References
- Aftenbladet. 2019a. Stavanger er Norges smarteste by. Available at: https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/y3Gk7g/stavanger-er-norges-smarteste-by.
- Aftenbladet. 2019b. Vil at barn skal tegne den nye Lervig-parken på Storhaug. Retrieved from https://www.aftenbladet.no/lokalt/i/vmol7V/vil-at-barn-skal-tegne-den-nye-lervig-parken-paa-storhaug.
- Albrechts, L., A. Barbanente, and V. Monno. 2019. “From Stage-Managed Planning Towards a More Imaginative and Inclusive Strategic Spatial Planning.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37 (8): 1489–1506. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419825655.
- Arnstein, S. R. 1969. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (4): 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225.
- Calzada, Igor. 2019. “Deciphering Smart City Citizenship: The Techno-Politics of Data and Urban Co-Operative Platforms.” Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos/International Journal on Basque Studies 63 (1-2): 42–81. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24498.35524/6.
- Calzada, I. 2021. “The Right to Have Digital Rights in Smart Cities.” Sustainability 13 (20): 11438. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011438
- Calzada, I., M. Pérez-Batlle, and J. Batlle-Montserrat. 2021. “People-Centered Smart Cities: An Exploratory Action Research on the Cities’ Coalition for Digital Rights.” Journal of Urban Affairs, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1994861
- Cameron, J., and D. Grant-Smith. 2005. “Building Citizens: Participatory Planning Practice and a Transformative Politics of Difference.” Urban Policy and Research 23 (1): 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0811114042000335296.
- Cardullo, P., C. Di Felicaiantonio, and R. Kitchin. 2019. The Right to the Smart City (First edition). Bingley: Emerald Publishing.
- Cardullo, P., and R. Kitchin. 2019. “Being a ‘Citizen’in the Smart City: Up and Down the Scaffold of Smart Citizen Participation in Dublin, Ireland.” GeoJournal 84 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9845-8
- Charnock, G., H. March, and R. Ribera-Fumaz. 2019. “From Smart to Rebel City? Worlding, Provincialising and the Barcelona Model.” Urban Studies, 004209801987211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019872119.
- Clark, A. 2005. “Listening to and Involving Young Children: A Review of Research and Practice.” Early Child Development and Care 175 (6): 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430500131288
- Clark, A. 2017. Listening to Young Children. A Guide to Understand and Use the Mosaic Approach. Expanded Third Edition. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
- Clark, J. 2020. Uneven Innovation: The Work of Smart Cities. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, p. 328.
- Coleman, Roy. 2020. "Surveillance as an Urban Way of Life." In The Routledge Companion to Urban Media and Communication, edited by Zlatan Krajina and Deborah Stevenson. New York: Routledge.
- Coles, R. 1998. The Moral Intelligence of Children. New York, NY: A&C Black.
- Coletta, C., L. Evans, L. Heaphy, and R. Kitchin. 2019. Creating Smart Cities. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Cowley, R., and F. Caprotti. 2019. “Smart City as Anti-Planning in the UK.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37 (3): 428–448. http://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818787506.
- Derr, V., L. Chawla, and M. Mintzer. 2018. Placemaking with Children and Youth: Participatory Practices for Planning Sustainable Communities. New York: New Village Press.
- Design and Architecture Norway (DOGA), Norwegian Smart City Network, & Nordic Edge. 2020. Roadmap for Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities in Norway. Design and Architecture Norway.
- Drisko, J. W., and T. Maschi. 2016. Content Analysis. Pocket Guides to Social Work. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Ennew, J., et al. 1994. “Time for Children or Time for Adults.” In Childhood Matters. Social Theory, Practice and Politics, edited by J. Qvortrup, 125–143. Aldershot: Avebury.
- Eriksson, E., A. Fredriksson, and J. Syssner. 2022. “Opening the Black Box of Participatory Planning: A Study of How Planners Handle Citizens’ Input.” European Planning Studies 30 (6): 994–1012. http://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1895974.
- European Commission. 2014. Smart Cities and Communities Lighthouse Projects | Programme | H2020 | CORDIS | European Commission. https://cordis.europa.eu/programme/id/H2020_SCC-1-2016-2017.
- European Commission. 2021a. EU Mission: Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities [Text]. European Commission – European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/funding/funding-opportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe/eu-missions-horizon-europe/climate-neutral-and-smart-cities_en.
- European Commission. 2021b. 100 Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities by 2030 - Info Kit for Cities. Brussels: European Commission. https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-11/ec_rtd_eu-mission-climate-neutral-cities-infokit.pdf.
- European Commission. 2022. Projects | Smart Cities Marketplace. https://smart-cities-marketplace.ec.europa.eu/projects-and-sites/projects?f%5B0%5D=lighthouse%3ALighthouse%20projects.
- Foth, M., M. Brynskov, and T. Ojala. 2015. Citizen’s Right to the Digital City. Berlin: Springer. 10, 978-981.
- Gullestad, M. 2002. “Invisible Fences: Egalitarianism, Nationalism and Racism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8 (1): 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00098.
- Haarstad, Håvard, and Marikken W. Wathne. 2019. “Smart Cities as Strategic Actors: Insights from EU Lighthouse Projects in Stavanger, Stockholm, and Nottingham.” In Inside Smart Cities: Place. Politics and Urban Innovation, edited by Andrew Karvonen, Federico Cugurullo, and Federico Caprotti, 24. New York: Routledge.
- Häkli, J., and K. P. Kallio. 2018. “On Becoming Political: The Political in Subjectivity.” Subjectivity 11 (1): 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-017-0040-z.
- Häkli, J., and K. P. Kallio. 2019. “Theorizing Children’s Political Agency.” In Establishing Geographies of Children and Young People, edited by T. Skelton, and S. C. Aitken, 271–293. Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-041-4_1
- Halpern, O., and G. Günel. 2017. “Demoing Unto Death: Smart Cities, Environment, and Preemptive Hope.” The Fibreculture Journal 29. https://doi.org/10.15307/fcj.29.215.2017.
- Hart, R. A. 2008. “Stepping Back from ‘The Ladder’: Reflections on a Model of Participatory Work with Children.” In Participation and Learning, edited by A. Reid, B. B. Jensen, J. Nikel, and V. Simovska, 19–31. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Hart, R. A. 2013. Children’s Participation: The Theory and Practice of Involving Young Citizens in Community Development and Environmental Care. London: Routledge, 220 p.
- Inch, A. 2015. “Ordinary Citizens and the Political Cultures of Planning: In Search of the Subject of a New Democratic Ethos.” Planning Theory 14 (4): 404–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095214536172.
- Karvonen, A., M. Cook, and H. Haarstad. 2020. “Urban Planning and the Smart City: Projects.” Practices and Politics. Urban Planning 5 (1): 65. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i1.2936.
- Karvonen, A., Federico Cugurullo, and Federico Caprotti. 2019. Inside Smart Cities: Place. Politics and Urban Innovation. London: Routledge.
- Lave, J., and E. Wenger. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
- Leavy, P. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Legacy, C. 2017. “Is There a Crisis of Participatory Planning?” Planning Theory 16 (4): 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095216667433.
- March, H., and R. Ribera-Fumaz. 2019. “Barcelona—From Corporate Smart City to Technological Sovereignty.” In Inside Smart Cities: Place, Politics and Urban Innovation, edited by A. Karvonen, F. Cugurullo, and F. Caprotti, 229–242. London: Routledge.
- Marston, H., C. Musselwhite, S. Freeman, and H. R. Marston. 2017. “Transcendent Technology and Mobile EHealth.” In Mobile e-Health, 299–306. New York, NY: Springer.
- Marvin, S., and A. Luque-Ayala. 2017. “Urban Operating Systems: Diagramming the City.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 41 (1): 84–103. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijur.v41.1.
- McAuliffe, Cameron, and Dallas Rogers. 2018. “Tracing Resident Antagonisms in Urban Development: Agonistic Pluralism and Participatory Planning: Tracing Resident Antagonisms.” Geographical Research 56 (2): 219–229. http://doi.org/10.1111/geor.v56.2.
- Monno, V., and A. Khakee. 2012. “Tokenism or Political Activism? Some Reflections on Participatory Planning.” International Planning Studies 17 (1): 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2011.638181.
- Mosco, Vincent. 2019. The Smart City in a Digital World. SocietyNow. Bingley: Emerald publishing.
- Nessa, E. 2019. Verksted om drømmepark i Lervig, Storhaug. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/siteassets/kultur-og-fritid/tur-og-natur/parker-og-friomrader/lervig-park/beboerinvolvering_rapport-us.pdf.
- Norwegian government. 2008. Planning and Building Act. https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/lov/2008-06-27-71.
- Offenhuber, D. 2019. “The Platform and the Bricoleur—Improvisation and Smart City Initiatives in Indonesia.” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46 (8): 1565–1580. http://doi.org/10.1177/2399808319865749.
- Øvrebekk, H. 2019, September 24. Ut med teknologi, inn med mennesker. aftenbladet.no. https://www.aftenbladet.no/meninger/kommentar/i/QoOXLR/ut-med-teknologi-inn-med-mennesker.
- Purcell, M. 2009. “Resisting Neoliberalization: Communicative Planning or Counter-Hegemonic Movements?” Planning Theory 8 (2): 140–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095209102232.
- Purcell, M. 2016. “For Democracy: Planning and Publics Without the State.” Planning Theory 15 (4): 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095215620827.
- Reddy, N., and K. Ratna. 2002. A Journey in Children’s Participation. Bangalore: The Concerned for Working Children www.workingchild.org.
- Rogan, K. 2019. “The Universal Factory.” Enquiry The ARCC Journal for Architectural Research 16 (2): 18–31. http://doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v16i2.839.
- Rogoff, B. 1990. Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context. New York: Oxford university press.
- Rogoff, B. 2003. The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Safransky, S. 2020. “Geographies of Algorithmic Violence: Redlining the Smart City.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 44 (2): 200–218. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijur.v44.2.
- Saldaña, J. 2014. “Coding and Analysis Strategies.” In The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by P. Leavy, 581–605. New York, NY: Oxford university press.
- Scrimsher, S., and J. Tudge. 2003. “The Teaching/Learning Relationship in the First Years of School: Some Revolutionary Implications of Vygotskya's Theory.” Early Education & Development 14 (3): 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1403_3
- Shaw, J. 2017. Our Digital Rights to the City. Meatspace Press.
- Soltani, R. 2019. “Participatory Approach in the Design of Urban Green Spaces. A Case Study of Lervig Park in Stavanger.” (Master's thesis). University of Stavanger, Norway.
- Späth, P., and J. Knieling. 2020. “How EU-Funded Smart City Experiments Influence Modes of Planning for Mobility: Observations from Hamburg.” Urban Transformations 2 (1): 2. http://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-020-0006-2.
- Stavanger city council. 2016. Roadmap for the Smart City Stavanger. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/siteassets/samfunnsutvikling/planer/engelske-planer/roadmap-smart-city-stavanger-2016.pdf.
- Stavanger Municipality. Lervig park. Input and Programming. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/siteassets/kultur-og-fritid/tur-og-natur/parker-og-friomrader/lervig-park/innspill-og-programmering-lervigparken.pdf.
- Stavanger Municipality. 2018. Annual Report 2017. Stavanger Municipality. https://arsrapport2017.stavanger.kommune.no.
- Stavanger municipality. 2019a. Lervig Park. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/siteassets/kultur-og-fritid/tur-og-natur/parker-og-friomrader/lervig-park/innspill-og-programmering-lervigparken.pdf.
- Stavanger municipality. 2019b. Lervig Park. Report on residents’ involvement. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/siteassets/kultur-og-fritid/tur-og-natur/parker-og-friomrader/lervig-park/beboerinvolvering_rapport-us.pdf.
- Stavanger municipality. 2021a. Smart City Projects. Accessed June 2021. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/en/samfunnsutvikling/stavanger-smart-city/smart-city-projects/.
- Stavanger municipality. 2021b. Stavanger Smart City. https://www.stavanger.kommune.no/en/samfunnsutvikling/stavanger-smart-city/.
- Stavanger Municipality, Leva and Urban Sjøfront. 2020. Lervig Park – Co creation (Official reports). http://opengov.cloudapp.net/Meetings/STAVANGER/Meetings/Details/1364123?agendaItemId=225483.
- Stemler, S. 2000. “An Overview of Content Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation 7 (1): 17.
- Sutton, S. E., and S. P. Kemp. 2002. “Children as Partners in Neighborhood Placemaking: Lessons from Intergenerational Design Charrettes.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 22 (1-2): 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0251
- Swyngedouw, E. 2014. “Where Is the Political? Insurgent Mobilisations and the Incipient “Return of the Political.”.” Space and Polity 18 (2): 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562576.2013.879774.
- Umemoto, K. 2001. “Walking in Another’s Shoes: Epistemological Challenges in Participatory Planning.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 21 (1): 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X0102100102.
- UNCRC. 1989. United Nations General Assembly 44, resolution 25, November, 20th, 1989. Convention on the Right of the Child. Resolution 44/25. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf.
- United Nations. 2015. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations.
- Vanolo, A. 2014. “Smartmentality: The Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy.” Urban Studies 51 (5): 883–898. http://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013494427.
- Vygotsky, L. S. 1978. Mind in society (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.).
- Vygotzky, L. S. 1986. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Wathne, M. W., and H. Haarstad. 2020. “The Smart City as Mobile Policy: Insights on Contemporary Urbanism.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 108: 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.003.
- Weber, R. P. 1990. Basic Content Analysis (No. 49). California: SAGE Publications.
- Willis, Katharine S. 2019. “Whose Right to the Smart City?” In The Right to the Smart City, edited by Paolo Cardullo, Cesare Di Feliciantonio, and Rob Kitchin, 27–41. Emerald Publishing Limited.
- Wood, D. M., and D. Mackinnon. 2019. “Partial Platforms and Oligoptic Surveillance in the Smart City.” Surveillance & Society 17 (1/2): 176–182. http://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i1/2.13116.