76
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Ethinylestradiol/cyproterone acetate in polycystic ovary syndrome: lipid and carbohydrate changes

, , , &
Pages 155-165 | Published online: 06 Jul 2009

REFERENCES

  • Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:853–61
  • Hull MGR. Epidemiology of infertility and polycystic ovarian disease: endocrinological and demographic studies. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:235–45
  • Adams J, Polson DW, Franks S. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Br Med J 1986;293:355–9
  • Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Anovulation and the polycystic ovary. In Speroff L, ed. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Baltimore, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:487–521
  • Hopkinson ZEC, Sattar N, Fleming R, et al. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: the metabolic syndrome comes to gynaecology. Br Med J 1998;317:329–32
  • Will R. Obesity, lipids, cardiovascular risk and androgen excess. Am J Med 1995; 98(Suppl 1A):27S–32S
  • Dunaif A, Segal KR, Shelley DR, et al. Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 1992;41:1257–66
  • Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and ovarian hyperandrogen- ism. Endocrinologist 1992;2:248–60
  • Barbieri R, Smith S, Ryan K. The role of hyperinsuli- nemia in the pathogenesis of ovarian hyperandrogenism. Fertil Steril 1988;50:197–212
  • Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 1997;18:774–800
  • Dunaif A. Hyperandrogenic anovulation (PCOs): a unique disorder of insulin action associated with an increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1995; 98(Suppl 1A):33S–39S
  • Talbott E, Guzick D, Clerici A, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:821–6
  • Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril 1992;57:505–13
  • Birdsall MA, Farquar CM, White HD. Association between polycystic ovaries and the extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheterization. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:32–5
  • Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction: evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective study of women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:599–604
  • van der Vange N, Blankenstein MA, Kloosterboer HJ, et al. Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contra- ceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contra- ception 1990;41:345–52
  • Coenen CM, Thomas CM, Borm GF, et al. Changes in androgens during treatment with four low-dose contra- ceptives. Contraception 1996;53:171–6
  • Falsetti L, Galbignani E. Long-term treatment with the combination ethinylestradiol and cyproterone acetate in polycystic ovary syndrome. Contraception 1990;42:611–19
  • Aydinlik S, Kaufmann J, Lachnit-Fixson U, et al. Long- term therapy of signs of androgenisation with a low- dosed antiandrogen-oestrogen combination. Clin Trials J 1990;27:392–402
  • Erenus M, Yucelten D, Gurbuz O, et al. Comparison of spironolactone-oral contraceptive versus cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. Fertil Steril 1996;66:216–19
  • Godsland IF, Crook D, Simpson R, et al. The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1375–81
  • Schiele F, Vincent-Viry M, Fournier B, et al. Biological effects of eleven combined oral contraceptives on serum triglycerides, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phos- phatase, bilirubin and other biochemical variables. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:871–8
  • Polderman KH, Gooren LJG, Asscheman H, et al. Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estro- gens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:265–71
  • Ferriman D, Gallwey JD. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961;21:1440–7
  • Fox R, Corrigan E, Thomas PA, et al. The diagnosis of polycystic ovaries in women with oligo-amenorrhea: predictive power of endocrine tests. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;34:127–31
  • Bonora E, Moghetti P, Zancanaro C, et al. Estimates of in vivo insulin action in man: comparison of insulin tolerance tests with euglycemic and hyperglycemic glucose clamp studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;68:374–8
  • Venturoli S, Marescalchi O, Colombo FM, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing low dose flutamide, finasteride, ketoconazole, and cyproterone acetate-estrogen regimens in the treatment of hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1304–10
  • Moghetti P, Tosi F, Castello R, et al. The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: Evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:952–60
  • Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, Evans WS, et al. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;336:1876–80
  • Dunaif A, Scott D, Finegood D, et al. The insulin- sensitizing agent troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3299–306
  • Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17-alpha activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;335:617–23
  • Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, et al. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:524–30
  • Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, et al. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:139–46
  • Vexiau P, Vexiau-Robert D, Martineau I, et al. Metabolic effect at six and twelve months of cyproterone acetate (2 mg) combined with ethinyl estradiol (35 mg) in 31 patients. Horm Metab Res 1990;22:241–5
  • De Fronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 1979;237:E214–E223
  • Morin-Papunen LC, Vauhkonen I, Koivunen RM, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin versus ethinyl estradiol-cyproterone acetate in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3161–8
  • Nestler JE, Powers LP, Matt DW, et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex-hormone binding glo- bulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:83–9
  • Preziosi P, Barrett-Connor E, Papoz L, et al. Interrelation between plasma sex hormone-binding globulin and plasma insulin in healthy adult women: the Telecom Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:283–7
  • Granger LR, Roy S, Mishell DR. Changes in unbound sex steroids and sex hormone binding globulin-binding capacity during oral and vaginal preestrogen administra- tion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:578–84

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.