Cognitive function in first episode major depressive disorder: Poor inhibition and semantic fluency performance

REFERENCES

• Årdal, G., & Hammar, Å. (2010). Is impairment in cognitive inhibition in the acute phase of major depression irreversible? Results from a 10 year follow-up study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. doi:10.1348/147608310X502328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Årdal, G., Lund, A., & Hammar, Å ( in press). Health related quality of life in recurrent major depressive disorder—a ten year follow up study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, M. P., Mitchell, P., & Goodwin, G. M. (2001). Cognitive deficits in depression: Possible implications for functional neuropathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 200–206. 10.1192/bjp.178.3.200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biringer, E., Lundervold, A., Stordal, K. I., Mykletun, A., Egeland, J., Bottlender, R., & Lund, A. (2005). Executive function improvement upon remission of unipolar major depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 255(6), 373–380. 10.1007/s00406-005-0577-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biringer, E., Rongve, A., & Lund, A. (2009). A review of modern antidepressants’ effects on neurocognitive function. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 5(11), 164–174. 10.2174/157340009788971137
   Google Scholar
• Bokat, C. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64, 73–78. 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00282-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buist-Bouwman, M. A., Ormel, J., de Graaf, R., & Vollebergh, W. A. (2004). Functioning after a major depressive episode: Complete or incomplete recovery? Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(3), 363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda, A. N., Tuulio-Henriksson, A., Marttunen, M., Suvisaari, J., & Lönnquist, J. A. (2008). A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 1–27. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). D-KEFS examiners manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Den Hartog, H. M., Derix, M. M. A., Van Bemmel, A. L., Kremer, B., & Jolles, J. (2003). Cognitive functioning in young and middle-aged unmedicated out-patients with major depression: Testing the cognitive effort and cognitive speed hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1443–1451. 10.1017/S003329170300833X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., Lund, A., Landrø, N. I., Rund, B. R., Sundet, K., Asbjørnsen, A., et al. (2005). Cortisol level predicts executive and memory function in depression, symptom level predicts psychomotor speed. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 434–441. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00599.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeland, J., Rund, B. R., Sundet, K., Landrø, N. I., Asbjørnsen, A., Lund, A., et al. (2003). Attention profile in schizophrenia compared with depression: Differential effects of processing speed, selective attention and vigilance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 276–284. 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00146.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati, P., Amar, G., Raox, N., Ergis, A. M., & Allilare, J. F. (1999). Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 89, 171–187. 10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00110-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossati, P., Guillaume, L. B., Ergis, A., & Alular, J. (2003). Qualitative analysis of verbal fluency in depression. Psychiatry Research, 117, 17–24. 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00300-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohier, B., Ferracci, L., Surguladze, S. A., Lawrence, E., El Hage, W., Zied Kefi, M. Z., et al. (2009). Cognitive inhibition and working memory in unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorder, 116(1–2), 100–105. 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, M., Thase, M. E., & Sweeney, J. A. (2001). Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: Evidence of modest impairment. Biological Psychiatry, 50(1), 35–43. 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01072-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar, Å., & Årdal, G. (2009). Cognitive functioning in major depression—a summary. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(26), 1–7. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.026.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar, Å., Sørensen, L., Årdal, G., Ødegaard, K., Kroken, R., Roness, A., & Lund, A. (2009). Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: A test-retest study using the Stroop-paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00765.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar, Å., Strand, M., Årdal, G., Schmid, M., Lund, A., & Elliott, R. (2011). Testing the cognitive effort hypothesis of cognitive impairment in major depression. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.3109/08039488.2010.494311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in depression. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27, 78–101. 10.1080/138033990513654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollon, S. D., & Shelton, R. C. (2001). Treatment guidelines for major depressive disorder. Journal of Behavioral Therapy, 32, 235–258. 10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80004-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joorman, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 11.1–11.28. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305
   Google Scholar
• Joormann, J., Yoon, K. L., & Zetsche, U. (2007). Cognitive inhibition in depression. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 128–139. 10.1016/j.appsy.2007.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabekiroglu, A., Topcuoglu, V., Gimzal Gonentur, A., & Karabekiroglu, K. (2010). Executive function differences between first episode and recurrent major depression patients. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 280–288.
   Google Scholar
• Kyte, Z. A., Goodyer, I. M., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005). Selected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(9), 995–1005. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00400.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiknes, K. A., Leganger, S., Malt, E. A., & Malt, U. (1999). Mini internasjonalt neuropsykiatrisk intervju. In D. Sheehan, J. Janavs, J. Baker, K. Harnett-Sheenan, E. Knapp, & M. Sheehan (Eds.), Mini international neuropsychiatric interview. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Markela-Lerenc, J., Kaiser, S., Fiedler, P., Weisbrod, M., & Mundt, C. (2006). Stroop performance in depressive patients: A preliminary report. Journal of Affective Disorder, 94, 261–267. 10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 322–389. 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, T. I., Leon, A. C., Keller, M. B., Solomon, D. A., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., et al. (1999). Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1000–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano, Y., Baba, H., Maeshima, H., Kitajima, A., Sakai, Y., Baba, K., et al. (2008). Executive dysfunction in medicated, remitted state of major depression. Journal of Affective Disorder, 111, 46–51. 10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu, P., Bajbouj, M., Schilling, A., Godemann, F., Berman, R., & Schlattmann, P. (2005). Cognitive function over the treatment course of depression in middle-aged patients: Correlation with brain MRI signal hyperintensities. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 129–135. 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paelecke-Habermann, Y., Pohl, J., & Leplow, B. (2005). Attention and executive functions in remitted major depression patients. Journal of Affective Disorder, 89, 125–135. 10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papakostas, G. I., Petersen, T., Mahal, Y., Mischoulon, D., Nierenberg, A. A., & Fava, M. (2004). Quality of life assessments in major depressive disorder: A review of the literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26, 13–17. 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2003.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradiso, S., Lamberty, G. J., Garvey, M. J., & Robinson, R. G. (1997). Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of chronic unipolar depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185(12), 748–754. 10.1097/00005053-199712000-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti, S., Judge, R., & Hindmarch, I. (2000). Safety and tolerability considerations: Tricyclic antidepressants vs. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 101(Suppl. 403), 17–25. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2000.tb10944.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, R. J., Bourke, C., & Gallagher, P. (2007). Neuropsychological impairment in major depression: Its nature, origin and clinical significance. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 41, 115–128. 10.1080/00048670601109881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravnkilde, B., Videbech, P., Clemmensen, K., Egander, A., Rasmussen, N. A., & Rosenberg, R. (2002). Cognitive deficits in major depression. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43(3), 239–251. 10.1111/1467-9450.00292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischies, F. M., & Neu, P. (2000). Comorbidity of mild cognitive disorder and depression: A neuropsychological analysis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 250(4), 186–193. 10.1007/s004060070023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, M. A., Kasai, K., Koji, M., Fukuda, R., Iwanami, A., Nakagome, K., et al. (2004). Executive and prefrontal dysfunction in unipolar depression: A review of neuropsychological and imaging evidence. Neuroscience Research, 50, 1–11. 10.1016/j.neures.2004.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush, A. J. (2001). Chronic major depression: A review and update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 3–4. 10.4088/JCP.v62n0101
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, M., Strand, M., Årdal, G., Lund, A., & Hammar, Å. (2011). Prolonged impairment in inhibition and semantic fluency in a follow-up study of recurrent major depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J., Muir, W. J., & Blackwood, D. H. (2006). Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 40–46. 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00275.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stordal, K. I., Lundervold, A., Mykletun, A., Asbjørnsen, A., Biringer, E., Egeland, J., et al. (2005). Frequency and characteristics of recurrent major depressed patients with unimpaired executive functions. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 6(1), 36–44. 10.1080/15622970510029894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ten Doesschate, M. C., Bockting, C. L., Koeter, M. W., & Schene, A. H. (2010). DELTA Study Group. Prediction of recurrence in recurrent depression: A 5.5-year prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 7, 984–991. 10.4088/JCP.08m04858blu
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichard, C., Martinot, J. L., Alagille, M., Masure, M. C., Hardy, P., Ginestet, D., & Feline, A. (1995). Time course of prefrontal lobe dysfunction in severely depressed in-patients: A longitudinal neuropsychological study. Psychological Medicine, 25(1), 79–85. 10.1017/S0033291700028105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsourtos, G., Thompson, J. C., & Stough, C. (2002). Evidence of an early information processing speed deficit in unipolar major depression. Psychological Medicine, 32, 259–265. 10.1017/S0033291701005001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar