Pharmaceuticals as Neuroendocrine Disruptors: Lessons Learned from Fish on Prozac

REFERENCES

• Ankley , G. T. , Miller , D. H. , Jensen , J. M. , Villeneuve , D. L. and Martimovic , D. 2008 . Relationship of plasma sex steroid concentrations in female fathead minnows to reproductive success and population status . Aquat. Toxicol , 88 : 69 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airhart , M. J. , Lee , D. H. , Wilson , T. D. , Miller , B. E. , Miller , M. N. and Skalko , R. G. 2007 . Movement disorders and neurochemical changes in zebrafish larvae after bath exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac) . Neurotoxicol. Teratol , 29 : 652 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , J. , Olsen , L. , Hansen , K. B. , Taboureau , O. , Jørgensen , F. S. , Jørgensen , A. M. , Bang-Andersen , B. , Egebjerg , J. , Strømgaard , K. and Kristensen , A. S. 2010 . Mutational mapping and modeling of the binding site for (S)-citalopram in the human serotonin transporter . J. Biol. Chem , 285 : 2051 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balment , R. J. , Lu , W. , Weybourne , E. and Warne , J. M. 2006 . Arginine vasotocin. A key hormone in fish physiology and behaviour: A review with insight from mammalian models . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 147 : 9 – 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker , R. A. , Herkenham , M. and Brady , L. S. 1996 . Effects of long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs on proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats . J. Neuroendocrinol , 8 : 337 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjerselius , R. , Lundstedt-Enkel , K. , Olsén , H. , Mayer , I. and Dimberg , K. 2001 . Male goldfish reproductive behavior are severely affected by exogenous exposure to 17 beta-estradiol . Aquat. Toxicol , 53 : 139 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks , B. W. , Foran , C. M. , Richards , S. M. , Weston , J. , Turner , P. K. , Stanley , J. K. , Solomon , K. R. , Slattery , M. and La Point , T. W. 2003a . Aquatic ecotoxicology of fluoxetine . Toxicol. Lett , 142 : 169 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. , Smith , W. , Blank , C. , Weston , J. , Slattery , M. and Foran , C. Pharmaceutical neuromodulation of teleost catecholamines . 24th Annual Meeting, SETAC North America. Presented on November 12 . TX. tin Austin .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. W. , Chambliss , C. K. , Stanley , J. K. , Ramirez , A. , Banks , K. E. , Johnson , R. D. and Lewis , R. J. 2005 . Determination of select antidepressants in fish from an effluent-dominated stream . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 24 : 464 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caamano-Tubio , R. I. , Perez , J. , Ferrerio , S. and Aldegunde , M. 2007 . Peripheral serotonin dynamics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol , 145 : 245 – 55 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , F. , Larsen , M. B. , Neubauer , H. A. , Sánchez , C. , Plenge , P. and Wiborg , O. 2005 . Characterization of an allosteric citalopram-binding site at the serotonin transporter . J. Neurochem , 92 : 21 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu , S. and Metcalfe , C. D. 2007 . Analysis of paroxetine, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in fish tissues using pressurized liquid extraction, mixed mode solid phase extraction cleanup and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A , 1163 : 112 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements , S. and Schreck , C. B. 2007 . Chronic administration of fluoxetine alters locomotor behaviour, but does not potentiate the locomotor stimulating effects of CRH in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol , 147 : 43 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Clotfelter , E. D. , O'Hare , E. P. , McNitt , M. M. , Carpenter , R. E. and Summers , C. H. 2007 . Serotonin decreases aggression via 5-HT1A receptors in the fighting fish Betta splendens . Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav , 87 : 222 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , M. J. , Shahab , M. , Grove , K. L. , Scarlett , J. M. , Plant , T. M. , Cameron , J. L. , Smith , M. S. , Clifton , D. K. and Steiner , R. A. 2004 . Galanin-like peptide as a possible link between metabolism and reproduction in the macaque . J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab , 89 : 1760 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong , T. R. , Veening , J. G. , Olivier , B. and Waldinger , M. D. 2007 . Oxytocin involvement in SSRI-induced delayed ejaculation: a review of animal studies . J. Sex. Med , 4 : 14 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dereeper , A. , Guignon , V. , Blanc , G. , Audic , S. , Buffet , S. , Chevenet , F. , Dufayard , J. F. , Guindon , S. , Lefort , V. , Lescot , M. , Claverie , J. M. and Gascuel , O. 2008 . Phylogeny.fr: robust phylogenetic analysis for the non-specialist . Nucleic Acids Res , 36 : W465 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pedro , N. , Martinez-Alvarez , R. M. and Delgado , M. J. 2008 . Melatonin reduces body weight in goldfish (Carassius auratus): effects on metabolic resources and some feeding regulators . J. Pineal. Res , 45 : 32 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Pedro , N. , Pinillos , M. L. , Valenciano , A. I. , Alonso-Bedate , M. and Delgado , M. J. 1998 . Inhibitory effect of serotonin on feeding behavior in goldfish: involvement of CRH . Peptides , 19 : 505 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vane , C. L. 1999 . Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Cell. Mol. Neurobiol , 19 : 443 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinan , T. G. 1996 . Serotonin and the regulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function . Life Sci , 58 : 183 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Dulka , J. G. , Sloley , B. D. , Stacey , N. E. and Peter , R. E. 1992 . A reduction in pituitary dopamine turnover is associated with pheromone induced gonadotropin secretion in male goldfish . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 86 : 496 – 505 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dryden , S. , Wang , Q. , Frankish , H. M. and Williams , G. 1996 . Differential effects of 5-HT1B/2C receptor agonist mCPP and the 5-HT1A agonist flesinoxan on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the rat. Evidence that NPY may mediate serotonin's effect on food intake . Peptides , 17 : 943 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Egan , R. J. , Bergner , C. L. , Hart , P. C. , Cachat , J. M. , Canavello , P. R. , Elegante , M. F. , Elkhayat , S. I. , Bartels , B. K. , Tien , A. K. , Tien , D. H. , Mohnot , S. , Beeson , E. , Glasgow , E. , Amri , H. , Zukowska , Z. and Kalueff , A. V. 2009 . Understanding behavioural and physiological phenotypes of stress and anxiety in zebrafish . Behav. Brain Res , 205 : 38 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekström , P. and Van Veen , T. 1984 . Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L . J. Comp. Neurol , 226 : 307 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fent , K. , Weston , A. A. and Caminada , D. 2006 . Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals . Aquat. Toxicol , 76 : 122 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcon , J. , Migaud , H. , Munoz-Cueto , J. A. and Carillo , M. 2010 . Current knowledge on the melatonin system in teleost fish . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 165 : 469 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick , J. C. 1970 . The pineal organ: photoperiod and reproductive cycles in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L . J. Endocrinol , 46 : 101 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• For an , C. M. , Weston , J. , Slattery , M. , Brooks , B. W. and Huggett , D. B. 2004 . Reproductive assessment of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) following a four-week fluoxetine (SSRI) exposure . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 46 : 511 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaworecki , K. M. and Klaine , S. J. 2008 . Behavioral and biochemical responses of hybrid striped bass during and after fluoxetine exposure . Aquat. Toxicol , 88 : 207 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman , M. 2004 . Discovery of the luteinizing hormone of the anterior pituitary gland . Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab , 287 : 818 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodson , J. L. and Bass , A. H. 2000 . Forebrain peptides modulate sexually polymorphic forebrain circuitry . Nature , 403 : 769 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould , G. G. , Brooks , B. W. and Frazer , A. 2007 . [(3)H] Citalopram binding to serotonin transporter sites in minnow brains . Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol , 101 : 203 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heisler , L. K. , Pronchuk , N. , Nonogaki , K. , Zhou , L. , Raber , J. , Tung , L. , Yeo , G. S. H. , O'Rahilly , S. , Colmers , W. F. , Elmquist , J. K. and Tecott , L. H. 2007 . Serotonin activates the hypothalamic-pituiatary-adrenal axis via 2C receptor stimulation . J. Neurosci , 27 : 6956 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , L. K. , Field , J. R. , Adkins , E. M. , Parnas , M. L. , Vaughan , R. A. , Zou , M. F. , Newman , A. H. and Blakely , R. D. 2006 . Tyr-95 and Ile-172 in transmembrane segments 1 and 3 of human serotonin transporters interact to establish high affinity recognition of antidepressants . J. Biol. Chem , 281 : 2012 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry , T. B. and Black , M. C. 2008 . Acute and chronic toxicity of fluoxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) in western mosquitofish . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol , 54 : 325 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heugens , E. H. W. , Hendriks , J. A. , Dekker , T. , van Straalen , N. M. and Admiraal , W. 2002 . A review of the effects of multiple stressors on aquatic organisms and analysis of uncertainty factors for use in risk assessment . Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 31 : 247 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Huggett , D. B. , Benson , W. B. , Chipman , K. , Cook , J. C. , Gray , L. E. , Kinter , L. B. , Meyerhoff , R. D. and Trudeau , V. L. 2005 . The role of mammalian data in determining pharmaceutical responses in aquatic species , Penasacola, FL : SETAC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. J. , Sanderson , H. , Brain , R. A. , Wilson , C. J. , Bestari , K J. and Solomon , K. R. 2005 . Exposure assesment and microcosm fate of selected serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol , 42 : 313 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jørgensen , H. S. 2007 . Studies on the neuroendocrine role of serotonin . Danish Med. Bull , 54 : 266 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kah , O. and Chambolle , P. 1983 . Serotonin in the brain of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. An immunocytochemical study . Cell Tissue Res , 234 : 319 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , I. and Thomas , P. 1994 . Seasonal and daily variations in the plasma gonadotropin II response to a LHRH analog and serotonin in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus): Evidence for mediation by 5-HT2 receptors . J. Exp. Zool , 269 : 531 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan , I. and Thomas , P. 1993 . Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the brain and pituitary gland of the Atlantic croaker Micropogus undulatus . Gen. Comp.Endocrinol , 91 : 167 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , I. and Thomas , P. 1992 . Stimulatory effect of serotonin on maturational gonadotropin release in Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 88 : 388 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss , J. and Halász , B. 1985 . Demonstration of serotoninergic axons terminating on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic area of the rat using a combination of immunocytochemistry and high resolution autoradiography . Neuroscience , 14 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , S. , Perry , K. W. , Nelson , D. L. , Conway , R. G. , Threlkeld , P. G. and Bymaster , F. P. 2002 . R-fluoxetine increases extracellular DA, NE, as well as 5-HT in rat prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus: An in vivo micodialysis and receptor binding study . Neuropsychopharmacology , 27 : 949 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolpin , D. W. , Furlong , E. T. , Meyer , M. T. , Thurman , E. M. , Zaugg , S. D. , Barber , L. B. and Buxton , H. T. 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance . Environ. Sci. Technol , 36 : 1202 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreke , N. and Dietrich , D. R. 2008 . Physiological endpoints for potential SSRI interactions in fish . Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 38 : 215 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon , J. W. and Armbrust , K. L. 2006 . Laboratory persistence and fate of fluoxetine in aquatic environments . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 25 : 2561 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , M. B. , Elfving , B. and Wiborg , O. 2004 . The chicken serotonin transporter discriminates between serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors. A species-scanning mutagenesis study . J. Biol. Chem , 279 : 42147 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larson , E. T. , Norris , D. O. , Grau , E. and Summers , C. H. 2003 . Monoamines stimulate sex reversal in the saddleback wrasse . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 130 : 289 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leng , G. , Onaka , T. , Caquineau , C. , Sabatier , N. , Tobin , V. A. and Takayanagi , Y. 2008 . Oxytocin and appetite . Prog. Brain Res , 170 : 137 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lepage , O. , Larson , E. T. , Mayer , I. and Winberg , S. 2005 . Serotonin, but not melatonin, plays a role in shaping dominant–subordinate relationships and aggression in rainbow trout . Hormones Behav , 48 : 233 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima , L. and Schmeer , C. 1994 . Characterization of serotonin transporter in goldfish retina by binding of [3H]paroxetine and the uptake of [3H]serotonin modulation by light . J. Neurochem , 62 : 528 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister , A. , Regan , C. , Van Zwol , J. and Van Der Kraak , G. 2009 . Inhibition of egg production in zebrafish by fluoxetine and municipal effluents: A mechanistic evaluation . Aquat. Toxicol , 95 : 320 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , C. A. and Moore , F. L. 2006 . Regulation of behavioral responses by corticotropin-releasing factor . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 146 : 19 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry , C. A. , Hale , M. W. , Plant , A. , Windle , R. J. , Shanks , N. , Wood , S. A. , Ingram , C. D. , Renner , K. J. , Lightman , S. L. and Summers , C. H. 2009 . Fluoxetine inhibits corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH)-induced behavioural responses in rats . Stress , 12 : 225 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , S. E. , Egar , J. M. , Walker , B. G. , Sperry , T. S. and Ramenofsky , M. 2007 . Fish on Prozac: a simple, noninvasive physiology laboratory investigating the mechanisms of aggressive behavior in Betta splendens . Adv. Physiol. Educ , 31 : 358 – 63 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchant , T. A. and Peter , R. E. 1986 . Seasonal variations in body growth rates and circulating levels of growth hormone in goldfish . Carassius auratus. J. Exp. Zool , 237 : 231 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDevitt , M. A. , Glidewell-Kenney , C. , Jimenez , M. A. , Ahearn , P. C. , Weiss , J. , Jameson , J. L. and Levine , J. E. 2008 . New insights into the classical and non-classical actions of estrogen: Evidence from estrogen receptor knock-out and knock-in mice . Cell. Mol. Endocrinol , 290 : 24 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros , L. R. , Mager , E. M. , Grosell , M. and McDonald , M. D. 2010 . The serotonin suptype 1A receptor regulates cortisol release in the Gulf toadfish . Opsanus beta. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , doi: 10.1016.j.ygoen.2010.05.004
   Google Scholar
• Mennigen , J. A. , Lado , W. E. , Zamora , J. , Chang , J. P. , Moon , T. W. and Trudeau , V. L. 2010a . Fluoxetine disrupts reproductive axis in sexually mature male goldfish, Carassius auratus . Aquat. Toxicol , doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.08.016
   Google Scholar
• Mennigen , J. A. , Sassine , J. , Trudeau , V. L. and Moon , T. W. 2010b . Effects of waterborne fluoxetine on food intake and parameters of energy metabolism in the goldfish, Carassius auratus . Aquat. Toxicol , doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.07.022
   Google Scholar
• Mennigen , J. A. , Harris , E. A. , Chang , J. P. , Moon , T. W. and Trudeau , V. L. 2009 . Fluoxetine affects weight gain and expression of feeding peptides in the female goldfish brain . Regul. Peptides , 155 : 99 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mennigen , J. A. , Crump , K. , Xiong , H. , Zhao , E. , Popesku , P. , Anisman , H. , Xia , X. and Trudeau , V. L. 2008 . The effects of fluoxetine on the reproductive axis of female goldfish (Carrasius auratus) . Physiol. Genom , 35 : 273 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , C. D. , Chu , S. , Judt , C. , Li , H. , Oakes , K. D. , Servos , M. R. and Andrews , D. M. 2010 . Antidepressants and their metabolites in municipal wastewater, and downstream exposure in an urban watershed . Environ. Sci. Chem , 29 : 79 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , C. D. , Miao , X. S. , Koenig , B. G. and Struger , J. 2003 . Distribution of acidic and neutral drugs in surface waters near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, Canada . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 22 : 2881 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morando , M. B. , Medeiros , L. R. and McDonald , M. D. 2009 . Fluoxetine treatment affects nitrogen waste excretion and osmoregulation in a marine teleost fish . Aquat. Toxicol , 95 : 164 – 71 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortensen , O. V. , Kristensen , A. S. and Wiborg , O. 2001 . Species-scanning mutagenesis of the serotonin transporter reveals residues essential in selective, high-affinity recognition of antidepressants . J. Neurochem , 79 : 237 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , Y. , Yamamoto , H. , Sekizawa , J. , Kondo , T. , Hirai , N. and Tatarazako , N. 2008 . The effects of pH on fluoxetine in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Acute toxicity in fish larvae and bioaccumulation in juvenile fish . Chemosphere , 70 : 865 – 873 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , W. H. , Folchert , A. and Bailly-Cuif , L. 2008 . Comparative analysis of the serotonin receptor families (5HTR1A/5HTR1B families) and transporter (slc6a4a/b) gene expression in the zebrafish brain . J. Comp. Neurol , 511 : 521 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni , Y. G. and Miledi , R. 1997 . Blockage of 5HT2C serotonin receptors by fluoxetine (Prozac) . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 94 : 2036 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes , K. D. , Coors , A. , Escher , B. , Fenner , K. , Garric , J. , Gus , T. M. , Knacker , T. , Kuster , A. , Kussatz , C. , Metcalfe , C. D. , Monteiro , S. , Moon , T. , Mennigen , J. A. , Parrott , J. , Pery , A. R. , Ramil , M. , Tarazona , J. V. , Sanchez-Arguello , P. , Ternes , T. A. , Trudeau , V. L. , Boucard , T. , Van der Kraak , G. J. and Servos , M. 2010 . An environmental risk assessment for the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine—A case study utilizing the European risk assessment framework . Integr. Environ. Assess Manage , 6 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Olcese , J. , Darr , C. , Demuri , B. , Hall , T. R. and de Vlaming , V. 1980 . Photoperiod effects on hypothalamic serotonergic activity in the goldfish, Carassius auratus . Comp. Biochem. Physiol , 66A : 363 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Painter , M. M. , Buerkley , M. A. , Julius , M. L. , Vajda , A. M. , Norris , D. O. , Barber , L. B. , Furlong , E. T. , Schultz , M. M. and Schoenfuss , H. L. 2009 . Antidepressants at environmentally relevant concentrations affect predator avoidance behavior of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , 28 : 2677 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent , A. 1981 . Comparative anatomy of the serotonergic systems . J. Physiol. (Paris) , 77 : 147 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paterson , G. and Metcalfe , C. D. 2008 . Uptake and depuration of the anti-depressant fluoxetine by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) . Chemosphere , 74 : 125 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez , K. O. and Munch , S. B. 2010 . Extreme selection on the size in the early lives of fish . Evolution , 64 : 2450 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson , P. M. , Guibbolini , M. E. and Lahlou , B. 1995 . Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the neurohypophyseal hormones arginine vasotocin and isotocin . J. Immunoassay , 16 : 55 – 79 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinna , G. , Costa , E. and Guidotti , A. 2006 . Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine stereospecifically and selectively increase brain neurosteroid content at doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake . Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , 186 : 362 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plenge , P. and Wiborg , O. 2005 . High- and low-affinity binding of S-citalopram to the human serotonin transporter mutated at 20 putatively important amino acid positions . Neurosci. Lett , 383 : 203 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Popesku , J. T. , Martyniuk , C. J. , Mennigen , J. , Xiong , H. , Zhang , D. , Xia , X. , Cossins , A. R. and Trudeau , V. L. 2008 . The goldfish, Carassius auratus, as a model for neuroendocrine signaling . Mol. Cell. Endocrinol , 293 : 46 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , P. L. and Siegel , R. E. 2005 . The serotonin 3A receptor facilitates luteinizing hormone release and LH-beta promoter activity in immortalized pituitary gonadotropes . Endocrine , 27 : 37 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raap , D. K. and Van De Kar , L. D. 1999 . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and neuroendocrine function . Life Sci , 65 : 1217 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramirez , A. J. , Brain , R. A. , Usenko , S. , Mottaleb , M. A. , O'Donnell , J. G. , Stahl , L. L. , Wathen , J. B. , Snyder , B. D. , Pitt , J. L. , Perez-Hurtado , P. , Dobbins , L. L. , Brooks , B. W. and Chambliss , C. K. 2009 . Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in fish: Results of a national pilot study in the U.S . Environ. Toxicol. Chem , doi: 10.1897/08–561.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ravna , A. W. , Sylte , I. and Dahl , S. G. 2003 . Molecular mechanism of citalopram and cocaine interactions with neurotransmitter transporters . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , 307 : 34 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodriguez , M. and Specker , J. L. 1991 . In vitro effects of arginine vasotocin on testosterone production by testes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 83 : 249 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saligaut , C. , Salbert , G. , Bailhache , T. , Bennani , S. and Jego , P. 1992 . Serotonin and dopamine turnover in the female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) brain and pituitary: Changes during the annual reproductive cycle . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 85 : 261 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , M. M. , Furlong , E. T. , Kolpin , D. W. , Werner , S. L. , Schoenfuss , H. L. , Barber , L. B. , Blazer , V. S. , Norris , D. O. and Vajda , A. M. 2010 . Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in two effluent-impacted U. S. streams: Occurrence and fate in water and sediment and selective uptake in fish neural tissue . Environ. Sci. Technol , 44 : 1918 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , M. M. and Furlong , E. T. 2008 . Trace analysis of antidepressant pharmaceuticals and their select degredates in aquatic matrixes by LC/ESI/MS/MS . Anal. Chem , 80 : 1756 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , M. M. , Painter , M. M. , Bartell , S. E. , Logue , A. , Furlong , E. T. , Werner , S. L. and Schoenfuss , H. L. 2011 . Selective uptake and biological consequences of environmentally relevant antidepressant pharmaceutical exposures on male fathead minnows . Aquat Toxicol , 104 : 38 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semsar , K. , Perreault , H. A. and Godwin , J. 2004 . Fluoxetine-treated male wrasses exhibit low AVT expression . Brain Res , 1029 : 141 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severinsen , K. , Sinning , S. , Kaastrup Muller , H. and Wiborg , O. 2008 . Characterization of the zebrafish serotonin transporter functionally links TM10 to the ligand binding site . J. Neurochem , 105 : 1794 – 1805 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , E. M. , Chu , S. , Paterson , G. , Metcalfe , C. D. and Wilson , J. Y. 2010 . Cross-specific comparsion of fluoxetine metabolism with fish liver microsomes . Chemosphere , 79 : 26 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somoza , G. M. and Peter , R. E. 1991 . Effects of serotonin on gonadotropin and growth hormone release from in vitro perifused goldfish pituitary fragments . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 82 : 103 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somoza , G. M. , Yu , K. L. and Peter , R. E. 1988 . Serotonin stimulates gonadotropin release in female and male goldfish, Carassius auratus L . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 72 : 374 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley , J. K. , Ramirez , A. J. , Chambliss , C. K. and Brooks , B. W. 2007 . Enantiospecific sublethal effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine to a model aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate . Chemosphere , 69 : 9 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers , C. H. , Korzan , W. J. , Lukkes , J. L. , Watt , M. J. , Forster , G. L. , Øverli , Ø. , Höglund , E. , Larson , E. T. , Ronan , P. J. , Matter , J. M. , Summers , T. R. , Renner , K. J. and Greenberg , N. 2005 . Does serotonin influence aggression? Comparing regional activity before and during social interaction . Physiol. Biochem. Zool , 78 : 679 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surratt , C. K. , Ukairo , O. T. and Ramanujapuram , S. 2005 . Recognition of psychostimulants, antidepressants, and other inhibitors of synaptic neurotransmitter uptake by the plasma membrane monoamine transporters . Am. Assoc. Pharmaceut. Scient. J , 7 : E739 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Trudeau , V. L. 1997 . Neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotrophin II release and gonadal growth in the goldfish . Carassius auratus. Rev. Reprod , 2 : 55 – 68 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uphouse , L. , Hensler , J. G. , Sarkar , J. and Grossie , B. 2006 . Fluoxetine disrupts food intake and estrous cyclicity in Fischer female rats . Brain Res , 1072 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valassi , E. , Scacchi , M. and Cavagnini , F. 2008 . Neuroendocrine control of food-intake . Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis , 18 : 158 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti , T. W. , Perez-Hurtado , P. , Chambliss , C. K. and Brooks , B. W. 2010 . Aquatic toxicity of sertraline to Pimephales promelas at environmentally relevant surface water pH . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , doi: 10.1897/08–546.1
   Google Scholar
• Vasskog , T. , Berger , U. , Per-Jostein , S. , Kallenborn , R. and Jensen , E. 2006 . Selective reuptake inhibitors in sewage influents and effluents from Tromsø, Norway . J. Chormatogr. A , 1115 : 187 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasskog , T. , Anderssen , T. , Pedersen-Bjergaard , S. , Kallenborn , R. and Jensen , E. 2008 . Occurrence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in sewage and receiving waters at Spitsbergen and in Norway . J. Chromatogr. A , 1185 : 194 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verispan VONA. 2007. Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2007. http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/data/articlestandard//drugtopics/072008/491181/article.pdf (http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/data/articlestandard//drugtopics/072008/491181/article.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Vitale , M. L. and Chiocchio , S. R. 1993 . Serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of luteinizing hormone release . Endocr. Rev , 14 : 480 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viveiros , A. T. , Jatzkowski , A. and Komen , J. 2003 . Effects of oxytocin on semen release in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) . Theriogenology , 59 : 1905 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkoff , H. , Canosa , L. F. , Unniappan , S. , Cerdá-Reverter , J. M. , Bernier , N. J. , Kelly , S. P. and Peter , R. E. 2005 . Neuropeptides and the control of food intake in fish . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol , 142 : 3 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada , K. , Hu , L. , Mores , N. , Navarro , C. E. , Fuda , H. , Krsmanovic , L. Z. and Catt , K. J. 2006 . Serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes mediate specific modes of 5-HT-induced signaling and regulation of neurosecretion in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons . Mol. Endocrinol , 20 : 125 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , Y. , Takai , R. , Yoshioka , H. and Shirabe , K. 2006 . Characterization and expression of serotonin transporter genes in zebrafish . Tohoku J. Exp. Med , 208 : 267 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weston , J. J. , Huggett , D. B. , Rimoldi , J. , Foran , C. M. and Stattery , M. Determination of fluoxetine (Prozac) and norfluoxetine in the aquatic environment . Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . November 11–15 2001 , Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Winberg , S. , Nilsson , A. , Hylland , P. , Söderstöm , V. and Nilsson , G. E. 1997 . Serotonin as a regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal activity in teleost fish . Neurosci. Lett , 230 : 113 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winder , V. L. , Sapozhnikova , Y. , Pennington , P. L. and Wirth , E. F. 2009 . Effects of fluoxetine exposure on serotonin-related activity in the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) using LC/MS/MS detection and quantitation . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol , 149 : 559 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , F. , Luk , C. , Richard , M. P. , Zaidi , W. , Farkas , S. , Getz , A. , Lee , A. , Van Minnen , J. and Syed , N. I. 2010 . Antidepressant fluoxetine suppresses neuronal growth from both vertebrate and invertebrate neurons and perturbs synapse formation between Lymnaea neurons . Eur. J. Neurosci , 31 : 994 – 1005 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Gray , T. S. , D'Souza , D. N , Carrasco , G. A. , Damjanoska , K. J. , Dudas , B. , Garcia , F. , Zainelli , G. M. , Sullivan-Hanley , N. R. , Battaglia , G. , Muma , N. A. and Van de Kar , L. D. 2004 . Desensitization of 5HT1A receptors by 5HT2A receptors in neuroendocrine neurons in vivo . J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther , 310 : 59 – 66 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou , Z. , Zhen , J. , Karpowich , N. K. , Law , C. J. , Reith , M. E. and Wang , D. N. 2009 . Antidepressant specificity of serotonin transporter suggested by three LeuT-SSRI structures . Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol , 16 : 652 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar