Coercion in psychiatric care: clinical, legal, and ethical controversies

References

• Norges Offentlige Utredninger. Rettssikkerhet for mennesker med psykisk utviklingshemming – NOU 1991:20 (Norwegian Public Studies. Legal safety for people with developmental problems). OsloNorway: Norges Offentlige Utredninger; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Høyer G. On the justification for civil commitment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101: 65–71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan J, Hoge S, Lidz C, Roth LH, Bennet N, Gardner W, Mulney E. Coercion and commitment: Understanding involuntary mental hospital admission. Int J Law Psychiatry 1995; 18: 249–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulford KWM, Block S. Psychiatric ethics: Codes, concepts, and clinical practice skills. New Oxford textbook of psychiatry, MG Gelder, JJ Lopes-Ibor, NC Andreasen. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000; 27–32
   Google Scholar
• Swartz MS, Swanson JW, Hannon I. Does fear of coercion keep people away from mental health treatment? Evidence from a survey of persons with schizophrenia and mental health professionals. Behav Sci Law 2003; 21: 459–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson RA, Ekenstam C, Norwood S. Coercion and the outcome of psychiatric hospitalization. Int J Law Psychiatry 1996; 19: 201–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisso T, Appelbaum PS, Fletcher K. Measures of abilities related to competence to consent to treatment. Law Human Behav 1995; 19: 127–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan J, Hoge SK, Lidz CW, . Coercion to inpatient treatment: Initial results and implications for aggressive treatment in the community. Coercion and aggressive community treatment: A new frontier in mental health law, J Monahan, D Dennis, et al. Plenum Publishing, New York 1996; 13–28
   Google Scholar
• Gilboy J, Schmidt J. Voluntary hospitalization of the mentally ill. Northwestern Univ Law Rev 1971; 66: 429–53
   Google Scholar
• Iversen KI, Høyer G, Sexton H, Grønli OK. Perceived coercion among patients admitted to acute wards in Norway. Nordic J Psychiatry 2002; 56: 433–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brakel SJ, Parry J, Weiner B. The mentally disabled and the law. American Bar Foundation, Chicago, IL 1985
   Google Scholar
• Høyer G, Dalgard OS. Lærebok i rettspsykiatri (Textbook in forensic psychiatry). Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, OsloNorway 2002
   Google Scholar
• Hatling T, Bjørngaard H, Husby T. Tvangsinnleggelser (Involuntary admissions). Opptrappingsplanen for psykisk helse – status etter fire år (The plan for increasing services for the mentally ill – status after four years), H Hagen. Sintef Unimed Helsetjenesteforskning, OsloNorway 2003; 57–70
   Google Scholar
• Wynn R. The use of restraint and seclusion in a Norwegian university psychiatric hospital. Ph.D. dissertation in medicine. TromsøNorway: University Hospital of Northern Norway; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Riecher-Rossler A, Rossler W. Compulsory admission of psychiatric patients: An international comparison. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 87: 231–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher WA. Restraint and seclusion: A review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1584–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samdata Psykisk Helsevern på nett. Tabeller 2002 (Tables 2002). Retrieved 5 June 2004 from http://www.sintef.no/units/unimed/samdata-prosjektet/.
   Google Scholar
• Hagen H. Pasienter innlagt i psykiatriske institusjoner 1. november 1989 (Patients admitted to Norwegian psychiatric institutions 1 November 1989). Sintef NIS, TrondheimNorway 1992
   Google Scholar
• Hatling T, Krogen T. Bruk av tvang i norsk psykiatri - en empirisk gjennomgang (The use of coercion in Norwegian psychiatry). Sintef Rapport. TrondheimNorway: Norsk institutt for sykehusforskning; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Poulsen HD, Munk-Jørgensen P, Aggernæs KH. Lov om frihedsberøvelse og anden tvang i psykiatrien (The law on involuntary admission and other types of coercion in psychiatric care). Ugeskr Laeger 1996; 158: 5303–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zito JM, Craig TJ, Wanderling J. New York under the rivers decision: An epidemiologic study of drug treatment refusal. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 904–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cournos F, McKinnon F, Adams C. A comparison of clinical and judicial procedures for reviewing requests for involuntary medication in New York. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1988; 39: 851–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Priebe S, Badesconyi A, Fioritti A, Hansson L, Kilian R, Torres-Gonzales F, Turner T, Wiersma D. Reinstitutionalisation in mental health care: Comparison of data on service provision from six European countries. Br Med J 2005; 330: 123–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Working Party of the Steering Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. “White Paper” on the protection of the human rights and dignity of people suffering from mental disorder, especially those placed as involuntary patients in a psychiatric establishment. Strasbourg: Council of Europe; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen DP. Influence and coercion: relational and rights-based ethical approaches to forced psychiatric treatment. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2003; 10: 705–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loewy EH. In defence of paternalism. Theor Med Bioeth 2005; 26: 445–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass HM. Advance directions for psychiatric patients? Balancing paternalism and autonomy. Wien Med Wochenschr 2003; 153: 380–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cournos F, McKinnon K, Stanley B. Outcome of involuntary medication in a state hospital system. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 489–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts J, Priebe S. A phenomenological account of users' experiences of assertive community treatment. Bioethics 2002; 16: 439–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalitiala-Heino R, Laipala P, Salokangas RKR. Impact of coercion on treatment outcome. Int J Law Ment Health 1997; 20: 311–22
   Google Scholar
• Hollender MH. Should psychiatric patients ever be hospitalized involuntarily? Under some circumstances – yes. Controversy in psychiatry, JP Bardy, HKH Brodie. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 1978; 955–64
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum PS, Grisso T. The MacArthur Treatment Competence Study. I. Mental illness and competence to consent to treatment. Law Human Behav 1995; 19: 105–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaz T. Should psychiatric patients ever be hospitalized involuntarily – no. Controversy in psychiatry, JP Bardy, HKH Brodie. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 1978; 965–79
   Google Scholar
• World Psychiatric Association. The Declaration of Hawaii. Revised version. New York: World Psychiatric Association; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Wertheimer A. A philosophical examination of coercion for mental health issues. Behav Sci Law 1993; 11: 239–58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris GT, Rice ME, Preston DL. Staff and patient perceptions of the least restrictive alternatives for the short-term control of disturbed behavior. J Psychiatry Law 1989; 17: 239–63
   Google Scholar
• Opjordsmoen S. Noen etiske aspekter ved schizofrenibehandling (Some ethical aspects with treatment of schizophrenia). Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2002; 122: 2306–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobsson L. Tvång i vården – uttryck för godsinnad vanmakt, et nödvendigt ont eller terapeutisk värdefull? (The use of coercion in care – an expression of mistaken goodwill, a necessary eveil or therapeutically valuable?). Läkartidningen 1989; 86: 2017–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindgjærde O. Psykofarmaka (psychopharmacology). Høyskoleforlaget, KristiansandNorway 2001
   Google Scholar
• Edwards J, McGorry P. Implementing early intervention in psychosis. Martin Dunitz, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• Friis S, Melle I, Larsen TK, et al. Does duration of untreated psychosis bias study samples of first episode psychosis?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110: 286–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, Koreen A, et al. Psychobiologic correlates of treatment response in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996; 14(3 Suppl)13–21S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Synopsis of psychiatry. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1998
   Google Scholar
• Andreassen OA, Berntsen H. Metabolske og kardiovaskulære bivirkninger av moderne antipsykotika (Metabolic and cardiovascular side effects of modern antipsychotics). Tidsskr Nor Lægefor 2004; 124: 181–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gove WR, Fain T. A comparison of voluntary and committed psychiatric patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977; 34: 669–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellin L, Nilstun T. Medical and social paternalism. Regulation of and attitudes towards compulsory psychiatric care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993; 88: 415–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane J, Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Wegner J, Rosenberg G, Borenstein M. Attitudinal changes of involuntarily committed patients following treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 374–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford B, McCann S, Mersky H. A survey of involuntary patients' attitudes toward their commitment. Psychiatr J Univ Ottawa 1986; 11: 162–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garder W, Lidz C, Hoge SK, et al. Patients' revisions of their beliefs about the need for hospitalization. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1385–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edelsohn GA, Hiday VA. Civil commitment: A range of patient attitudes. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1990; 18: 65–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toews J, el-Guebaly N, Leckie A. Patients' reactions to their commitment. Can J Psychiatry 1981; 26: 251–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naber D, Kircher T, Hessel K. Schizophrenic patients' retrospective attitudes regarding involuntary psychopharmacological treatment and restraint. Eur Psychiatry 1996; 11: 7–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynn R. Psychiatric inpatients' experiences with restraint. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 2004; 15: 124–44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisso T, Appelbaum PS. Structuring the debate about ethical predictions of future violence. Law Human Behav 1993; 17: 482–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls TL, Ogloff JR, Douglas KS. Assessing the risk among male and female psychiatric patients: the HCR-20, PCL:SV, and VSC. Sci Law 2004; 22: 127–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito JM, Routt WW, Mitchell JE, Roerig JL. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized psychotic patients who refuse antipsychotic drug therapy. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 822–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar