Gender differences in Afghan drug-abuse treatment: an assessment of treatment entry characteristics, dropout, and outcomes

References

• Abadi, M., S. R. Shamblen, K. Johnson, K. Thompson, L. Young, M. Courser, J. Vanderhoff, and T. Browne. 2012. “Examining Human Rights and Mental Health among Women in Drug Abuse Treatment Centers in Afghanistan.” International Journal of Women's Health 4: 155–165. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S28737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bates, D., M. Maechler, and B. Bolker. 2013. “Linear Mixed-effects Models Using S4 Classes (Version 0.999999-2) [Computer Software].” Accessed May 2, 2013. http://lme4.r-forge.r-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Burnette, M. L., M. Ilgen, S. M. Frayne, E. Lucas, J. Mayo, and J. C. Weitlauf. 2008. “Violence Perpetration and Childhood Abuse among Men and Women in Substance Abuse Treatment.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 35: 217–222. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2007.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Conners, N. A., A. Grant, C. C. Crone, and L. Whiteside-Mansell. 2006. “Substance Abuse Treatment for Mothers: Treatment Outcomes and the Impact of Length of Stay.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31: 447–456. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courser, M., K. Johnson, M. H. Abadi, S. R. Shamblen, L. Young, K. Thompson, and T. Browne. 2013. “Building an Evidence Base for Drug Abuse Treatment in Afghanistan: Lessons Learned and Implications for Future Research.” International Journal of Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders 1: 12–27. doi:10.4038/ijptsud.v1i1.5908.
   Google Scholar
• Dempster, A., N. Laird, and D. Rubin. 1977. “Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B 39: 1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dore, G., K. Mills, R. Murray, M. Teesson, and P. Farrugia. 2012. “Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression and Suicidality in Inpatients with Substance Use Disorders.” Drug and Alcohol Review 31: 294–302. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00314.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapalski, A., M. Bennett, and A. Bellack. 2011. “Gender Differences in Substance Use, Consequences, Motivation to Change, and Treatment Seeking in People with Serious Mental Illness.” Substance Use and Misuse 46: 808–818. doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.538460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S. F., S. E. Back, K. Lawson, and K. T. Brady 2010. “Substance Abuse in Women.” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 33: 339–355. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield, S. F., A. J. Brooks, S. M. Gordon, C. A. Green, F. Kropp, R. K. McHugh, M. Lincoln, D. Hien, and G. M. Miele. 2007. “Substance Abuse Treatment Entry, Retention, and Outcome in Women: A Review of the Literature.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 86: 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grittner, U., S. Kuntsche, K. Graham, and K. Bloomfield. 2012. “Social Inequalities and Gender Differences in the Experience of Alcohol-related Problems.” Alcohol and Alcoholism 47: 597–605. doi:10.1093/alcalc/ags040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, R. D., C. D. Sherbourne, and R. M. Mazel. 1993. “The RAND 36-item Health Survey 1.0.” Health Economics 2: 217–227. doi:10.1002/hec.4730020305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckman, J. J. 1979. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47: 153–161. doi:10.2307/1912352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard, R. L., S. G. Craddock, P. M. Flynn, J. Anderson, and R. M. Etheridge. 1997. “Overview of 1-year Follow-up Outcomes in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS).” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 11: 261–278. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.11.4.261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2009. We Have the Promises of the World: Women's Rights in Afghanistan. New York: Human Rights Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, K., A. Pan, L. Young, J. Vanderhoff, S. R. Shamblen, T. Browne, and G. Suresh. 2008. “Therapeutic Community Drug Treatment Success in Peru: A Follow-up Outcome Study.” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy 3: 1–15. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-3-26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. W., S. Shamblen, M. Courser, L. Young, M. Abadi, and T. Browne. 2013. “Drug Use and Treatment Success among Gang and Non-gang Members in El Salvador: A Prospective Cohort Study.” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 8. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-8-20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M. S., and M. Sharma. 2008. “Women and Substance Use in India and Bangladesh.” Substance Use and Misuse 43: 1062–1077. doi:10.1080/10826080801918189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., E. L. Struening, M. Rahav, J. C. Phelan, and L. Nuttbrock. 1997. “On Stigma and Its Consequences: Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Men with Dual Diagnoses of Mental Illness and Substance Abuse.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38: 177–190. doi:10.2307/2955424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeese-Smith, D. K., M. Wickman, A. Nyamathi, M. Earvolino-Ramirez, S. Robertson, M. McCann, and J. Obert. 2009. “Gender and Ethnicity Group Differences among Substance Abuse Treatment Clients Insured Under managed Care.” Journal of Addictions Nursing 20: 185–202. doi:10.3109/10884600903078969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montanari, L., M. Serafini, E. Maffli, M. Busch, K. Kontogeorgiou, W. Kuijpers, and A. Ouwehand. 2011. “Gender and Regional Differences in Client Characteristics among Substance Abuse Treatment Clients in the Europe.” Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy 18: 24–31. doi:10.3109/09687637.2010.504199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, B. J., J. Louw, and S. C. Pasche. 2010. “Inequitable Access to Substance Use Treatment Services in Cape Town, South Africa.” Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 5. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-5-28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, J., D. Bates, S. DebRoy, and D. Sarkar. 2013. “Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models (Version 3.1-109) [Computer Software].” Accessed January 2013. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., and A. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Riphenburg, C. J. 2004. “Post-Taliban Afghanistan: Changed Outlook for Women?” Asian Surveyor 44: 401–421. doi:10.1525/as.2004.44.3.401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenbaum, D. K., et al. 2013. Afghanistan National Urban Drug Use Survey, 2012. Folsom, CA: NES, Inc, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., and A. Chatterjee. 2012. “Substance Dependence Treatment Interventions: Why We Continue to Fail People Who Use Drugs in Asia.” Substance Use and Misuse 47: 1617–1623. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.705711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowards, K. A., K. O'Boyle, and M. Weissman. 2006. “Inspiring Hope, Envisioning Alternatives: The Importance of Peer Role Models in a Mandated Treatment Program for Women.” Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 6: 55–70. doi:10.1300/J160v06n04_04.
   Google Scholar
• The Colombo Plan. 2010. “Empowering Recovering Women in Afghanistan.” Accessed June 2012. http://www.colombo-plan.org/viewNewsContent.php?id=140&page=4.
   Google Scholar
• Tuchman, E. 2010. “Women and Addiction: The Importance of Gender Issues in Substance Abuse Research.” Journal of Addictive Diseases 29: 127–138. doi:10.1080/10550881003684582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, H. 2006. “Literature Review: Afghanistan Women's Health Crisis, Health Service Delivery, and Ethical Issues for International Aid.” Health Care for Women International 27: 748–759. doi:10.1080/07399330600817832.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2009. “Drug Use in Afghanistan: 2009 Survey – Executive Summary.” Accessed January 2012. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Afghan-Drug-Survey-2009-Executive-Summary-web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., W. Luseno, and R. M. Ellerson. 2008. “Reaching Women Substance Abusers in Diverse Settings: Stigma and Access to Treatment 30 Years Later.” Substance Use and Misuse 43: 1277–1279. doi:10.1080/10826080802215171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., W. Luseno, K. Riehman, R. Karg, F. Browne, and C. Parry. 2008. “Substance Use and Sexual Risk within the Context of Gender Inequality in South Africa.” Substance Use and Misuse 43: 186–201.
   Google Scholar
• Wiechelt, S. A. 2008. “Introduction to the Special Issue: International Perspectives on Women's Substance Use.” Substance Use and Misuse 43: 973–977. doi:10.1080/10826080801914188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar