A speculated ribozyme site in the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene is not essential for a wild-type reactivation phenotype

References

• Ahmed M, Lock M, Miller CG, Fraser NW. Regions of the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript that protect cells from apoptosis in vitro and protect neuronal cells in vivo. J Virol 2002; 76: 717–729
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter D., Henderson G., Hsiang C., Osorio N., Benmohamed L., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. Introducing point mutations into the ATGs of the putative open reading frames of the HSV-1 gene encoding the latency associated transcript (LAT) reduces its anti-apoptosis activity. Microb Pathog 2008; 44: 98–102
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter D., Hsiang C., Brown D. J., Jin L., Osorio N., BenMohamed L., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. Stable cell lines expressing high levels of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT are refractory to caspase 3 activation and DNA laddering following cold shock induced apoptosis. Virology 2007; 369: 12–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui C., Griffiths A., Li G., Silva L. M., Kramer M. F., Gaasterland T., Wang X. J., Coen D. M. Prediction and identification of herpes simplex virus 1-encoded microRNAs. J Virol 2006; 80: 5499–4508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drolet B. S., Perng G. C., Cohen J., Slanina S. M., Yukht A., Nesburn A. B., Wechsler S. L. The region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene involved in spontaneous reactivation does not encode a functional protein. Virology 1998; 242: 221–232
   Google Scholar
• Hill J. M., Sedarati F., Javier R. T., Wagner E. K., Stevens J. G. Herpes simplex virus latent phase transcription facilitates in vivo reactivation. Virology 1990; 174: 117–125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui E. K., Lo S. J. Does the latency associated transcript (LAT) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) function as a ribozyme during viral reactivation?. Virus Genes 1998; 16: 147–148
   Google Scholar
• Inman M., Perng G., Henderson G., Ghiasi H., Nesburn A., Wechsler S., Jones C. Region of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript sufficient for wild type spontaneous reactivation promotes cell survival in tissue culture. J Virol 2001; 75: 3636–3646
   Google Scholar
• Jin L., Peng W., Perng G. C., Brick D. J., Nesburn A. B., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. Identification of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript sequences that both inhibit apoptosis and enhance the spontaneous reactivation phenotype. J Virol 2003; 77: 6556–6561
   Google Scholar
• Jin L., Perng G. C., Carpenter D., Mott K. R., Osorio N., Naito J., Brick D. J., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. Reactivation phenotype in rabbits of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant containing an unrelated antiapoptosis gene in place of latency-associated transcript. J NeuroVirol 2007; 13: 78–84
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin L., Perng G. C., Mott K. R., Osorio N., Naito J., Brick D. J., Carpenter D., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. A herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant expressing a baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis gene in place of latency-associated transcript has a wild-type reactivation phenotype in the mouse. J Virol 2005; 79: 12286–12295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang W., Mukerjee R., Fraser N. W. Establishment and maintenance of HSV latent infection is mediated through correct splicing of the LAT primary transcript. Virology 2003; 312: 233–244
   Google Scholar
• Leib D. A., Bogard C. L., Kosz-Vnenchak M., Hicks K. A., Coen D. M., Knipe D. M., Schaffer P. A. A deletion mutant of the latency-associated transcript of herpes simplex virus type 1 reactivates from the latent state with reduced frequency. J Virol 1989; 63: 2893–2900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib D. A., Nadeau K. C., Rundle S. A., Schaffer P. A. The promoter of the latency-associated transcripts of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains a functional cAMP-response element: role of the latency-associated transcripts and cAMP in reactivation of viral latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88: 48–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mott K. R., Osorio N., Jin L., Brick D. J., Naito J., Cooper J., Henderson G., Inman M., Jones C., Wechsler S. L., Perng G. C. The bovine herpesvirus-1 LR ORF2 is critical for this gene's ability to restore the high wild-type reactivation phenotype to a herpes simplex virus-1 LAT null mutant. J Gen Virol 2003; 84: 2975–2985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesburn A. B. Report of the Corneal Disease Panel: Vision research: a national plan 1983–1987. C.V. Mosby, St. Louis 1983
   Google Scholar
• Peng W., Vitvitskaia O., Carpenter D., Wechsler S. L., Jones C. Identification of two small RNAs within the first 1.5-kb of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encoded latency-associated transcript (LAT). J NeuroViol 2008; 14: 41–52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G., Jones C., Ciacci-Zanella H., Henderson G., Yukht A., Slanina S., Hofman F., Ghiasi H., Nesburn A., Wechsler S. Virus induced neuronal apoptosis blocked by the herpes simplex virus latency associated transcript (LAT). Science 2000; 287: 1500–1503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G. C., Dunkel E. C., Geary P. A., Slanina S. M., Ghiasi H., Kaiwar R., Nesburn A. B., Wechsler S. L. The latency-associated transcript gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is required for efficient in vivo spontaneous reactivation of HSV-1 from latency. J Virol 1994; 68: 8045–8055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G. C., Ghiasi H., Slanina S. M., Nesburn A. B., Wechsler S. L. The spontaneous reactivation function of the herpes simplex virus type 1 LAT gene resides completely within the first 1.5 kilobases of the 8.3- kilobase primary transcript. J Virol 1996; 70: 976–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G. C., Maguen B., Jin L., Mott K. R., Osorio N., Slanina S. M., Yukht A., Ghiasi H., Nesburn A. B., Inman M., Henderson G., Jones C., Wechsler S. L. A gene capable of blocking apoptosis can substitute for the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene and restore wild-type reactivation levels. J Virol 2002; 76: 1224–1235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G. C., Slanina S. M., Ghiasi H., Nesburn A. B., Wechsler S. L. The effect of latency-associated transcript on the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-reactivation phenotype is mouse strain-dependent. J Gen Virol 2001; 82: 1117–1122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perng G. C., Slanina S. M., Yuhkt A., Drolet B. S., Keleher W. J., Ghiasi H., Nesburn A. B., Wechsler S. L. A herpes simplex virus type 1 latency associated transcript (LAT) mutant with increased virulence and reduced spontaneous reactivation. J. Virol. 1999; 73: 920–929
   Google Scholar
• Rock D. L., Nesburn A. B., Ghiasi H., Ong J., Lewis T. L., Lokensgard J. R., Wechsler S. L. Detection of latency-related viral RNAs in trigeminal ganglia of rabbits latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 1987; 61: 3820–3826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawtell N. M., Thompson R. L. Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcription unit promotes anatomical site-dependent establishment and reactivation from latency. J Virol 1992; 66: 2157–2169
   Google Scholar
• Smith R. E., McDonald H. R., Nesburn A. B., Minckler D. S. Penetrating keratoplasty: changing indications, 1947 to 1978. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 1226–1229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner I., Spivack J. G., Lirette R. P., Brown S. M., MacLean A. R., Subak-Sharpe J. H., Fraser N. W. Herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts are evidently not essential for latent infection. EMBO J 1989; 8: 505–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens J. G., Wagner E. K., Devi-Rao G. B., Cook M. L., Feldman L. T. RNA complementary to a herpesvirus alpha gene mRNA is prominent in latently infected neurons. Science 1987; 235: 1056–1059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S. K., Lilley C. E., Latchman D. S., Coffin R. S. A protein encoded by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 2-kilobase latency-associated transcript is phosphorylated, localized to the nucleus, and overcomes the repression of expression from exogenous promoters when inserted into the quiescent HSV genome. J Virol 2002; 76: 4056–4067
   Google Scholar
• Trousdale M. D., Steiner I., Spivack J. G., Deshmane S. L., Brown S. M., MacLean A. R., Subak-Sharpe J. H., Fraser N. W. In vivo and in vitro reactivation impairment of a herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript variant in a rabbit eye model. J Virol 1991; 65: 6989–6993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar