Tartaglione M, Giugni A, Alban L, Allegri D, Coniglio C, Lupi C, Chiarini V, Mazzoli CA, Heusch-Lazzeri E, et al. The role of prehospital ultrasound in reducing time to definitive care in abdominal trauma patients with moderate to severe liver and spleen injuries. Injury. 2022; 53(5):1587–95. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2021.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzat P, Valdenaire G, Gauss T, Charbit J, Arvieux C, Balandraud P, Bobbia X, David J-S, Frandon J, Garrigue D, et al. Early management of severe abdominal trauma. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(2):269–77. doi:10.1016/j.accpm.2019.12.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barthélémy R, Bounes V, Minville V, Houze-Cerfon CH, Ducassé JL. Prehospital mechanical ventilation of a critical cardiac tamponade. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27(8):1020.e1-3–1020.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2008.12.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heegaard W, Hildebrandt D, Reardon R, Plummer D, Clinton J, Ho J. Prehospital ultrasound diagnosis of traumatic pericardial effusion. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(4):364. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2009.00379.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsuka H, Sato T, Morita S, Nakagawa Y, Inokuchi S. A case of blunt traumatic cardiac tamponade successfully treated by out-of-hospital pericardial drainage in a “doctor-helicopter” ambulance staffed by skilled emergency physicians. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2016; 41(1):1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byhahn C, Bingold TM, Zwissler B, Maier M, Walcher F. Prehospital ultrasound detects pericardial tamponade in a pregnant victim of stabbing assault. Resuscitation. 2008;76(1):146–8. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.07.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo dell’ Orto M, Kratz T, Wild C, Horstmann C, Walcher F, Seibel A, Hamm C, Breitkreutz R. Pre-hospital ultrasound detects pericardial tamponade in young patients with occult blunt trauma: time for preparation? Case report and review of literature. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;3(5):409–11. doi:10.1007/s00392-014-0661-y.
   Google Scholar
• Dewar ZE, Ko S, Rogers C, Oropallo A, Augustine A, Pamula A, Berry CL. Prehospital portable ultrasound for safe and accurate prehospital needle thoracostomy: a pilot educational study. Ultrasound J. 2022;14(1):23. doi:10.1186/s13089-022-00270-w.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houze-Cerfon CH, Bounes V, Guemon J, Le Gourrierec T, Geeraerts T. Quality and feasibility of sonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter to estimate the risk of raised intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury in prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(2):277–83. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1501444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tazarourte K, Atchabahian A, Tourtier J-P, David J-S, Ract C, Savary D, Monchi M, Vigué B. Pre-hospital transcranial Doppler in severe traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(4):422–8. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02372.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen H, Jensen CH, Dirks J. Does prehospital ultrasound improve treatment of the trauma patient? A systematic review. Eur J Emerg Med. 2010;17(5):249–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun PM, Chenaitia H, Gonzva J, Bessereau J, Bobbia X, Peyrol M, et al. The value of prehospital echocardiography in shock management. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31(2): e5–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuttab HI, Flanagan E, Damewood SC, Cathers AD, Steuerwald MT. Prehospital echocardiogram use in identifying massive pulmonary embolism in unidentified respiratory failure. Air Med J. 2021;40(1):73–5. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2020.10.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudolph SS, Sorensen MK, Svane C, Hesselfeldt R, Steinmetz J. Effect of prehospital ultrasound on clinical outcomes of non-trauma patients–a systematic review.Resuscitation. 2014;85(1):21–30. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosen G, Klemen P, Strnad M, Grmec S. Combination of lung ultrasound (a comet-tail sign) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in differentiating acute heart failure from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma as cause of acute dyspnea in prehospital emergency setting. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):450–9. doi:10.1186/cc10140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neesse A, Jerrentrup A, Hoffmann S, Sattler A, Görg C, Kill C, Mathias Gress T, Kunsch S. Prehospital chest emergency sonography trial in Germany: a prospective study. Eur J Emerg Med. 2012;19(3):161–6. doi:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328349edcc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan JK, Burton SO, Jones SL, Meadley BN. Use of point-of-care ultrasound by non-physicians to assess respiratory distress in the out-of-hospital environment: a scoping review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022;37(4):520–8. doi:10.1017/S1049023X22000711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronaldson J, Moultrie CEJ, Corfield AR, McElhinney E. Can non-physician advanced retrieval practitioners (ARP) acquire and interpret diagnostic views of the lungs with sufficient quality to aid in the diagnosis of pneumothorax in the pre-hospital and retrieval environment? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):102. doi:10.1186/s13049-020-00797-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams TA, Finn J, Celenza A, Teng TH, Jacobs IG. Paramedic identification of acute pulmonary edema in a metropolitan ambulance service. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(3):339–47. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.773114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanatta M, Benato P, De Battisti S, Pirozzi C, Ippolito R, Cianci V. Pre-hospital lung ultrasound for cardiac heart failure and COPD: is it worthwhile? Crit Ultrasound J. 2018;10(1):22. doi:10.1186/s13089-018-0104-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ienghong K, Cheung LW, Tiamkao S, Bhudhisawasdi V, Apiratwarakul K. The utilization of handheld ultrasound devices in a prehospital setting. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022;37(3):355–9. doi:10.1017/S1049023X22000644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechner PM, Aichinger G, Rigaud M, Wildner G, Prause G. Prehospital lung ultrasound in the distinction between pulmonary edema and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(3):389.e1-389–e2. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.07.021.
   Google Scholar
• Pietersen PI, Mikkelsen S, Lassen AT, Helmerik S, Jørgensen G, Nadim G, Christensen HM, Wittrock D, Laursen CB. Quality of focused thoracic ultrasound performed by emergency medical technicians and paramedics in a prehospital setting: a feasibility study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;29(1):40–9. doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00856-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen CB, Hanselmann A, Posth S, Mikkelsen S, Videbaek L, Berg H. Prehospital lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a pilot study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;24(96):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abd Wahab M, Eddie EA, Ibrahim Ahmad UQA, Shafie H, Shaikh Abd Karim SB, Abdull Wahab SF. Lung ultrasonography for COVID-19 patients in out of hospital settings. J Ultrasound. 2022;25(3):475–82. doi:10.1007/s40477-021-00609-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunez-Montes OY, Buonsenso D, Paz-Ortega SO. Feasibility of lung point-of-care ultrasound for patients with COVID-19 in air medical transport: triage of 2 initially suspected cases on Mexico’s Front Line. J Ultrasound Med. 2021;40(2):419–27. doi:10.1002/jum.15414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns BJ, Healy G. Coronary artery dissection: an unusual cause of hypoxia in blunt trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011;15(3):414–7. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.561416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadim G, Laursen CB, Pietersen PI, Wittrock D, Sørensen MK, Nielsen LB, Rasmussen C-H, Christensen HM, Helmerik S, Jørgensen G, et al. Prehospital emergency medical technicians can perform ultrasonography and blood analysis in prehospital evaluation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a feasibility study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):290–12. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06305-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strnad M, Prosen G, Borovnik Lesjak V. Bedside lung ultrasound for monitoring the effectiveness of prehospital treatment with continuous positive airway pressure in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur J Emerg Med. 2016;23(1):50–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einvik S, Kruger AJ, Gisvold SE. Pediatric hypothermic submersion incident – should we do chest compressions on a beating heart? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):85–4. doi:10.1186/s13049-020-00779-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV, Seeger FH, Ilper H, Ackermann H, Rudolph M, Uddin S, Weigand MA, Müller E, Emergency Ultrasound Working Group of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, et al. Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation. 2010;81(11):1527–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bøtker MT, Jacobsen L, Rudolph SS, Knudsen L. The role of point of care ultrasound in prehospital critical care: a systematic review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2018;26(1):14–51. doi:10.1186/s13049-018-0518-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Humphries AL, White JMB, Guinn RE, Braude DA. Paramedic-performed carotid artery ultrasound heralds return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022:1–5. doi:10.1080/10903127.2021.2022257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiser MA, Hill B, Karki D, Wood E, Shelton R, Peterson J, Riccio J, Zapata I, Khalil PA, Gubler D, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound use by EMS providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022;37(1):39–44. doi:10.1017/S1049023X21001357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bempt S, Wauters L, Dewolf P. Pulseless electrical activity: Detection of underlying causes in a prehospital setting. Med Princ Pract. 2021;30(3):212–22. doi:10.1159/000513431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed MJ, Gibson L, Dewar A, Short S, Black P, Clegg GR. Introduction of paramedic led Echo in Life Support into the pre-hospital environment: The PUCA study. Resuscitation. 2017;112:65–9. 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlin MA, Joseph J, Hohbein J, Ariyaprakai N, Tanis J, Tagore A. Out-of-hospital transesophageal echocardiogram for cardiac arrest resuscitation: the initial case. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020; 24(1):90–3. doi:10.1080/10903127.2019.1604926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Škulec R, Truhlář A, Šeblová J, Knor J, Houdek M, Černý V. Intra-arrest formation of right-heart thrombi – a case illustrated by real-time ultrasonography. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013; 57(5):669–73. doi:10.1111/aas.12072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotak M, Tyll T, Pochop M. The role of ultrasound examination in the differential diagnosis of cardiac arrest in prehospital care: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022:1–3. doi:10.1080/10903127.2022.2082609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querellou E, Meyran D, Petitjean F, Le Dreff P, Maurin O. Ventricular fibrillation diagnosed with trans-thoracic echocardiography. Resuscitation. 2009;80(10):1211–3. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.06.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleeg RC. Ultrasound in the royal Danish air force search and rescue helicopter: 2 case reports. Air Med J. 2017;36(3):138–9. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2017.02.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brun PM, Chenaitia H, Dejesus I, Bessereau J, Bonello L, Pierre B. Ultrasound to perimortem caesarean delivery in prehospital settings. Injury. 2013;44(1):151–2. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.08.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanatta M, Lorenzi C, Scorpiniti M, Cianci V, Pasini R, Barchitta A. Ultrasound-guided chest compressions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. J Emerg Med. 2020;59(6):e225–33–e233. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann I, Büttner B, Teut E, Jacobshagen C, Hinz J, Quintel M, Mansur A, Roessler M. Pre-hospital transthoracic echocardiography for early identification of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):29. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1929-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heiner JD, McArthur TJ. The ultrasound identification of simulated long bone fractures by prehospital providers. Wilderness Environ Med. 2010;21(2):137–40. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2009.12.028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamilio DM, McReynolds T, Endrizzi J, Lyons RC. Diagnosis and treatment of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a combat support hospital during Operation Iraqi Freedom: case report and critique of a field-ready sonographic device. Mil Med. 2004;169(9):681–3. doi:10.7205/milmed.169.9.681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinski M, Petrovic T, Rodrigues A, Hermann M, Catineau J, Adnet F, Lapostolle F. Out-of-hospital diagnosis of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy: myometrial embryo implantation, an exceptional diagnosis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010;14(4):496–8. doi:10.3109/10903127.2010.493984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann B, Gullett J, Hill H, Fuller D, Westergaard M, Hosek W, Smith J. Bedside ultrasound of the neck confirms endotracheal tube position in emergency intubations. Ultraschall in Med. 2014;35(05):451–8. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1366014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joyce M, Tozer J, Vitto M, Evans D. Ability of critical care medics to confirm endotracheal tube placement by ultrasound. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020;35(6):629–31. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20001004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadel S, Strnad M, Prosen G, Mekiš D. Point of care ultrasound for orotracheal tube placement assessment in out-of hospital setting. Resuscitation. 2015;87:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason R, Latimer A, Vrablik M, Utarnachitt R. Teaching flight nurses ultrasonographic evaluation of esophageal intubation and pneumothorax. Air Med J. 2019;38(3):195–7. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2018.11.007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaminski A, Dike NO, Bachista K, Boniface M, Dove C, Simon LV. Differences between esophageal and tracheal intubation ultrasound view proficiency: an educational study of novice prehospital providers. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8686. doi:10.7759/cureus.8686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White-Dzuro GA, Gibson LE, Berra L, Bittner EA, Chang MG. Portable handheld point-of-care ultrasound for detecting unrecognized esophageal intubations. Respir Care. 2022;67(5):607–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lema PC, O’Brien M, Wilson J, James ES, Lindstrom H, DeAngelis J, Caldwell J, May P, Clemency B. Avoid the Goose! Paramedic identification of esophageal intubation by ultrasound. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):406–10. doi:10.1017/S1049023X18000651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Kim JK. Transtracheal ultrasonographic confirmation of endotracheal intubation using I-gel and an endotracheal tube introducer. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(12):2629–33. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlin ER, Zelenak J, Barakat M, Anderson KL. Airway ultrasound for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement in cadavers by military flight medic trainees – a pilot study. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(9):1711–4. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun PM, Bessereau J, Cazes N, Querellou E, Chenaitia H. Lung ultrasound associated to capnography to verify correct endotracheal tube positioning in prehospital. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):2080-e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur SM, Pearce A, Alfred S, Sharley P. Use of point-of-care ultrasound by a critical care retrieval team. Emerg Med Australas. 2007;19(6):547–52. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.01029.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skulec R, Callerova J, Vojtisek P, Cerny V. Two different techniques of ultrasound-guided peripheral venous catheter placement versus the traditional approach in the pre-hospital emergency setting: a randomized study. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(2):303–10. doi:10.1007/s11739-019-02226-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büttner B, Mansur A, Kalmbach M, Hinz J, Volk T, Szalai K, Roessler M, Bergmann I. Prehospital ultrasound-guided nerve blocks improve reduction-feasibility of dislocated extremity injuries compared to systemic analgesia. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0199776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibbotson WJ, Greenberg R, Brendt P. Erector spinae block for chest trauma in aeromedical prehospital and retrieval medicine. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020;35(4):454–6. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20000540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun P-M, Chenaitia H, Lablanche C, Pradel A-L, Deniel C, Bessereau J, Melaine R. 2-point ultrasonography to confirm correct position of the gastric tube in prehospital setting. Mil Med. 2014;179(9):959–63. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenaitia H, Brun P-M, Querellou E, Leyral J, Bessereau J, Aimé C, Bouaziz R, Georges A, Louis F, WINFOCUS (World Interactive Network Focused On Critical Ultrasound) Group France. Ultrasound to confirm gastric tube placement in prehospital management. Resuscitation. 2012;83(4):447–51. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.11.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranc DA, Jones AW, Nackenson J, Davis CA, Abo BN, Hawkins SC. Use of ultrasound for joint dislocation reduction in an austere wilderness setting: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(4):584–9. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1532474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darvishi M, Shahali H. Acute cardiac tamponade: a case of life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 complication during air medical transportation. Air Med J. 2021;40(3):179–81. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2021.01.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holscher T, Schlachetzki F, Zimmermann M, Jakob W, Ittner KP, Haslberger J, Bogdahn U, Boy S. Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment. 1. Feasibility of prehospital cerebrovascular assessment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(6):659–63. doi:10.1159/000166844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlachetzki F, Herzberg M, Hölscher T, Ertl M, Zimmermann M, Ittner KP, Pels H, Bogdahn U, Boy S. Transcranial ultrasound from diagnosis to early stroke treatment: part 2: prehospital neurosonography in patients with acute stroke: the Regensburg stroke mobile project. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;33(3):262–71. doi:10.1159/000334667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzberg M, Boy S, Hölscher T, Ertl M, Zimmermann M, Ittner K-P, Pemmerl J, Pels H, Bogdahn U, Schlachetzki F. Prehospital stroke diagnostics based on neurological examination and transcranial ultrasound. Crit Ultrasound J. 2014;6(1):3. doi:10.1186/2036-7902-6-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knobloch K, Hubrich V, Rohmann P, Lupkemann M, Gerich T, Krettek C, Phillips R. Feasibility of preclinical cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance in HEMS in thoracic pain–the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor. Air Med J. 2006;25(6):270–5. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2006.08.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray A, Hutchison H, Popil M, Krebs W. The use of point-of-care ultrasound to accurately measure cardiac output in flight. Air Med J. 2020;39(3):218–20. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.12.008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenstein D, Courret JP. Feasibility of ultrasound in the helicopter. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(10):1119. doi:10.1007/s001340050730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon M, Shiver SA, Walton P. M-mode ultrasound for the detection of pneumothorax during helicopter transport. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(8):1577–80. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.08.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons CJ, Mack LD, Cronin AJ, Monti JD, Perreault MD, Ahern BJ. FAST performance in a stationary versus in-motion military ambulance utilizing handheld ultrasound: a randomized controlled study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020;35(6):632–7. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20001028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaith B, Hardy M, Walker A. Emergency ultrasound in the prehospital setting: the impact of environment on examination outcomes. Emerg Med J. 2011;28(12):1063–5. doi:10.1136/emj.2010.096966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun P-M, Bessereau J, Chenaitia H, Pradel A-L, Deniel C, Garbaye G, Melaine R, Bylicki O, Lablanche C. Stay and play eFAST or scoop and run eFAST? That is the question!. Am J Emerg Med. 2014;32(2):166–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney LM, Williams DW, Reardon L, Marshall RT, Alian A, Boyle J, Secko M. Utility of different lung ultrasound simulation modalities used by paramedics during varied ambulance driving conditions. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(1):42–6. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20001247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price DD, Wilson SR, Murphy TG. Trauma ultrasound feasibility during helicopter transport. Air Medical Journal. 2000;19(4):144–6. doi:10.1016/S1067-991X(00)90008-7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melanson SW, McCarthy J, Stromski CJ, Kostenbader J, Heller M. Aeromedical trauma sonography by flight crews with a miniature ultrasound unit. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5(4):399–402. doi:10.1080/10903120190939607.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh-Feiley G, Eadie L, Wilson P. Telesonography in emergency medicine: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0194840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadie L, Mulhern J, Regan L, Mort A, Shannon H, Macaden A, Wilson P. Remotely supported prehospital ultrasound: a feasibility study of real-time image transmission and expert guidance to aid diagnosis in remote and rural communities. J Telemed Telecare. 2018;24(9):616–22. doi:10.1177/1357633X17731444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett PD, Boyd SYN, Bauch TD, Rubal BJ, Bulgrin JR, Kinkler ES. Feasibility of real-time echocardiographic evaluation during patient transport. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(3):197–201. doi:10.1067/mje.2003.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder PA, Reime B, Wurmb T, Kippnich U, Shammas L, Rashid A. Prehospital telemedical emergency management of severely injured trauma patients. Methods Inf Med. 2018;57(5-06):231–42. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1681089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song KJ, Shin SD, Hong KJ, Cheon KW, Shin I, Song S-W, Kim HC. Clinical applicability of real-time, prehospital image transmission for FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma). J Telemed Telecare. 2013;19(8):450–5. doi:10.1177/1357633X13512068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegler N, McBeth PB, Tevez-Molina MC, McMillan J, Crawford I, Hamilton DR, Kirkpatrick AW. Just-in-time cost-effective off-the-shelf remote telementoring of paramedical personnel in bedside lung sonography-a technical case study. Telemed J E Health. 2012;18(10):807–9. doi:10.1089/tmj.2012.0038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann M, Hafner C, Scharner V, Hribersek M, Maleczek M, Schmid A, Schaden E, Willschke H, Hamp T. Remote real-time supervision of prehospital point-of-care ultrasound: a feasibility study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2022;30(1):23. doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00985-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBeth PB, Hamilton T, Kirkpatrick AW. Cost-effective remote iPhone-teathered telementored trauma telesonography. J Trauma. 2010;69(6):1597–9. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e61ea9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strode CA, Rubal BJ, Gerhardt RT, Bulgrin JR, Boyd SYN. Wireless and satellite transmission of prehospital focused abdominal sonography for trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7(3):375–9. doi:10.1080/10903120390936608.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogedegbe C, Morchel H, Hazelwood V, Chaplin WF, Feldman J. Development and evaluation of a novel, real time mobile telesonography system in management of patients with abdominal trauma: study protocol. BMC Emerg Med. 2012;12:19–7. (doi:10.1186/1471-227X-12-19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su M-J, Ma H-M, Ko C-I, Chiang W-C, Yang C-W, Chen S-J, Chen R, Chen H-S. Application of tele-ultrasound in emergency medical services. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14(8):816–24. doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibert K, Ricci MA, Caputo M, Callas PW, Rogers FB, Charash W, Malone P, Leffler SM, Clark H, Salinas J, et al. The feasibility of using ultrasound and video laryngoscopy in a mobile telemedicine consult. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14(3):266–72. doi:10.1089/tmj.2007.0050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari S, Blaivas M, Lyon M, Shiver S. Transfer of real-time ultrasound video of FAST examinations from a simulated disaster scene via a mobile phone. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):290–3. doi:10.1017/S1049023X14000375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlet M, Vogel T, Gharba M, Eichinger J, Schulz E, Friess H, Wilhelm D, Ostler D, Kranzfelder M. Emergency telemedicine mobile ultrasounds using a 5G-enabled application: development and usability study. JMIR Form Res. 2022; 6(5):e36824. doi:10.2196/36824.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guy A, Bryson A, Wheeler S, McLean N, Kanji HD. A blended prehospital ultrasound curriculum for critical care paramedics. Air Med J. 2019;38(6):426–30. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.07.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCallum J, Vu E, Sweet D, Kanji HD. Assessment of paramedic ultrasound curricula: a systematic review. Air Med J. 2015;34(6):360–8. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2015.07.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyon M, Walton P, Bhalla V, Shiver SA. Ultrasound detection of the sliding lung sign by prehospital critical care providers. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(3):485–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar RF, Monti JD, Cronin AJ, Perreault MD, Naylor JF, Ahern BJ, et al. Combat medic eFAST with novel and conventional portable ultrasound devices: a prospective, randomized, crossover trial. Med J (Ft Sam Houst Tex). 2021;36–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fatima H, Kuppalli S, Baribeau V, Wong VT, Chaudhary O, Sharkey A, Bordlee JW, Leibowitz A, Murugappan K, Pannu A, et al. Comprehensive ultrasound course for special operations combat and tactical medics. J Spec Oper Med. 2021;21(4):54–61. doi:10.55460/R270-3KAL.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meadows RM, Monti JD, Umar MA, Van Arnem KA, Chin EJ, Mitchell CA, Love S. US Army combat medic performance with portable ultrasound to detect sonographic findings of pneumothorax in a cadaveric model. J Spec Oper Med. 2020;20(3):71–5. doi:10.55460/SOPZ-STAP.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meadley B, Olaussen A, Delorenzo A, Roder N, Martin C, St Clair T, Burns A, Stam E, Williams B. Educational standards for training paramedics in ultrasound: a scoping review. BMC Emerg Med. 2017;17;17(1):18. doi:10.1186/s12873-017-0131-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Backlund BH, Bonnett CJ, Faragher JP, Haukoos JS, Kendall JL. Pilot study to determine the feasibility of training army national guard medics to perform focused cardiac ultrasonography. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2010; 14(1):118–23. doi:10.3109/10903120903349770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman B, Van Aarsen K, Lewell M, Myslik F, Peddle M, Doran S. Quality of abdominal ultrasound image acquisition by novice practitioners following a minimal training session on healthy volunteers. CJEM Can J Emerg Med Care. 2020;22(S2):S74–S78. doi:10.1017/cem.2020.29.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan JK, Burton SO, Jones SL, Phillips LM, Anderson D, Meadley BN. Use of point-of-care ultrasound by intensive care paramedics to assess respiratory distress in the out-of-hospital environment: a pilot study. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;1–7. doi:10.1080/10903127.2022.2107123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil PA, Merelman A, Riccio J, Peterson J, Shelton R, Meyers J, Ketchmark T, Garneau E, Khalil S, Roosevelt G, et al. Randomized controlled trial of point-of-care ultrasound education for the recognition of tension pneumothorax by paramedics in prehospital simulation. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021;36(1):74–8. doi:10.1017/S1049023X20001399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti JD, Perreault MD. Impact of a 4-hour introductory eFAST training intervention among ultrasound-naive U.S. military medics. Mil Med. 2020;185(5–6):e601–e608. doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahner DP, Adkins EJ, Nagel R, Way D, Werman HA, Royall NA. Brightness mode quality ultrasound imaging examination technique (B-QUIET): quantifying quality in ultrasound imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2011;30(12):1649–55. doi:10.7863/jum.2011.30.12.1649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddock MT, Bailitz J, Horowitz R, Khishfe B, Cosby K, Sergel MJ. Disaster response team FAST skills training with a portable ultrasound simulator compared to traditional training: pilot study. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):325–30. doi:10.5811/westjem.2015.1.23720.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross EM, Deaton T, Hurst N, Siefert J. Operational point-of-care ultrasound review: low-cost simulators and resources for advanced prehospital providers. J Spec Oper Med. 2015;15(1):71–8. doi:10.55460/VO9N-9D45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luckey-Smith K, King B, Boyd JS. Is E-learning education effective in increasing the ability of nonphysician medical flight crewmembers to accurately interpret point-of-care lung and cardiac ultrasound examinations? Air Med J. 2021;40(2):119–23. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2020.11.012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takeuchi R, Harada H, Masuda K, Ota G-i, Yokoi M, Teramura N, Saito T. Field testing of a remote controlled robotic tele-echo system in an ambulance using broadband mobile communication technology. J Med Syst. 2008;32(3):235–42. doi:10.1007/s10916-008-9128-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ultrasound guidelines: emergency, point-of-care and clinical ultrasound guidelines in medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 2017; 69(5):e27–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Micheller D, Peterson WJ, Cover M, Smith G, Chapman M, Theyyunni N, Kessler R, Lowell MJ, Huang RD. Defining a theory-driven ultrasound curriculum for prehospital providers. Air Med J. 2019;38(4):285–8. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2019.03.018.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heegaard W, Plummer D, Dries D, Frascone RJ, Pippert G, Steel D, Clinton J. Ultrasound for the air medical clinician. Air Med J. 2004;23(2):20–3. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2003.12.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackil DJ, Toney A, Good R, Ross D, Germano R, Sabbadini L, Thiessen M, Bell C, Kendall JL. Use of hand-motion analysis to assess competence and skill decay for cardiac and lung point-of-care ultrasound. AEM Educ Train. 2021;5(3):e10560. doi:10.1002/aet2.10560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar