Law enforcement perceptions of their relationship with community: Law enforcement surveys and community focus groups

References

• Aarons, N. M., Powell, M. B., & Browne, J. (2004). Police perceptions of interviews involving children with intellectual disabilities: A qualitative inquiry. Policing and Society, 14(3), 269–278. doi:10.1080/1043946042000241848
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M., & Lowery, W. (2015, March 4). The 12 key highlights from the DOJ’s scathing Ferguson report. Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/03/04/the-12-key-highlights-from-the-dojs-scathing-ferguson-report/
   Google Scholar
• Bjornstrom, E. E. (2015). Race-ethnicity, nativity, neighbourhood context and reports of unfair treatment by police. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(12), 2019–2036. doi:10.1080/01419870.2015.1023821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P. (2014). Youth gangs and adolescent development: New findings, new challenges, and new directions: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(2), 201–203. doi:10.1111/jora.2014.24.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, P. J. (2001, May 21). Bad cops. The New Yorker. Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/05/21/010521fa_FACT
   Google Scholar
• Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2014). The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 633–663. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.673632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunn-Bevel, R. J. (2015). Black asset poverty and the enduring racial divide. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(3), 473–475. doi:10.1080/01419870.2014.943785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton‐Smith, I., & Sturgis, P. (2011). Do neighborhoods generate fear of crime? An empirical test using the British Crime Survey. Criminology, 49(2), 331–369. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00228.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callanan, V. J., & Rosenberger, J. S. (2011). Media and public perceptions of the police: Examining the impact of race and personal experience. Policing & Society, 21(2), 167–189. doi:10.1080/10439463.2010.540655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaney, C., & Robertson, R. (2013). Racism and police brutality in America. Journal of African American Studies, 17(4), 480–505. doi:10.1007/s12111-013-9246-5
   Google Scholar
• Chaney, C., & Robertson, R. (2014). “Can we all get along?” Blacks’ historical and contemporary (in) justice with law enforcement. Western Journal of Black Studies, 38(2), 108–122.
   Google Scholar
• Chronopoulos, T. (2015). Police misconduct, community opposition, and urban governance in New York City, 1945–1965. Journal of Urban History. doi:10.1177/0096144215574695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinard, M., & Meier, R. (2016). Sociology of deviant behavior (15th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, H. L. (2015). War on drugs policing and police brutality. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(8–9), 1188–1194. doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordner, G. (2014). Community policing. In M. D. Reisig & R. J. Kane (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of police and policing (pp. 148–171). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corsaro, N., Frank, J., & Ozer, M. (2015). Perceptions of police practice, cynicism of police performance, and persistent neighborhood violence: An intersecting relationship. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cush, I. (2013). Still not easy being an African-American. New African, 47(534), 72–74.
   Google Scholar
• Darrah, J., & DeLuca, S. (2014). “Living here has changed my whole perspective”: How escaping inner‐city poverty shapes neighborhood and housing choice. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(2), 350–384. doi:10.1002/pam.21758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dottolo, A., & Stewart, A. (2008). “Don’t ever forget now, you’re a Black man in America”: Intersections of race, class and gender in encounters with the police. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 350–364. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9387-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury, J., Stott, C., & Farsides, T. (2003). The role of police perceptions and practices in the development of “public disorder.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(7), 1480–1500. doi:10.1111/jasp.2003.33.issue-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstein, A. (2015). Rethinking conceptual definitions of the criminal career and serial criminality. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. doi:10.1177/1524838014566694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elicker, M. K. (2008). Unlawful justice: An opinion study on police use of force and how views change based on race and occupation. Sociological Viewpoints, 24, 2433–2449.
   Google Scholar
• Engel, R. S., Smith, M. R., & Cullen, F. T. (2012). Race, place, and drug enforcement. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(4), 603–635. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00841.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erfani-Ghettani, R. (2015). The defamation of Joy Gardner: Press, police and Black deaths in custody. Race & Class, 56(3), 102–112. doi:10.1177/0306396814556228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, R. J., & Erickson, S. J. (2014). Target selection by criminal groups and gangs. In S. J. Morewitz & M. L. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of forensic sociology and psychology (pp. 87–102). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Estrada, J. N., Gilreath, T. D., Astor, R. A., & Benbenishty, R. (2014). A statewide study of gang membership in California secondary schools. Youth & Society. doi:10.1177/0044118X14528957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, J., Smith, B. W., & Novak, K. J. (2005). Exploring the basis of citizens’ attitudes toward the police. Police Quarterly, 8(2), 206‐228. doi:10.1177/1098611103258955
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe, J. J., & Kane, R. (2006). Bad cops: A study of career-ending misconduct among New York City police officers (NCJ Report No. 215795). Retrieved from National Criminal Justice Reference Service website: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/215795.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Sobrino, B., & Hughey, M. W. (2015). White race discourse: Preserving racial privilege in a post-racial society. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(3), 493–495. doi:10.1080/01419870.2014.928341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, H. T., & Gabbidon, S. (2011). Race and crime: A text/reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J. R., & Decker, S. H. (1989). Police and community perceptions of the community role in policing: The Philadelphia experience. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(2), 105–123. doi:10.1111/hojo.1989.28.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Groves, W. E., & Rossi, P. H. (1970). Police perceptions of a hostile ghetto: Realism or projection. American Behavioral Scientist, 13(5–6), 727–743. doi:10.1177/000276427001300507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurin, P., Sorensen, N., Lopez, G. E., & Nagda, B. R. A. (2015). Intergroup dialogue: Race still matters. In R. Bangs & L. E. Davis (Eds.), Race and Social Problems (pp. 39–60). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Sorg, E. T. (2013). Satisfaction with police in violent crime hot spots: Using community surveys as a guide for selecting hot spots policing tactics. Crime & Delinquency. Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262636382_Satisfaction_with_police_in_violent_crime_hot_spots_Using_community_surveys_as_a_guide_for_selecting_hot_spots_policing_tactics
   Google Scholar
• Hassell, K. D., & Archbold, C. A. (2010). Widening the scope on complaints of police misconduct. Policing, 33(3), 473–489. doi:10.1108/13639511011066863
   Google Scholar
• Henrich, J. (2015). Culture and social behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 84–89. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetey, R. C., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2014). Racial disparities in incarceration increase acceptance of punitive policies. Psychological Science, 25(10), 1949–1954. doi:10.1177/0956797614540307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibdon, J., & Groff, E. R. (2014). What you find depends on where you look: Using emergency medical services call data to target illicit drug use hot spots. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. doi:10.1177/1043986214525077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higginson, A., Benier, K., Shenderovich, Y., Bedford, L., Mazerolle, L., & Murray, J. (2014). Preventive interventions to reduce youth involvement in gangs and gang crime in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Retrieved from www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/project/297/
   Google Scholar
• Homant, R. J., & Kennedy, D. B. (1985). Police perceptions of spouse abuse: A comparison of male and female officers. Journal of Criminal Justice, 13(1), 29–47. doi:10.1016/0047-2352(85)90024-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, T. C., & Flennaugh, T. (2011). Research concerns, cautions and considerations on Black males in a ‘post‐racial’ society. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 105–120. doi:10.1080/13613324.2011.531983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughey, M. W. (2015). The Five I’s of five-o: Racial ideologies, institutions, interests, identities, and interactions of police violence. Critical Sociology, 41(6), 857–871. doi:10.1177/0896920515589724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, J. S. (2015). Race in the justice system. In B. L. Cutler & P. A. Zapf ( Series Eds.), APA handbook of forensic psychology: Vol. 2. Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes (pp. 125–161). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hur, M., & Nasar, J. L. (2014). Physical upkeep, perceived upkeep, fear of crime and neighborhood satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 186–194. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, A. L., & Wade, J. E. (2005). Police perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility: An explanation of proactive policing. Policing, 28(1), 49–68. doi:10.1108/13639510510580977
   Google Scholar
• Jefferis, E., Butcher, F., & Hanley, D. (2011). Measuring perceptions of police use of force. Police Practice and Research, 12(1), 81–96. doi:10.1080/15614263.2010.497656
   Google Scholar
• Joh, E. (2015). Robert J Kane and Michael D White, Jammed up: Bad cops, police misconduct, and the New York City Police Department. Punishment & Society, 17(2), 262–264. doi:10.1177/1462474514538019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K., Hoyer, M., & Heath, B. (2014, August 15). Local police involved in 400 killings per year. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/14/police-killings-data/14060357/
   Google Scholar
• Juzwiak, R., & Chan, A. (2014). Unarmed people killed by police 1999–2014. Retrieved from http://gawker.com/unarmed-people-of-color-killed-by-police-1999-2014-1666672349
   Google Scholar
• Kane, R. J., & White, M. D. (2009). Bad cops. Criminology & Public Policy, 8(4), 737–769. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00591.x
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, D. M., Braga, A. A., Piehl, A. M., & Waring, E. J. (2001). Reducing gun violence: The Boston gun project’s operation ceasefire. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/188741.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and urban crime. Social Forces, 75(2), 619–648. doi:10.1093/sf/75.2.619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 309–337. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton, S. L., Jennings, J. M., Latkin, C. A., Kirk, G. D., & Mehta, S. H. (2014). The association between neighborhood residential rehabilitation and injection drug use in Baltimore, Maryland, 2000–2011. Health & Place, 28, 142–149. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum, C., & Koper, C. S. (2014). Evidence-based policing. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 1426–1437). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lurigio, A. J., & Skogan, W. G. (1994). Winning the hearts and minds of police officers: An assessment of staff perceptions of community policing in Chicago. Crime & Delinquency, 40(3), 315–330. doi:10.1177/0011128794040003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massoglia, M., Firebaugh, G., & Warner, C. (2013). Racial variation in the effect of incarceration on neighborhood attainment. American Sociological Review, 78(1), 142–165. doi:10.1177/0003122412471669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mead, M. (2015, February). The war against ourselves: Heien v. North Carolina, the war on drugs, and police militarization. University of Miami Law Review. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2588859/
   Google Scholar
• Moore, J. W. (1990). Gangs, drugs, and violence. Drugs and Violence: Causes, Correlates, and Consequences, 103, 160–175.
   Google Scholar
• Morenoff, J. D., & Sampson, R. J. (1997). Violent crime and the spatial dynamics of neighborhood transition: Chicago, 1970–1990. Social Forces, 76(1), 31–64. doi:10.1093/sf/76.1.31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. S., Solow, R. M., & Lum, C. (2015). Deterrence, criminal opportunities, and police. Criminology, 53(1), 74–100. doi:10.1111/crim.2015.53.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nix, J., Wolfe, S. E., Rojek, J., & Kaminski, R. J. (2015). Trust in the police: The influence of procedural justice and perceived collective efficacy. Crime & Delinquency, 61(4), 610–640. doi:10.1177/0011128714530548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papachristos, A. V. (2014). The network structure of crime. Sociology Compass, 8(4), 347–357. doi:10.1111/soc4.v8.4
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J. H. (2015). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing, 38(1), 173–203. doi:10.1108/PIJPSM-01-2015-0001
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, R. D., Krivo, L. J., & Harris, M. A. (2000). Disadvantage and neighborhood violent crime: Do local institutions matter? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(1), 31–63. doi:10.1177/0022427800037001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettus, K. I. (2013). Felony disenfranchisement in America: Historical origins, institutional racism, and modern consequences (2nd ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, E. A., & Peruche, B. M. (2005). The consequences of race for police officers’ responses to criminal suspects. Psychological Science, 16(3), 180–183. doi:10.1111/psci.2005.16.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollock, W., & Menard, S. (2014). Perceptions of unfairness in police questioning and arrest incidents: Race, gender, age, and actual guilt. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 13(3), 237–253. doi:10.1080/15377938.2015.1015197
   Google Scholar
• Quillian, L. (2003). How long are exposures to poor neighborhoods? The long-term dynamics of entry and exit from poor neighborhoods. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(3), 221–249. doi:10.1023/A:1026077008571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D., & Giacomazzi, A. L. (1998). Citizen perceptions of community policing: Are attitudes toward police important? Policing, 21(3), 547–561. doi:10.1108/13639519810228822
   Google Scholar
• Rossmo, D. K. (2014). Geographic profiling. In G. Bruinsma & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 1934–1942). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savali, K. W. (2012, July 12). Criminal attorney on police brutality: ‘Many officers are thugs with badges.’ Retrieved from http://newsone.com/2024867/police-brutality-against-blacks-eric-guster
   Google Scholar
• Schafer, J. A., Huebner, B. M., & Bynum, T. S. (2003). Citizen perceptions of police services: Race, neighborhood context, and community policing. Police Quarterly, 6(4), 440–468. doi:10.1177/1098611102250459
   Google Scholar
• Scheider, M. C., Rowell, T., & Bezdikian, V. (2003). The impact of citizen perceptions of community policing on fear of crime: Findings from twelve cities. Police Quarterly, 6(4), 363–386. doi:10.1177/1098611102250697
   Google Scholar
• Sharkey, P. (2013). Stuck in place: Urban neighborhoods and the end of progress toward racial equality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick, J. H., & Fyfe, J. J. (1994). Above the law police and the excessive use of force. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Small, M. L., & Newman, K. (2001). Urban poverty after the truly disadvantaged: The rediscovery of the family, the neighborhood, and culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 23–45. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. W., & Holmes, M. D. (2014). Police use of excessive force in minority communities: A test of the minority threat, place, and community accountability hypotheses. Social Problems, 61(1), 83–104. doi:10.1525/sp.2013.12056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E., & Hattery, A. (2010). African American men and the prison industrial complex. Western Journal of Black Studies, 34(4), 387–398.
   Google Scholar
• Star, C., Heath, M., Anderson, K., Hayes, A., Reynolds, L., Stephenson, H., & Voss, D. (2014). Good CoP or Bad CoP? What makes a community of practice successful: Learning from experience at Flinders University. Ergo, 3(1), 23–28. Retrieved from http://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/ergo/article/view/940/672
   Google Scholar
• Stein, R. E., & Griffith, C. (2015, March 17). Community policing strategies need to take into account police and residents’ different perceptions of neighborhood crime. Retrieved from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2015/03/17/community-policing-strategies-need-to-take-into-account-police-and-residents-different-perceptions-of-neighborhood-crime/
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, B. J., & Sinden, P. G. (2000). Victims’ voices: Domestic assault victims’ perceptions of police demeanor. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(5), 534–547. doi:10.1177/088626000015005006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson, P. M., Todak, N. E., & Dodge, M. (2015). An exploration of crime by policewomen. Police Practice and Research, 16(1), 79–93. doi:10.1080/15614263.2013.846222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. J., & Sha’Kema, M. B. (2015). The influence of the Trayvon Martin shooting on racial socialization practices of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(1), 75–89. doi:10.1177/0095798414563610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C. W., & Hyman, J. M. (1977). Perceptions of crime, fear of victimization, and public perceptions of police performance. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 5(3), 305–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Craen, M. (2013). Explaining majority and minority trust in the police. Justice Quarterly, 30(6), 1042–1067. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.649295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, A. (2011). Racial profiling separate and unequal keeping the minorities in line-the role of law enforcement in America. St. Thomas Law Review, 23, 576–619.
   Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D., & Telep, C. W. (2014). Hot spots policing: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 200–220. doi:10.1177/1043986214525083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2004). Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems, 51(3), 305–325. doi:10.1525/sp.2004.51.3.305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, M. D. (2014). The New York City Police Department, its crime control strategies and organizational changes, 1970–2009. Justice Quarterly, 31(1), 74–95. doi:10.1080/07418825.2012.723032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S., Yehle, T., Serrano, H., Oliveira, M., & Menezes, R. (2014). The spatial structure of crime in urban environments. In L. M. Aiello & D. McFarland (Eds.), Social informatics (pp. 102–111). Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15168-7
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P. (2015). Criminalising the other: Challenging the race-gang nexus. Race & Class, 56(3), 18–35. doi:10.1177/0306396814556221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. (2013). Thinking about crime (revised ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wo, J. (2014, August 22). Neighborhood institutions like coffee shops and bars can have a significant positive or negative impact on local crime rates. Retrieved from http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2014/08/22/neighborhood-institutions-like-coffee-shops-and-bars-can-have-a-significant-positive-or-negative-impact-on-local-crime-rates/
   Google Scholar
• Worden, R. E., Bynum, T. S., & Frank, J. (1994). Police crackdowns on drug abuse and trafficking. In D. L. MacKenzie & C. D. Uchida (Eds.), Drugs and crime: Evaluating public policy initiatives (pp. 95–113). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar