Development of a multivariate statistical model to predict peroxisome proliferation in the rat, based on urinary ¹H-NMR spectral patterns

References

• ANTHONY, M. L, SWEATMAN, B. C., BEDDELL, C. R, LLNDON, J. C. and NICHOLSON, J. K. 1994, Pattern recognition classification of the site of nephrotoxicity based on metabolic data derived from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of urine. Molecular Pharmacology, 46, 199–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASHBY, J., BRADY, A., ELCOMBE, C. R, ELLIOTT, B. M., ISHMAEL, J., ODUM, J., TUGWOOD, J. D., KETTLE, S. and PURCHASE, I. F. H. 1994, Mechanistically-based human hazard assessment of peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 13 (Supplement 2), S1—S117.
   Google Scholar
• BECKWITH-HALL, B. M., NICHOLSON, J. K, NICHOLLS, A. W., FOXALL, P. J. D., LLNDON, J. C., CONNOR, S. C., ABDI, M., CONNELLY, J. and HOLIVIES, E. 1998, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and principal components analysis investigations into biochemical effects of three model hepatotoxins. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 11, 260–72.
   Google Scholar
• BENTLEY, P., CALDER, I., ELCOMBE, C., GRASSO, P., STRINGER, D. and WIEGAND, H. J. 1993, Hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rodents and its significance for humans. Food Chemical Toxicology, 31, 857–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROWN, P. J., WINEGAR, D. A., PLUNKET, K D., MOORE, L. B., LEWIS, M. C., WILSON, J. G., SUNDSETH, S. S., KOBLE, C. S., WU, A., CHAPMAN, J. M., LEHMANN, J. M., KLIEWER, S. A. and WIT T SON, T. M. 1999, A Ureido-Thioisobutyric Acid (GW9578) is a subtype-selective PPARce Agonist with Potent Lipid-Lowering Activity. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 42, 3785–3788.
   Google Scholar
• BYBEE, A., STYLES, J. A., BECK, S. L. and BLACKBURN, D. 1990, Mitosis and histopathology in rat liver during methylclofenapate induced hyperplasia. Cancer Letters, 52, 95–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FAN, T. W.-M. 1996, Metabolite profiling by one- and two-dimensional NMR analysis of complex mixtures. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 28, 161–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GARTLAND, K. P. G., BONNER, F. W. and NICHOLSON, J. K 1988, Investigations into the biochemical effects of region-specific nephrotoxins. Molecular Pharmacology, 35, 242–250.
   Google Scholar
• GAVAGHAN, C. L., NICHOLSON, J. K., CONNOR, S. C., WILSON, I. D., WRIGHT, B. and HOLIVIES, E. 2001, Directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic with chemometric studies on metabolic variation in Sprague Dawley rats. Analytical Biochemistry, 291, 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRAY, R. A., CONNOR, S. C., HODSON, M. P., CLAYTON, N. M., HASELDEN, J. N. and CHESSELL, I. P. 2003, An NMR-based metabolic profiling study of inflammatory pain using the rat FCA Model, Pain, submitted.
   Google Scholar
• LAKE, B. G. 1995a, Mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenicity of peroxisome-proliferating drugs and chemicals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35, 483–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAKE, B. G. 1995b, Perwdsome proliferation: urrent mechanisms relating to non-genotoxic carcinogen-esis. Toxicology Letters, 82/83, 673–681.
   Google Scholar
• LINDON, J. C., NICHOLSON, J. K and EvERErr, J. R 1999, NMR Spectroscopy of biofluids. Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, 38, 1–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON, J. K and WILSON, I. D. 1989, High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biological fluids. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 21, 449–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON, J. K, LINDON, J. C. and HOLIVIES, E. 1999, Metabonomics: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica, 29, 1181–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLSON, J. K., CONNELLY, J., LINDON, J. C. and HOLMES, E. 2002, Metabonomics: a platform for studying drug toxicity and gene function. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 1, 153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plum's, A. N., STEWART, J., WRIGHT, B. and WILSON, I. D. 1998, Effect of diet on the urinary excretion of hippuric acid and other dietary-derived aromatics in rat. A complex interaction between diet, gut microflora and substrate specificity. Xenobiotica, 28 (5), 527–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• QUAIL, JR., C. W., HOIVLK, D. J., SANTOSTEFANO, M. J., BROWN, H. R., ANDERSON, S. P., OTT, R J., MIRABILE, R. C., OLIVER, B. R., MUDD, P. N. and MILLER, R. T. 2003, Fibrates induce peroxisomal and mitochondrial proliferation in cynomolgous monkeys without causing cell cycle alterations or oxidative stress. Annual Meeting, Society of Toxicology. Toxicological Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• RINGEISSEN, S., CONNOR, S. C., BROWN, H. R., SWEATMAN, B. C., HODSON, M. P., KENNY, S. P., HAWORTH, R., McGi11_, P., PRICE, M. A., AYLOTT, M. C., M. R., NUNEZ, D. J., HASELDEN, J. N. and WATERFIELD, C. J. 2003, N-methylnicotinamide and N-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carbox-amide: potential urinary and plasma biomarkers of peroxisome proliferation in the rat- identification byNMR and HPLC. Biomarkers, 8(3–4), 240–271.
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON, D. G., REILY, M. D., SIGLER, R. E., WELLS, D. F., PATERSON, D. A. and BRADEN, T. K. 2000, Metabonomics: evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pattern recognition technology for rapid in vivo screening of liver and kidney toxicants. Toxicological Sciences, 57, 326–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROMACH, E. H., SHENK, J. L, OTT, R J., WIT I SON, T. M. and MILLER, R. T. 2002, Hepatic effects of PPARS are distinct from PPAR7. The Toxicologist, 66, 261.
   Google Scholar
• SANINS, S. M., NICHOLSON, J. K., ELCOMBE, C. and TIMBRELL, J. A. 1990, Hepatotoxin-induced hypertaurinuria: a proton NMR study. Archives of Toxicology, 64 (5), 407–411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SLIM, R M., ROBERTSON, D. G., ALBASSAM, M., REILY, M. D., ROBOSKY, L. and DETHLOFF, L. A. 2002, Effect of dexamethasone on the metabonomics profile associated with phosphodiesterase inhibitor-induced vascular lesions in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 193, 109–16. STANLEY, E. G. PhD Thesis, 2003, University of London.
   Google Scholar
• SWEATMAN, B. C., MANINI, J. A. and WATERFIELD, C. J. 2001, 1H-NMR analysis of urine in toxicity studies: side effects of reduced feeding. Toxicology, 164, 225.
   Google Scholar
• TUCKER, M. J. and ORTON, T. C. 1995, Comparative Toxicology of Hypolipidaemic Fibrates (London: Taylor and Francis).
   Google Scholar