Prehospital Recognition and Management of Pediatric Sepsis: A Qualitative Assessment

References

• Fleischmann-Struzek C, Goldfarb DM, Schlattmann P, Schlapbach LJ, Reinhart K, Kissoon N. The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: a systematic review. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(3):223–30. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30063-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss SL, Balamuth F, Hensley J, Fitzgerald JC, Bush J, Nadkarni VM, Thomas NJ, Hall M, Muszynski J. The epidemiology of hospital death following pediatric severe sepsis: when, why, and how children with sepsis die. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18(9):823–30. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman ME, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC, Watson RS. Trends in the epidemiology of pediatric severe sepsis*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14(7):686–93. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182917fad.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Cooke CR, Heckbert SR, Spertus JA, Callaway CW, Martin-Gill C, Yealy DM, Rea TD, Angus DC. Prehospital intravenous access and fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis: an observational cohort study. Crit Care. 2014;18(5):533. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0533-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter CL, Silvestri S, Stone A, Shaughnessy A, Miller S, Rodriguez A, Papa L. Prehospital sepsis alert notification decreases time to initiation of CMS sepsis core measures. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(1):114–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.09.034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli G, Koch E, Sterk E, Lovett S, Rech MA. Early recognition of sepsis through emergency medical services pre-hospital screening. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37(8):1428–32. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.10.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depinet HE, Eckerle M, Semenova O, Meinzen-Derr J, Babcock L. Characterization of children with septic shock cared for by emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019;23(4):491–500. doi:10.1080/10903127.2018.1539147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd J, Depinet H, Zhang Y, Semenova O, Meinzen-Derr J, Babcock L. Comparison of children receiving emergent sepsis care by mode of arrival. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;47:217–22. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.04.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Band RA, Gaieski DF, Hylton JH, Shofer FS, Goyal M, Meisel ZF. Arriving by emergency medical services improves time to treatment endpoints for patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(9):934–40. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01145.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drayna PC, Browne LR, Guse CE, Brousseau DC, Lerner EB. Prehospital pediatric care: opportunities for training, treatment, and research. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2015;19(3):441–7. doi:10.3109/10903127.2014.995850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah MN, Cushman JT, Davis CO, Bazarian JJ, Auinger P, Friedman B. The epidemiology of emergency medical services use by children: an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(3):269–76. doi:10.1080/10903120802100167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott HF, Donoghue AJ, Gaieski DF, Marchese RF, Mistry RD. Effectiveness of physical exam signs for early detection of critical illness in pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome. BMC Emerg Med. 2014;14:24. doi:10.1186/1471-227X-14-24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cottrell EK, O'Brien K, Curry M, Meckler GD, Engle PP, Jui J, Summers C, Lambert W, Guise J-M. Understanding safety in prehospital emergency medical services for children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(3):350–8. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.869640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of State EMS Officials. National Model EMS Clinical Guidelines, Version 3.0. https://nasemso.org/projects/model-ems-clinical-guidelines/.
   Google Scholar
• Martin H, Goodman R, Bokholdt M. Early recognition of sepsis in the pediatric patient. EMSC Innovation and Improvement Center. ENA Topic Brief, 2016. https://emscimprovement.center/domains/pediatric-readiness-project/readiness-toolkit/readiness-toolkit-checklist/systems/.
   Google Scholar
• Adelgais KM, Hansen M, Lerner EB, Donofrio JJ, Yadav K, Brown K, Liu YT, Denslow P, Denninghoff K, Ishimine P, et al. Establishing the key outcomes for pediatric emergency medical services research. Acad Emerg Med. 2018;25(12):1345–54. doi:10.1111/acem.13637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olander A, Bremer A, Sundler AJ, Hagiwara MA, Andersson H. Assessment of patients with suspected sepsis in ambulance services: a qualitative interview study. BMC Emerg Med. 2021;21(1):45. doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00440-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polito CC, Bloom I, Yancey AH, Lairet JR, Isakov AP, Martin GS, Rajasekar S, Patel A, Murphy DJ, Sevransky JE, et al. Prehospital sepsis care: understanding provider knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(2):362–5. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2016.10.074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun Tie Y, Birks M, Francis K. Grounded theory research: a design framework for novice researchers. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312118822927. doi:10.1177/2050312118822927.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble H, Mitchell G. What is grounded theory? Evid Based Nurs. 2016;19(2):34–5. doi:10.1136/eb-2016-102306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)–a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O'Neal L, McLeod L, Delacqua G, Delacqua F, Kirby J, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindau H, Ramos-Gomez F, Garza J, Finlayson T, Pareja M, Liu J, Gansky S. Unexpected benefits of and lessons learned from shifting to virtual focus group discussions in the BEECON trial. BMC Res Notes. 2022;15(1):90. doi:10.1186/s13104-022-05950-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard JC, Scharff DP, Koors V, Lerner EB, Adelgais KM, Anders J, Brown K, Babcock L, Lichenstein R, Lillis KA, et al. A qualitative assessment of factors that influence emergency medical services partnerships in prehospital research. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(2):161–73. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01283.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green LW, Gielen AC, Ottoson JM, Peterson DV, Kreuter MW. Health program planning, implementation, and evaluation: creating behavioral, environmental, and policy change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2022. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=3108817. https://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=6827152., https://muse.jhu.edu/book/100161/. https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781421442976.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra WF, Mayfield TR, Meyers MS, Clouatre AE, Riccio JC. Early detection and treatment of patients with severe sepsis by prehospital personnel. J Emerg Med. 2013;44(6):1116–25. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polito CC, Bloom I, Dunn C, Moore R, Chen J, Yancey AH, Sevransky 2nd JE. Implementation of an EMS protocol to improve prehospital sepsis recognition. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;57:34–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.04.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam N, Oskam E, Stassen PM, Exter P v, van de Ven PM, Haak HR, Holleman F, Zanten A v, Leeuwen-Nguyen H v, Bon V, et al. Prehospital antibiotics in the ambulance for sepsis: a multicentre, open label, randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(1):40–50. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30469-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour CW, Carlbom D, Engelberg RA, Larsen J, Bulger EM, Copass MK, Rea TD. Understanding of sepsis among emergency medical services: a survey study. J Emerg Med. 2012;42(6):666–77. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazal HS, Alkhunein AA, Alkhazi AA, Aldeheshi SA, Alhusain FAM, Al Jerian N. Understanding the knowledge and attitude of prehospital sepsis care among emergency medical service personnel. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2019;12(2):123–7. doi:10.4103/JETS.JETS_130_18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers LA, Arteaga GM, Kolb LJ, Lohse CM, Russi CS. Prehospital peripheral intravenous vascular access success rates in children. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2013;17(4):425–8. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.818180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su E, Mann NC, McCall M, Hedges JR. Use of resuscitation skills by paramedics caring for critically injured children in Oregon. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1997;1(3):123–7. doi:10.1080/10903129708958803.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kothari K, Zuger C, Desai N, Leonard J, Alletag M, Balakas A, et al. Effect of repetitive simulation training on emergency medical services team performance in simulated pediatric medical emergencies. AEM Educ Train. 2021;5(3):e10537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrell C, Dorney K, Mathews B, Boyle T, Kitchen A, Doyle J, Monuteaux MC, Li J, Walsh B, Nagler J, et al. A statewide collaboration to deliver and evaluate a pediatric critical care simulation curriculum for emergency medical services. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:903950. doi:10.3389/fped.2022.903950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson R, Sebaldt A, Lin Y, Cheng A. Optimal training frequency for acquisition and retention of high-quality CPR skills: a randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2019;135:153–61. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.10.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton RM, Niles D, Meaney PA, Aplenc R, French B, Abella BS, Lengetti EL, Berg RA, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V, et al. Low-dose, high-frequency CPR training improves skill retention of in-hospital pediatric providers. Pediatrics. 2011;128(1):e145–e151. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SA, Hayden TC, Randell KA, Rappaport L, Stevenson MD, Kim IK. Improving pediatric education for emergency medical services providers: a qualitative study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(1):20–6. doi:10.1017/S1049023X16001230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi B, Tsai D, McGillivray CG, Amedee C, Sarafin JA, Silver B. Hospital-directed feedback to Emergency Medical Services improves prehospital performance. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2137–40. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammers R, Byrwa M, Fales W. Root causes of errors in a simulated prehospital pediatric emergency. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(1):37–47. doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01252.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyle JD, Davis AT, Putman KK, Trytko JA, Fales WD. Medication dosing errors in pediatric patients treated by emergency medical services. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16(1):59–66. doi:10.3109/10903127.2011.614043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaji AH, Gausche-Hill M, Conrad H, Young KD, Koenig WJ, Dorsey E, Lewis RJ. Emergency medical services system changes reduce pediatric epinephrine dosing errors in the prehospital setting. Pediatrics. 2006;118(4):1493–500. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebert JN, Bloudeau L, Combescure C, Haddad K, Hugon F, Suppan L, Rodieux F, Lovis C, Gervaix A, Ehrler F, et al. Effect of a mobile app on prehospital medication errors during simulated pediatric resuscitation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(8):e2123007. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport LD, Markowitz G, Hulac S, Roosevelt G. Medication errors in pediatric patients after implementation of a field guide with volume-based dosing. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2022;27(2):213–20. doi:10.1080/10903127.2022.2025962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassee T, Reischmann D, Mancera M, Hoyle Jr. JD. Emergency medical dispatchers can obtain accurate pediatric weights from 9-1-1 callers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016;20(6):808–14. doi:10.3109/10903127.2016.1168892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamuth F, Alpern ER, Abbadessa MK, Hayes K, Schast A, Lavelle J, Fitzgerald JC, Weiss SL, Zorc JJ. Improving recognition of pediatric severe sepsis in the emergency department: contributions of a vital sign-based electronic alert and bedside clinician identification. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(6):759–68.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.03.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo TL, Belli K, Shah MI. EMSC program manager survey on education of prehospital providers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2014;18(3):424–8. doi:10.3109/10903127.2013.869641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anders JF, Fishe JN, Fratta KA, Katznelson JH, Levy MJ, Lichenstein R, Milin MG, Simpson JN, Walls TA, Winger HL, et al. Creating a pediatric prehospital destination decision tool using a modified Delphi method. Children (Basel). 2021;8(8):658. doi:10.3390/children8080658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fratta KA, Fishe JN, Anders PD, Anders JF. Improving EMS destination choice for pediatrics: results of a novel pediatric destination decision tool pilot test. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:769–71. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore B, Shah MI, Owusu-Ansah S, Gross T, Brown K, Gausche-Hill M, Remick K, Adelgais K, Lyng J, Rappaport L, et al. Pediatric readiness in emergency medical services systems. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(1):e1–e6. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar