Lead exposure increases blood pressure by increasing angiotensinogen expression

References

• Galis, Z.S.; Thrasher, T.; Reid, D.M.; Stanley, D.V.; Oh, Y.S. Investing in high blood pressure research: a national institutes of health perspective. Hypertension 2013, 61, 757–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar, A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease. Circ. Res. 2006, 99, 692–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.K.; Lee, H.; Kwon, J.T.; Kim, H.J. A polymorphism in AGT and AGTR1 gene is associated with lead-related high blood pressure. J. Renin. Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2015, 16, 712–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoes, M.R.; Ribeiro Jr., R.F.; Vescovi, M.V.; de Jesus, H.C.; Padilha, A.S.; Stefanon, I.; Vassallo, D.V.; Salaices, M.; Fioresi, M. Acute lead exposure increases arterial pressure: role of the renin-angiotensin system. PLoS One 2011, 6, e18730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi, A.M.; Darabi, R.; Akbarloo, N.; Larijani, B.; Khoshbaten, A. Investigation of circulatory and tissue ACE activity during development of lead-induced hypertension. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 153, 233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander, A.J. Chronic effects of lead on the renin-angiotensin system. Environ. Health Perspect. 1988, 78, 77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler, E.; Khalil-Manesh, F.; Gonick, H.C. Effects of lead and a low-molecular-weight endogenous plasma inhibitor on the kinetics of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase and potassium-activated p-nitrophenylphosphatase. Clin Sci (Lond). 1990, 79, 185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaziri, N.D. Mechanisms of lead-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008, 295, H454–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grizzo, L.T.; Cordellini, S. Perinatal lead exposure affects nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways in aorta of weaned rats. Toxicol. Sci. 2008, 103, 207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmand, F.; Ehdaie, A.; Roberts, C.K.; Sindhu, R.K. Lead-induced dysregulation of superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and guanylate cyclase. Environ. Res. 2005, 98, 33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griendling, K.K.; Murphy, T.J.; Alexander, R.W. Molecular biology of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation. 1993, 87, 1816–1828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luft, F.C. Molecular genetics of human hypertension. J. Hypertens. 1998, 16, 1871–1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeunemaitre, X.; Soubrier, F.; Kotelevtsev, Y.V.; Lifton, R.P.; Williams, C.S.; Charru, A.; Hunt, S.C.; Hopkins, P.N.; Williams, R.R.; Lalouel, J.M.; Corvol, P. Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen. Cell 1992, 71, 169–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H.S.; Krege, J.H.; Kluckman, K.D.; Hagaman, J.R.; Hodgin, J.B.; Best, C.F.; Jennette, J.C.; Coffman, T.M.; Maeda, N.; Smithies, O. Genetic control of blood pressure and the angiotensinogen locus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 2735–2739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, E.; Chatelain, N.; Paillard, F.; Tiret, L.; Visvikis, S.; Lathrop, M.; Soubrier, F.; Demenais, F. Detection of putative functional angiotensinogen (AGT) gene variants controlling plasma AGT levels by combined segregation-linkage analysis. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2002, 10, 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yugar-Toledo, J.C.; Martin, J.F.; Krieger, J.E.; Pereira, A.C.; Demacq, C.; Coelho, O.R.; Pimenta, E.; Calhoun, D.A.; Junior, H.M. Gene variation in resistant hypertension: multilocus analysis of the angiotensin 1-converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase genes. DNA Cell Biol. 2011, 30, 555–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, S.C.; Cook, N.R.; Oberman, A.; Cutler, J.A.; Hennekens, C.H.; Allender, P.S.; Walker, W.G.; Whelton, P.K.; Williams, R.R. Angiotensinogen genotype, sodium reduction, weight loss, and prevention of hypertension: trials of hypertension prevention, phase II. Hypertension 1998, 32, 393–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, S.C.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Wu, L.L.; Witteman, J.C.; Williams, R.R.; Grobbee, D.E.. Enhanced blood pressure response to mild sodium reduction in subjects with the 235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene. Am. J. Hypertens. 1999, 12, 460–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, I.; Nakajima, T.; Williams, C.S.; Quackenbush, J.; Puryear, R.; Powers, M.; Cheng, T.; Ludwig, E.H.; Sharma, A.M.; Hata, A.; Jeunemaitre, X.; Lalouel, J.M. A nucleotide substitution in the promoter of human angiotensinogen is associated with essential hypertension and affects basal transcription in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 99, 1786–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegele, R.A.; Brunt, J.H.; Connelly, P.W. A polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene associated with variation in blood pressure in a genetic isolate. Circulation 1994, 90, 2207–2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso, H.; Harada, S.; Shimamoto, T.; Sato, S.; Kitamura, A.; Sankai, T.; Tanigawa, T.; Iida, M.; Komachi, Y. Angiotensinogen T174M and M235T variants, sodium intake and hypertension among non-drinking, lean Japanese men and women. J. Hypertens. 2000, 18, 1197–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C.; Yang, X.; Xu, M.; Zhang, J.; Sun, N. Association between GSTP1 CpG methylation and the early phase of lead exposure. Toxicol. Mech. Meth. 2014, 24, 111–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livak, K.J.; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods 2001, 25, 402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navas-Acien, A.; Guallar, E.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Rothenberg, S.J. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease–a systematic review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 472–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, A.C.; Mota, G.F.; Cunha, R.S.; Herbenhoff, F.L.; Mill, J.G.; Krieger, J.E. Angiotensinogen 235T allele “dosage” is associated with blood pressure phenotypes. Hypertension 2003, 41, 25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, R.; Schmidt, H.; Fazekas, F.; Launer, L.J.; Niederkorn, K.; Kapeller, P.; Lechner, A.; Kostner, G.M. Angiotensinogen polymorphism M235T, carotid atherosclerosis, and small-vessel disease-related cerebral abnormalities. Hypertension 2001, 38, 110–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeng, J.R. Left ventricular mass, carotid wall thickness, and angiotensinogen gene polymorphism in patients with hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 1999, 12, 443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, S.J.; Chiang, F.T.; Chen, W.J.; Liu, P.H.; Hsu, K.L.; Hwang, J.J.; Lai, L.P.; Lin, J.L.; Tseng, C.D.; Tseng, Y.Z. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene and susceptibility to hypertension: single locus genotype vs. haplotype analysis. Physiol. Genom. 2004, 17, 79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onalaja, A.O.; L. Claudio. Genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108 Suppl 1, 23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, V.M.; Lee, B.K.; Todd, A.C.; Ahn, K.D.; Shi, W.; Jaar, B.G.; Kelsey, K.T.; Lustberg, M.E.; Silbergeld, E.K.; Parsons, P.J.; Wen, J.; Schwartz, B.S. Effect modification by delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms on associations between patella lead and renal function in lead workers. Environ. Res. 2006, 102, 61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelkovnikov, S.A.; Gonick, H.C. Influence of lead on rat thoracic aorta contraction and relaxation. Am. J. Hypertens. 2001, 14, 873–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D.; Glass, T.A.; Bandeen-Roche, K.; Todd, A.C.; Shi, W.; Schwartz, B.S. Association of blood lead and tibia lead with blood pressure and hypertension in a community sample of older adults. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 163, 467–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, B.S.; Stewart, W.F.; Links, J.M.; Todd, A.C.; Schwartz, B.S. The longitudinal association of lead with blood pressure. Epidemiology. 2003, 14, 30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conen, D.; Glynn, R.J.; Buring, J.E.; Ridker. P.M.; Zee, R.Y. Association of renin-angiotensin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms with blood pressure progression and incident hypertension: prospective cohort study. J. Hypertens. 2008, 26, 1780–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balam-Ortiz, E.; Esquivel-Villarreal, A.; Huerta-Hernandez, D.; Fernandez-Lopez, J.C.; Alfaro-Ruiz, L.; Munoz-Monroy, O.; Gutierrez, R.; Figueroa-Genis, E.; Carrillo, K.; Elizalde, A.; Hidalgo, A.; Rodriguez, M.; Urushihara, M.; Kobori, H.; Jimenez-Sanchez, G. Hypercontrols in genotype-phenotype analysis reveal ancestral haplotypes associated with essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2012, 59, 847–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H.K.; Kim, M.C.; Kim, S.M.; Jo, D.J. Assessment of two missense polymorphisms (rs4762 and rs699) of the angiotensinogen gene and stroke. Exp Ther Med. 2013, 5, 343–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, H.; Shih, R.; Rothenberg, S.; Schwartz, B.S. The epidemiology of lead toxicity in adults: measuring dose and consideration of other methodologic issues. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 455–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y.; Schwartz, J.; Sparrow, D.; Aro, A.; Weiss, S.T.; Hu, H. Bone lead and blood lead levels in relation to baseline blood pressure and the prospective development of hypertension: the Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 153, 164–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar