Three definitions of metabolic syndrome applied to a sample of young obese men and their relation with plasma testosterone

References

• Ogden C L, Carroll M D, Flegal K M. Epidemiologic trends in overweight and obesity. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2003; 32: 741–760, vii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel W B, Cupples L A, Ramaswami R, Stokes J, 3rd, Kreger B E, Higgins M. Regional obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 183–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R. The metabolic syndrome – a neuroendocrine disorder?. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: S49–57
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gans R O. The metabolic syndrome, depression, and cardiovascular disease: interrelated conditions that share pathophysiologic mechanisms. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90: 573–591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grundy S M, Brewer H B, Jr., Cleeman J I, Smith S C, Jr., Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: e13–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr M C, Brunzell J D. Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome: importance of type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia in coronary artery disease risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2601–2607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka H M, Laaksonen D E, Lakka T A, Niskanen L K, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002; 288: 2709–2716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford E S. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2745–2749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blouin K, Després J P, Couillard C, Tremblay A, Prud'homme D, Bouchard C, et al. Contribution of age and declining androgen levels to features of the metabolic syndrome in men. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1034–1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalme T, Seppälä M, Qiao Q, Koistinen R, Nissinen A, Harrela M, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 as indicators of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1550–1556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupelian V, Page S T, Araujo A B, Travison T G, Bremner W J, McKinlay J B. Low sex hormone-binding globulin, total testosterone, and symptomatic androgen deficiency are associated with development of the metabolic syndrome in nonobese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 843–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen D E, Kainulainen S, Rissanen A, Niskanen L. Relationships between changes in abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity during a very low calorie diet in abdominally obese men and women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 13: 349–356
   Google Scholar
• Muller M, Grobbee D E, den Tonkelaar I, Lamberts S W, van der Schouw Y T. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2618–2623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J M, Vermeulen A. The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2005; 26: 833–876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima N, Cavaliere H, Knobel M, Halpern A, Medeiros-Neto G. Decreased androgen levels in massively obese men may be associated with impaired function of the gonadostat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 1433–1437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer A A, Valassi E, Yialamas M, Elahi D, et al. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2636–2641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isidori A M, Caprio M, Strollo F, Moretti C, Frajese G, Isidori A, et al. Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3673–3680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman J M. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 3666–3672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen D E, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyyssönen K, Tuomainen T P, Salonen R, et al. Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149: 601–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page S T, Bogatzki L Y, Hamerman J A, Malissen M, Perlmutter R M, Pullen A M. Exogenous testosterone (T) alone or with finasteride increases physical performance, grip strength, and lean body mass in older men with low serum T. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1502–1510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R. Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: implications for testosterone therapy. J Urol 2005; 174: 827–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar