The relevance of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis for psychiatrists

References

• Al-Diwani, A. A. J., Pollak, T. A., Irani, S. R., & Lennox, B. R. (2017). Psychosis: An autoimmune disease? Immunology, 152(3), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Diwani, A., Handel, A., Townsend, L., Pollak, T., Leite, M. I., Harrison, P. J., Lennox, B. R., Okai, D., Manohar, S. G., & Irani, S. R. (2019). The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: A systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 6(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30001-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ariño, H., Ruiz García, R., Rioseras, B., Naranjo, L., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Saiz, A., Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2023). Frequency and referral patterns of neural antibody studies during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience from an Autoimmune Neurology Center. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 10(4), e200129. https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000200129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bien, C. G., Rohleder, C., Mueller, J. K., Bien, C. I., Koethe, D., & Leweke, F. M. (2021). Neural autoantibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in clinical high risk for psychosis, first-episode psychosis, and healthy volunteers. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 654602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carceles-Cordon, M., Mannara, F., Aguilar, E., Castellanos, A., Planagumà, J., & Dalmau, J. (2020). NMDAR antibodies alter dopamine receptors and cause psychotic behavior in mice. Annals of Neurology, 88(3), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H. S., Chen, P. M., Lu, T., & Hu, L. Y. (2015). Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: should psychiatrists shoulder the responsibility for a non-psychiatric disorder? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 353(1–2), 189–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, M. R., & Vause, H. E. (2011). Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: Diagnosis, psychiatric presentation, and treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(3), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahm, L., Ott, C., Steiner, J., Stepniak, B., Teegen, B., Saschenbrecker, S., Hammer, C., Borowski, K., Begemann, M., Lemke, S., Rentzsch, K., Probst, C., Martens, H., Wienands, J., Spalletta, G., Weissenborn, K., Stöcker, W., & Ehrenreich, H. (2014). Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease. Annals of Neurology, 76(1), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmau, J., Gleichman, A. J., Hughes, E. G., Rossi, J. E., Peng, X., Lai, M., Dessain, S. K., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., & Lynch, D. R. (2008). Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: Case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. The Lancet. Neurology, 7(12), 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70224-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalmau, J., Tüzün, E., Wu, H-y., Masjuan, J., Rossi, J. E., Voloschin, A., Baehring, J. M., Shimazaki, H., Koide, R., King, D., Mason, W., Sansing, L. H., Dichter, M. A., Rosenfeld, M. R., & Lynch, D. R. (2007). Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Annals of Neurology, 61(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, T. A., Muscal, E., Munoz, F. M., Lotze, T., Hasbun, R., Brown, E., & Murray, K. O. (2020). Infectious and autoimmune causes of encephalitis in children. Pediatrics, 145(6), e20192543. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinola-Nadurille, M., Restrepo-Martínez, M., Bayliss, L., Flores-Montes, E., Rivas-Alonso, V., Vargas-Cañas, S., Hernández, L., Martínez-Juarez, I., Gonzalez-Aguilar, A., Solis-Vivanco, R., Fricchione, G. L., Flores-Rivera, J., & Ramirez-Bermudez, J. (2022). Neuropsychiatric phenotypes of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: A prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 53(9), 4266–4274. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291722001027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finke, C., Kopp, U. A., Prüss, H., Dalmau, J., Wandinger, K. P., & Ploner, C. J. (2012). Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 83(2), 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florance, N. R., Davis, R. L., Lam, C., Szperka, C., Zhou, L., Ahmad, S., Campen, C. J., Moss, H., Peter, N., Gleichman, A. J., Glaser, C. A., Lynch, D. R., Rosenfeld, M. R., & Dalmau, J. (2009). Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents. Annals of Neurology, 66(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable, M. S., Sheriff, H., Dalmau, J., Tilley, D. H., & Glaser, C. A. (2012). The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(7), 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gama Marques, J. (2017). Mitsuda psychosis and holodysphrenia revisited: An atypical psychosis in a patient with parieto-occipital paroxysmal electroencephalographic activity and high unconjugated bilirubin. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(2), 148–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giné Servén, E., Boix Quintana, E., Martínez Ramírez, M., Guanyabens Buscà, N., Muriana Batiste, D., Guasp, M., Torres Rivas, C., Davi Loscos, E., & Casado Ruiz, V. (2021). Cycloid psychosis as a psychiatric expression of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A systematic review of case reports accomplished with the authors’ cooperation. Brain and Behavior, 11(2), e01980. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleichman, A. J., Spruce, L. A., Dalmau, J., Seeholzer, S. H., & Lynch, D. R. (2012). Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis antibody binding is dependent on amino acid identity of a small region within the GluN1 amino terminal domain. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(32), 11082–11094. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0064-12.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2021). Autoimmune encephalitis or autoimmune psychosis? European Neuropsychopharmacology, 50, 112–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2022). Anti-NMDAR encephalitis. In: Graus F, Dalmau J, editors. Autoimmune encephalitis and related disorders of the nervous system (pp. 210–254). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2022). Autoimmune psychosis. In: Graus F, Dalmau J, editors. Autoimmune encephalitis and related disorders of the nervous system (pp. 503–526). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2022). Autoimmunity in neurological and psychiatric diseases. In: Graus F, Dalmau J, editors. Autoimmune encephalitis and related disorders of the nervous system (pp. 503–655). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2022). Psychiatric manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis. In: Graus F, Dalmau J, editors. Autoimmune encephalitis and related disorders of the nervous system (pp. 527–544). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graus, F., Titulaer, M. J., Balu, R., Benseler, S., Bien, C. G., Cellucci, T., Cortese, I., Dale, R. C., Gelfand, J. M., Geschwind, M., Glaser, C. A., Honnorat, J., Höftberger, R., Iizuka, T., Irani, S. R., Lancaster, E., Leypoldt, F., Prüss, H., Rae-Grant, A., … Dalmau, J. (2016). A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet. Neurology, 15(4), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00401-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasp, M., Giné-Servén, E., Maudes, E., Rosa-Justicia, M., Martínez-Hernández, E., Boix-Quintana, E., Bioque, M., Casado, V., Módena-Ouarzi, Y., Guanyabens, N., Muriana, D., Sugranyes, G., Pacchiarotti, I., Davi-Loscos, E., Torres-Rivas, C., Ríos, J., Sabater, L., Saiz, A., Graus, F., … Dalmau, J. (2021). Clinical, neuroimmunologic, and CSF investigations in first episode psychosis. Neurology, 97(1), e61–e75. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000012191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasp, M., Martín-Aguilar, L., Sabater, L., Bioque, M., Armangué, T., Martínez-Hernández, E., Landa, J., Maudes, E., Borràs, R., Muñoz-Lopetegi, A., Saiz, A., Castro-Fornieles, J., Graus, F., Parellada, E., Querol, L., & Dalmau, J. (2022). Neurofilament light chain levels in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and primary psychiatric psychosis. Neurology, 98(14), e1489–e1498. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000200021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guasp, M., Rosa-Justicia, M., Muñoz-Lopetegi, A., Martínez-Hernández, E., Armangué, T., Sugranyes, G., Stein, H., Borràs, R., Prades, L., Ariño, H., Planagumà, J., De-La-Serna, E., Escudero, D., Llufriu, S., Sánchez-Valle, R., Santamaria, J., Compte, A., Castro-Fornieles, J., Dalmau, J., & Spanish anti-NMDAR Encephalitis Study Group. (2022). Clinical characterisation of patients in the post-acute stage of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: A prospective cohort study and comparison with patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The Lancet. Neurology, 21(10), 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00299-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine, J., Kopp, U. A., Klag, J., Ploner, C. J., Prüss, H., & Finke, C. (2021). Long-term cognitive outcome in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Annals of Neurology, 90(6), 949–961. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herken, J., & Prüss, H. (2017). Red flags: Clinical signs for identifying autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinotsu, K., Miyaji, C., Yada, Y., Kawai, H., Sakamoto, S., Okahisa, Y., Tsutsui, K., Kanbayashi, T., Tanaka, K., Takao, S., Kishi, Y., Takaki, M., & Yamada, N. (2022). The validity of atypical psychosis diagnostic criteria to detect anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis with psychiatric symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 248, 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, E. G., Peng, X., Gleichman, A. J., Lai, M., Zhou, L., Tsou, R., Parsons, T. D., Lynch, D. R., Dalmau, J., & Balice-Gordon, R. J. (2010). Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(17), 5866–5875. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0167-10.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine, E., Cheng, D., & Xiao, D. (2020). Atypical presentation of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in a 61-year-old Hispanic man. BMJ Case Reports, 13(12), e238347. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-238347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeppesen, R., Nilsson, A. C., Sørensen, N. V., Orlovska-Waast, S., Christensen, R. H. B., & Benros, M. E. (2023). Antineuronal antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of 104 patients with psychotic disorders compared to 104 individually matched healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research, 252, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jézéquel, J., Johansson, E. M., Dupuis, J. P., Rogemond, V., Gréa, H., Kellermayer, B., Hamdani, N., Le Guen, E., Rabu, C., Lepleux, M., Spatola, M., Mathias, E., Bouchet, D., Ramsey, A. J., Yolken, R. H., Tamouza, R., Dalmau, J., Honnorat, J., Leboyer, M., & Groc, L. (2017). Dynamic disorganization of synaptic NMDA receptors triggered by autoantibodies from psychotic patients. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1791. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01700-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanazawa, T., Ikeda, M., Glatt, S. J., Tsutsumi, A., Kikuyama, H., Kawamura, Y., Nishida, N., Miyagawa, T., Hashimoto, R., Takeda, M., Sasaki, T., Tokunaga, K., Koh, J., Iwata, N., & Yoneda, H. (2013). Genome-wide association study of atypical psychosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 162b(7), 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kayser, M. S., & Dalmau, J. (2016). Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, autoimmunity, and psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 176(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayser, M. S., Titulaer, M. J., Gresa-Arribas, N., & Dalmau, J. (2013). Frequency and characteristics of isolated psychiatric episodes in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurology, 70(9), 1133–1139. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komagamine, T., Kanbayashi, T., Suzuki, K., Hirata, K., & Nishino, S. (2022). "Atypical psychoses" and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: A review of literature in the mid-twentieth century. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 76(2), 62–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejuste, F., Thomas, L., Picard, G., Desestret, V., Ducray, F., Rogemond, V., Psimaras, D., Antoine, J.-C., Delattre, J.-Y., Groc, L., Leboyer, M., & Honnorat, J. (2016). Neuroleptic intolerance in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, 3(5), e280. https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano-Cuervo, R., Espinola-Nadurille, M., Restrepo-Martinez, M., Rotenberg, N. K., Pollak, T. A., & Ramirez-Bermudez, J. (2020). Capgras delusion in anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case of autoimmune psychosis. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, J., Han, W., & Jiang, L. (2020). Japanese encephalitis-induced anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a hospital-based prospective study. Brain & Development, 42(2), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2019.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, J. G. (2020). Organic psychosis causing secondary schizophrenia in one-fourth of a cohort of 200 patients previously diagnosed with primary schizophrenia. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 22(2), 19m02549. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.19m02549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marques, S., Godinho, F., Melo, A. L., & Barrocas, D. (2016). First-episode psychosis: what does it mean? European Psychiatry, 33(S1), S258–S258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.656
   Google Scholar
• Mechelhoff, D., van Noort, B. M., Weschke, B., Bachmann, C. J., Wagner, C., Pfeiffer, E., & Winter, S. (2015). Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as atypical anorexia nervosa: An adolescent case report. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(11), 1321–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0682-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikasova, L., De Rossi, P., Bouchet, D., Georges, F., Rogemond, V., Didelot, A., Meissirel, C., Honnorat, J., & Groc, L. (2012). Disrupted surface cross-talk between NMDA and ephrin-B2 receptors in anti-NMDA encephalitis. Brain, 135(Pt 5), 1606–1621. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghaddam, B., & Javitt, D. (2012). From revolution to evolution: The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and its implication for treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammad, S. S., Jones, H., Hong, M., Nosadini, M., Sharpe, C., Pillai, S. C., Brilot, F., & Dale, R. C. (2016). Symptomatic treatment of children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 58(4), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldavski, A., Wenz, H., Lange, B. E., Rohleder, C., & Leweke, F. M. (2021). Case report: severe adolescent major depressive syndrome turns out to be an unusual case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 679996. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.679996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Lopetegi, A., Graus, F., Dalmau, J., & Santamaria, J. (2020). Sleep disorders in autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet. Neurology, 19(12), 1010–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30341-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar, S., Steiner, J., Najjar, A., & Bechter, K. (2018). A clinical approach to new-onset psychosis associated with immune dysregulation: The concept of autoimmune psychosis. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 15(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1067-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nosadini, M., Mohammad, S. S., Corazza, F., Ruga, E. M., Kothur, K., Perilongo, G., Frigo, A. C., Toldo, I., Dale, R. C., & Sartori, S. (2017). Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 59(8), 796–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavăl, D., Căpăţînă, O. O., Gherghel, N., & Micluţia, I. V. (2022). Testing for neuronal antibodies in first-episode psychosis – Asking the relevant questions. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 73, 103126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peralta, V., Cuesta, M. J., & Zandio, M. (2007). Cycloid psychosis: An examination of the validity of the concept. Current Psychiatry Reports, 9(3), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-007-0017-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Planagumà, J., Leypoldt, F., Mannara, F., Gutiérrez-Cuesta, J., Martín-García, E., Aguilar, E., Titulaer, M. J., Petit-Pedrol, M., Jain, A., Balice-Gordon, R., Lakadamyali, M., Graus, F., Maldonado, R., & Dalmau, J. (2015). Human N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antibodies alter memory and behaviour in mice. Brain, 138(Pt 1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, T. A., & Lennox, B. R. (2018). Time for a change of practice: The real-world value of testing for neuronal autoantibodies in acute first-episode psychosis. BJPsych Open, 4(4), 262–264. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, T. A., Lennox, B. R., Müller, S., Benros, M. E., Prüss, H., Tebartz van Elst, L., Klein, H., Steiner, J., Frodl, T., Bogerts, B., Tian, L., Groc, L., Hasan, A., Baune, B. T., Endres, D., Haroon, E., Yolken, R., Benedetti, F., Halaris, A., … Bechter, K. (2020). Autoimmune psychosis: An international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(1), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30290-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, T. A., Prüss, H., van Elst, L. T., Vincent, A., Najjar, S., & Bechter, K. (2020). Autoimmune psychosis – Authors’ reply. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(2), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30527-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponte, A., Brito, A., Nóbrega, C., Pinheiro, S., & Gama Marques, J. (2020). Catatonia in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Acta Medica Portuguesa, 33(3), 208–211. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.11077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo-Martinez, M., Ramirez-Bermudez, J., Bayliss, L., & Espinola-Nadurille, M. (2020). Delirious mania as a frequent and recognizable neuropsychiatric syndrome in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 64, 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, E. L., Becker, J. E., Linnoila, J. J., & Soeteman, D. I. (2020). Cost-effectiveness of routine screening for autoimmune encephalitis in patients with first-episode psychosis in the United States. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(1), 19m13168. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19m13168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkis, R. A., Coffey, M. J., Cooper, J. J., Hassan, I., & Lennox, B. (2019). Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a review of psychiatric phenotypes and management considerations: a report of the American Neuropsychiatric Association Committee on Research. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 31(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18010005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher, L. T., Mann, A. P., & MacKenzie, J. G. (2016). Agitation management in pediatric males with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 26(10), 939–943. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. G., Gillis, D., Swayne, A., & Blum, S. (2018). Testing for antibodies to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and other neuronal cell surface antigens in patients with early psychosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(8), 727–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418782421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J., Sachdev, P., & Mohan, A. (2020). Understanding the tests that we order: Screening for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in first episode psychosis. Australasian Psychiatry, 28(2), 199–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856220905299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonderen, A. v., Arends, S., Tavy, D. L. J., Bastiaansen, A. E. M., Bruijn, M. A. A. M. d., Schreurs, M. W. J., Sillevis Smitt, P. A. E., & Titulaer, M. J. (2018). Predictive value of electroencephalography in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 89(10), 1101–1106. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taib, N. I. A., Wahab, S., Khoo, C. S., Tan, H. J., Kamaruzaman, L., Woon, L. S., & Gan, L. L. Y. (2022). Case report: Cotard’s syndrome in anti-N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 779520. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.779520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theorell, J., Ramberger, M., Harrison, R., Mgbachi, V., Jacobson, L., Waters, P., Erhardt, S., Sellgren, C. M., Cervenka, S., Piehl, F., & Irani, S. R. (2021). Screening for pathogenic neuronal autoantibodies in serum and CSF of patients with first-episode psychosis. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 566. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01701-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titulaer, M. J., McCracken, L., Gabilondo, I., Armangué, T., Glaser, C., Iizuka, T., Honig, L. S., Benseler, S. M., Kawachi, I., Martinez-Hernandez, E., Aguilar, E., Gresa-Arribas, N., Ryan-Florance, N., Torrents, A., Saiz, A., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., Graus, F., & Dalmau, J. (2013). Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: An observational cohort study. The Lancet. Neurology, 12(2), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, N., Flavell, J., O’Gorman, C., Swayne, A., Blum, S., Kisely, S., & Siskind, D. (2020). Screening for anti-NMDAR encephalitis in psychiatry. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 125, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, N., Grote, V., O’Gorman, C., & Siskind, D. (2019). Electroconvulsive therapy for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: A systematic review of cases. Brain Stimulation, 12(2), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, N., Siskind, D., & O’Gorman, C. (2018). Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 138(5), 401–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Q., Huang, J., & Wu, R. (2021). Drugs based on NMDAR hypofunction hypothesis in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, 641047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.641047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., & Chen, Z. (2021). Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis misdiagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder: A case report. Cureus, 13(12), e20529. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2021). COVID-19 and anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis: Are we facing an increase in the prevalence of autoimmune encephalitis? Journal of Medical Virology, 93(4), 1913–1914. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar