99
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Oestrogens in oral contraception: considerations for tailoring prescription to women’s needs

, &
Pages 93-102 | Received 31 Jan 2024, Accepted 19 Mar 2024, Published online: 29 Apr 2024

References

  • Christin-Maitre S. History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):3–12. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.11.004.
  • Dinh A, Sriprasert I, Williams AR, et al. A review of the endometrial histologic effects of progestins and progesterone receptor modulators in reproductive age women. Contraception. 2015;91(5):360–367. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.01.008.
  • Bastianelli C, Farris M, Bruni V, et al. Effects of progestin-only contraceptives on the endometrium. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020;13(10):1103–1123. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1821649.
  • Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(3 Pt 1):577–582. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70047-x.
  • Fruzzetti F, Perini D, Fornaciari L, et al. Discontinuation of modern hormonal contraceptives: an Italian survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016;21(6):449–454. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2016.1234598.
  • Chang MC. Reminiscences on early pill development. Netw Res Triangle Park N C. 1986;7(4):6.
  • Haverinen A, Luiro K, Kangasniemi MH, et al. Estradiol valerate vs ethinylestradiol in combined oral contraceptives: effects on the Pituitary-Ovarian axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(7):E3008–E3017. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac150.
  • Duijkers IJM, Heger-Mahn D, Drouin D, et al. A randomised study comparing the effect on ovarian activity of a progestogen-only pill (POP) containing desogestrel and a new POP containing drospirenone in a 24/4 regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015;20(6):419–427. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2015.1044082.
  • Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2019;116:135–170. doi: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001.
  • Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric. 2005;8(Suppl. 1):3–63. doi: 10.1080/13697130500148875.
  • Cui J, Shen Y, Li R. Estrogen synthesis and signaling pathways during aging: from periphery to brain. Trends Mol Med. 2013;19(3):197–209. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.007.
  • Arnal J-F, Lenfant F, Metivier R, et al. Membrane and nuclear estrogen receptor alpha actions: from tissue specificity to medical implications. Physiol Rev. 2017;97(3):1045–1087. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2016.
  • Delgado BJL-OW. Estrogen. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 3]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538260/
  • Chen P, Li B, Ou-Yang L. Role of estrogen receptors in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:839005. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.839005.
  • Iorga A, Cunningham CM, Moazeni S, et al. The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s13293-017-0152-8.
  • Palmisano BT, Zhu L, Stafford JM. Role of estrogens in the regulation of liver lipid metabolism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1043:227–256. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_12.
  • Khalid AB, Krum SA. Estrogen receptors alpha and beta in bone. Bone. 2016;87:130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.016.
  • Chakraborty B, Byemerwa J, Krebs T, et al. Estrogen receptor signaling in the immune system. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(1):117–141. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnac017.
  • Genazzani AR, Gambacciani M, Simoncini T. Menopause and aging, quality of life and sexuality. Climacteric. 2007;10(2):88–96. doi: 10.1080/13697130701297760.
  • Morimont L, Haguet H, Dogné JM, et al. Combined oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: review and perspective to mitigate the risk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:769187. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.769187.
  • Cagnacci A. Hormonal contraception: venous and arterial disease. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(3):191–199. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2017.1305349.
  • Kamani MO, Akgor U, Gültekin M. Review of the literature on combined oral contraceptives and cancer. Ecancermedicalscience. 2022;16:1416. doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2022.1416.
  • Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2239. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700732.
  • Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931–1943. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298.
  • Torres-de la Roche LA, Acevedo-Mesa A, Lizarazo IL, et al. Hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer in women of reproductive age: a meta-analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(23):5624. doi: 10.3390/cancers15235624.
  • Sitruk-Ware R, Nath A. Characteristics and metabolic effects of estrogen and progestins contained in oral contraceptive pills. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):13–24. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.09.004.
  • Archer DF, Mansour D, Foidart JM. Bleeding patterns of oral contraceptives with a cyclic dosing regimen: an overview. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15):4634. doi: 10.3390/jcm11154634.
  • Peragallo Urrutia R, Coeytaux RR, McBroom AJ, et al. Risk of acute thromboembolic events with oral contraceptive use. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(2 Pt 1):380–389. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182994c43.
  • de Bastos M, Stegeman BH, Rosendaal FR, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(3):CD010813.
  • Marr J, Gerlinger C, Kunz M. A historical cycle control comparison of two drospirenone-containing combined oral contraceptives: ethinylestradiol 30 μg/drospirenone 3 mg administered in a 21/7 regimen versus ethinylestradiol 20 μg/drospirenone 3 mg administered in a 24/4 regimen. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;162(1):91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.01.021.
  • Ahrendt HJ, Makalová D, Parke S, et al. Bleeding pattern and cycle control with an estradiol-based oral contraceptive: a seven-cycle, randomized comparative trial of estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel. Contraception. 2009;80(5):436–444. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.018.
  • Teichmann A, Apter D, Emerich J, et al. Continuous, daily levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol vs. 21-day, cyclic levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol: efficacy, safety and bleeding in a randomized, open-label trial. Contraception. 2009;80(6):504–511. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.05.128.
  • Archer DF, Nakajima ST, Sawyer AT, et al. Norethindrone acetate 1.0 milligram and ethinyl estradiol 10 micrograms as an ultra low-dose oral contraceptive. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(3):601–607. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a1741c.
  • Machado RB, Pompei LDM, Andrade R, et al. Bleeding pattern and management of unexpected bleeding/spotting with an extended regimen of a combination of ethinylestradiol 20 mcg and drospirenone 3 mg. Int J Womens Health. 2020;12:235–242. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S238294.
  • Bjarnadóttir RI, Tuppurainen M, Killick SR. Comparison of cycle control with a combined contraceptive vaginal ring and oral levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(3):389–395. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.121103.
  • Vree M. Lower hormone dosage with improved cycle control. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2002;7(sup2):25–30. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2002.11949332.
  • De Ziegler D, Bulletti C, De Monstier B, et al. The first uterine pass effect. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;828(1):291–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48550.x.
  • Zeun S, Lu M, Uddin A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of an oral contraceptive containing oestradiol valerate and dienogest. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2009;14(3):221–232. doi: 10.1080/13625180902850039.
  • Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF, Bhavnani BR. Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment. Contraception. 2013;87(6):706–727. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011.
  • Cheng YH, Imir A, Suzuki T, et al. SP1 and SP3 mediate progesterone-dependent induction of the 17beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene in human endometrium. Biol Reprod. 2006;75(4):605–614. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.051912.
  • Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Unintended pregnancy in users of nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol (NOMAC-E2) compared with levonorgestrel-containing combined oral contraceptives: final results from the PRO-E2 study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):447–453. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2021.1988923.
  • Barnett C, Hagemann C, Dinger J, et al. Fertility and combined oral contraceptives–unintended pregnancies and planned pregnancies following oral contraceptive use–results from the INAS-SCORE study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(1):17–23. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2016.1241991.
  • Junge W, Mellinger U, Parke S, et al. Metabolic and haemostatic effects of estradiol valerate/dienogest, a novel oral contraceptive. Clin Drug Investig. 2011;31(8):573–584. doi: 10.2165/11590220-000000000-00000.
  • Ågren UM, Anttila M, Mäenpää-Liukko K, et al. Effects of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol compared with one containing levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol on haemostasis, lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011;16(6):444–457. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2011.604450.
  • Grandi G, Piacenti I, Volpe A, et al. Modification of body composition and metabolism during oral contraceptives containing non-androgenic progestins in association with estradiol or ethinyl estradiol. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(9):676–680. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2014.922947.
  • Grandi G, Xholli A, Napolitano A, et al. Prospective measurement of blood pressure and heart rate over 24 h in women using combined oral contraceptives with estradiol. Contraception. 2014;90(5):529–534. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.011.
  • Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9. BMJ. 2011;343(4):d6423. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d6423.
  • Lidegaard O, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, et al. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001-10. BMJ. 2012;344(3):e2990. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2990.
  • Dinger J, Do Minh T, Heinemann K. Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2016;94(4):328–339. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.06.010.
  • Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Prospective controlled cohort study on the safety of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate (2.5mg) and 17β-oestradiol (1.5mg) (PRO-E2 study): risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):439–446. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2021.1987410.
  • Nelson A, Parke S, Mellinger U, et al. Efficacy and safety of a combined oral contraceptive containing estradiol valerate/dienogest: results from a clinical study conducted in North America. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014;23(3):204–210. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4320.
  • Palacios S, Wildt L, Parke S, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel oral contraceptive based on oestradiol (oestradiol valerate/dienogest): a phase III trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;149(1):57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.11.001.
  • Mansour D, Westhoff C, Kher U, et al. Pooled analysis of two randomized, open-label studies comparing the effects of nomegestrol acetate/17β-estradiol and drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol on bleeding patterns in healthy women. Contraception. 2017;95(4):390–397. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.12.001.
  • Briggs P, Serrani M, Vogtländer K, et al. Continuation rates, bleeding profile acceptability, and satisfaction of women using an oral contraceptive pill containing estradiol valerate and dienogest versus a progestogen-only pill after switching from an ethinylestradiol-containing pill in a real-life setting: results of the CONTENT study. Int J Womens Health. 2016;8:477–487. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S107586.
  • Fruzzetti F, Paoletti AM, Fidecicchi T, et al. Contraception with estradiol valerate and dienogest: adherence to the method. Open Access J Contracept. 2019;10:1–6. doi: 10.2147/OAJC.S204655.
  • Hagen AA, Barr M, Diczfalusy E. Metabolism of 17-beta-oestradiol-4-14-C in early infancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1965;49:207–220.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJT, Holinka CF, Diczfalusy E. Estetrol review: profile and potential clinical applications. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):47–58. doi: 10.1080/13697130802073425.
  • Tulchinsky D, Frigoletto FD, Ryan KJ, et al. Plasma estetrol as an index of fetal well-being. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975;40(4):560–567. doi: 10.1210/jcem-40-4-560.
  • Abot A, Fontaine C, Buscato M, et al. The uterine and vascular actions of estetrol delineate a distinctive profile of estrogen receptor α modulation, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation. EMBO Mol Med. 2014;6(10):1328–1346. doi: 10.15252/emmm.201404112.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJT, Verhoeven C, Zimmerman Y, et al. Pharma­codynamic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in postmenopausal women: results from a multiple-rising-dose study. Menopause. 2017;24(6):677–685. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000823.
  • Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Guevara MMM, et al. Estetrol: a new choice for contraception. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5625. doi: 10.3390/jcm10235625.
  • Gemzell-Danielsson K, Cagnacci A, Chabbert-Buffet N, et al. A novel estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptive: European expert panel review. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2022;27(5):373–383. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2022.2093850.
  • Visser M, Holinka CF, Coelingh Bennink HJT. First human exposure to exogenous single-dose oral estetrol in early postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):31–40. doi: 10.1080/13697130802056511.
  • Hammond GL, Hogeveen KN, Visser M, et al. Estetrol does not bind sex hormone binding globulin or increase its production by human HepG2 cells. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):41–46. doi: 10.1080/13697130701851814.
  • Visser M, Foidart JM, Coelingh Bennink HJT. In vitro effects of estetrol on receptor binding, drug targets and human liver cell metabolism. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):64–68. doi: 10.1080/13697130802050340.
  • Gérard C, Arnal JF, Jost M, et al. Profile of estetrol, a promising native estrogen for oral contraception and the relief of climacteric symptoms of menopause. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(2):121–137. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2054413.
  • Gérard C, Foidart JM. Estetrol: from preclinical to clinical pharmacology and advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanism of action. Drugs R D. 2023;23(2):77–92. doi: 10.1007/s40268-023-00419-5.
  • Swanepoel AC, Naidoo P, Nielsen VG, et al. Clinical relevance of hypercoagulability and possible hypofibrinolysis associated with estrone and estriol. Microsc Res Tech. 2017;80(7):697–703. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22854.
  • Holinka CF, Gurpide E. In vivo effects of estetrol on the immature rat uterus. Biol Reprod. 1979;20(2):242–246. doi: 10.1093/biolreprod/20.2.242.
  • Heegaard AM, Holinka CF, Kenemans P, et al. Estrogenic uterovaginal effects of oral estetrol in the modified Allen-Doisy test. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):22–28. doi: 10.1080/13697130701842490.
  • Benoit T, Valera MC, Fontaine C, et al. Estetrol, a fetal selective estrogen receptor modulator, acts on the vagina of mice through nuclear estrogen receptor α activation. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(11):2499–2507. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.013.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJT, Heegaard AM, Visser M, et al. Oral bioavailability and bone-sparing effects of estetrol in an osteoporosis model. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):2–14. doi: 10.1080/13697130701798692.
  • Pluchino N, Santoro AN, Casarosa E, et al. Effect of estetrol administration on brain and serum allopregnanolone in intact and ovariectomized rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;143:285–290. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.011.
  • Holinka CF, Brincat M, Coelingh Bennink HJT. Preventive effect of oral estetrol in a menopausal hot flush model. Climacteric. 2008;11(Suppl 1):15–21. doi: 10.1080/13697130701822807.
  • Smirnova NF, Fontaine C, Buscato M, et al. The activation function-1 of estrogen receptor alpha prevents arterial neointima development through a direct effect on smooth muscle cells. Circ Res. 2015;117(9):770–778. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306416.
  • Guivarc’h E, Buscato M, Guihot AL, et al. Predominant role of nuclear versus membrane estrogen receptor α in arterial protection: implications for estrogen receptor α modulation in cardiovascular prevention/safety. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7:e008950.
  • Dama A, Baggio C, Trevisi L, et al. Regulation of human endothelial cell migration by oral contraceptive estrogen receptor ligands. Eur J Pharmacol. 2023;945:175591. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175591.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJT, Verhoeven C, Zimmerman Y, et al. Clinical effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in a multiple-rising-dose study in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2016;91:93–100. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.017.
  • Giretti MS, Guevara MMM, Cecchi E, et al. Effects of estetrol on migration and invasion in T47-D breast cancer cells through the actin cytoskeleton. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:80. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00080.
  • Gérard C, Blacher S, Communal L, et al. Estetrol is a weak estrogen antagonizing estradiol-dependent mammary gland proliferation. J Endocrinol. 2015;224(1):85–95. doi: 10.1530/JOE-14-0549.
  • Coelingh Bennink HJT, Singer C, Simoncini T, et al. Estetrol, a pregnancy-specific human steroid, prevents and suppresses mammary tumor growth in a rat model. Climacteric. 2008;11(sup1):29–29. doi: 10.1080/13697130802040325.
  • Singer CF, Bennink HJTC, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447–2451. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu144.
  • Schmidt M, Lenhard H, Hoenig A, et al. Tumor suppression, dose-limiting toxicity and wellbeing with the fetal estrogen estetrol in patients with advanced breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2021;147(6):1833–1842. doi: 10.1007/s00432-020-03472-8.
  • Douxfils J, Klipping C, Duijkers I, et al. Evaluation of the effect of a new oral contraceptive containing estetrol and drospirenone on hemostasis parameters. Contraception. 2020;102(6):396–402. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2020.08.015.
  • Mawet M, Maillard C, Klipping C, et al. Unique effects on hepatic function, lipid metabolism, bone and growth endocrine parameters of estetrol in combined oral contraceptives. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2015;20:463–475.
  • Klipping C, Duijkers I, Mawet M, et al. Endocrine and metabolic effects of an oral contraceptive containing estetrol and drospirenone. Contraception. 2021;103(4):213–221. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2021.01.001.
  • Morimont L, Jost M, Gaspard U, et al. Low thrombin generation in users of a contraceptive containing estetrol and drospirenone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108(1):135–143. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac511.
  • Chen MJ, Jensen JT, Kaunitz AM, et al. Tolerability and safety of the estetrol/drospirenone combined oral contraceptive: pooled analysis of two multicenter, open-label phase 3 trials. Contraception. 2022;116:44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2022.10.004.
  • Apter D, Zimmerman Y, Beekman L, et al. Bleeding pattern and cycle control with estetrol-containing combined oral contraceptives: results from a phase II, randomised, dose-finding study (FIESTA). Contraception. 2016;94(4):366–373. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.015.
  • Gemzell-Danielsson K, Apter D, Zatik J, et al. Estetrol-Drospirenone combination oral contraceptive: a clinical study of contraceptive efficacy, bleeding pattern and safety in Europe and Russia. BJOG. 2022;129(1):63–71. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16840.
  • Creinin MD, Westhoff CL, Bouchard C, et al. Estetrol-drospirenone combination oral contraceptive: North American phase 3 efficacy and safety results. Contraception. 2021;104(3):222–228. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2021.05.002.
  • Stewart M, Black K. Choosing a combined oral contraceptive pill. Aust Prescr. 2015;38(1):6–11. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2015.002.
  • Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, et al. Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD004425. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004425.pub6.
  • Rafie S, Borgelt L, Koepf ER, et al. Novel oral contraceptive for heavy menstrual bleeding: estradiol valerate and dienogest. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:313–321. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S31922.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.