Why can patients with erectile dysfunction be considered lucky? The association with testosterone deficiency and metabolic syndrome

References

• Despres J P, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature 2006; 444: 881–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips G B. Sex hormones, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 1978; 65: 7–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traish A M, Guay A T, Feeley R, Saad F. The dark side of testosterone deficiency: I. metabolic syndrome & erectile dysfunction. J Androl 2008, [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Reaven G M. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reaven G M. The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 931–938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy S M. Point: the metabolic syndrome still lives. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 1352–1354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel R H, Grundy S M, Zimmet P Z. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005; 365: 1415–1428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti K G, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the international diabetes federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin P, Arver S. Androgens and abdominal obesity. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 12: 441–451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieux I, Pascot A, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Almeras N, Bergeron J, Gaudet D, Tremblay G, Prud'homme D, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men. Circulation 2000; 102: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi M G, Commerford P, Lang C C, Rumboldt Z, Onen C L, Lisheng L, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640–1649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragelund C, Omland T. A farewell to body-mass index. Lancet 2005; 366: 1589–1591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M, American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289–2304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy S M, Cleeman J I, Daniels S R, Donato K A, Eckel R H, Franklin B A, Gordon D J, Krauss R M, Savage P J, Smith SC Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–2752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron A J, Shaw J E, Zimmet P Z. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 351–375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden C L, Carroll M D, Curtin L R, McDowell M A, Tabak C J, Flegal K M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA 2006; 295: 1549–1555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alley D E, Chang V W. The changing relationship of obesity and disability, 1988–2004. JAMA 2007; 298: 2020–2027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal K M, Graubard B I, Williamson D F, Gail M H. Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2007; 298: 2028–2037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallus S, Colombo P, Scarpino V, Zuccaro P, Negri E, Apolone G, La Vecchia C. Overweight and obesity in Italian adults 2004, and an overview of trends since 1983. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 1174–1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Giugliano D. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and sexual dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2005; 17: 391–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Giugliano F, Martedi E, Feola G, Marfella R, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D. High proportions of erectile dysfunction in men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1201–1203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupelian V, Shabsigh R, Araujo A B, O'Donnell A B, McKinlay J B. Erectile dysfunction as a predictor of the metabolic syndrome in aging men: results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 2006; 176: 222–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Schulman C, Petrone L, Mansani R, Cilotti A, Balercia G, Chiarini V, Forti G, Maggi M. Psycho-biologic correlates of the metabolic syndrome and associated sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol 2006; 50: 595–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering R P, Grant B F, Chou S P, Compton W M. Are overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity associated with psychopathology? Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 998–1009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosik C H. Psychiatric symptoms among prospective bariatric surgery patients: rates of prevalence and their relation to social desirability, pursuit of surgery, and follow-up attendance. Obes Surg 2005; 15: 677–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Fisher A D, Lotti F, Petrone L, Balercia G, Bandini E, Forti G, Maggi M. Low levels of androgens in men with erectile dysfunction and obesity. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 2454–2463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon M F, Mackey R H, Korytkowski M T, Flory J D, Pollock B G, Manuck S B. The metabolic syndrome is associated with reduced central serotonergic responsivity in healthy community volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 718–721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon M F, Mackey R H, Williams K V, Korytkowski M T, Flory J D, Manuck S B. Low central nervous system serotonergic responsivity is associated with the metabolic syndrome and physical inactivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon M F, Mackey R H, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Flory J D, Pollock B G, Manuck S B. Lower central serotonergic responsivity is associated with preclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis. Stroke 2007; 38: 2228–2233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities. Obes Rev 2001; 2: 73–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallerius S, Rosmond R, Ljung T, Holm G, Björntorp P. Rise in morning saliva cortisol is associated with abdominal obesity in men: a preliminary report. J Endocrinol Invest 2003; 26: 616–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen D E, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyyssonen K, Tuomainen T P, Salonen R, Rauramaa R, Salonen J T. Sex hormones, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol 2003; 149: 601–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Malkin C J, Channer K S, Jones T H. Androgens, insulin resistance and vascular disease in men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 239–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellato R K, Feldman H A, Hamdy O, Horton E S, McKinlay J B. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 490–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh J Y, Barrett-Connor E, Wedick N M, Wingard D L, Rancho Bernardo Study. Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 55–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupelian V, Page S T, Araujo A B, Travison T G, Bremner W J, McKinlay J B. Low Sex hormone-binding globulin, total testosterone, and symptomatic androgen deficiency are associated with development of the metabolic syndrome in non-obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 843–850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laaksonen D E, Niskanen L, Punnonen K, Nyyssonen K, Tuomainen T P, Valkonen V P, Salonen J T. The metabolic syndrome and smoking in relation to hypogonadism in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 712–719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derby C A, Zilber S, Brambilla D, Morales K H, McKinlay J B. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts male ageing study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006; 65: 125–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan S A, Meehan A G, Shah A. The age related decrease in testosterone is significantly exacerbated in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. What are the implications for the relatively high incidence of erectile dysfunction observed in these men?. J Urol 2006; 176: 1524–1527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieschlag E, Swerdloff R, Behre H M, Gooren L J, Kaufman J M, Legros J J, Lunenfeld B, Morley J E, Schulman C, Wang C, et al. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. ISA, ISSAM, and EAU recommendations. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi M, Schulman C, Quinton R, Langham S, Uhl-Hochgraeber K. The burden of testosterone deficiency syndrome in adult men: economic and quality-of-life impact. J Sex Med 2007; 4(Pt 1)1056–1069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, Balercia G, Paggi F, Fisher A D, Lotti F, Chiarini V, Fedele D, Forti G, et al. NCEP-ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and prevalence of hypogonadism in male patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007; 4(Pt 1)1038–1045
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, Balercia G, Fisher A D, Chiarini V, Forti G, Maggi M. ANDROTEST: a structured interview for the screening of hypogonadism in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 706–715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley J E, Charlton E, Patrick P, Kaiser F E, Cadeau P, McCready D, Perry H M, III. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males. Metabolism 2000; 49: 1239–1242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann L A, Saad F, Heinemann K, Thai D M. Can results of the aging males' symptoms (AMS) scale predict those of screening scales for androgen deficiency. Aging Male 2004; 7: 211–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith K W, Feldman H A, McKinlay J B. Construction and field validation of a self-administered screener for testosterone deficiency (hypogonadism) in ageing men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 53: 703–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, Schulman C, Balercia G, Fisher A D, Chiarini V, Forti G, Maggi M. A comparison of NCEP-ATPIII and IDF metabolic syndrome definitions with relation to metabolic syndrome-associated sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 789–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitteloud N, Mootha V K, Dwyer A A, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson K F, Tripathy D, Yialamas M, Groop L, Elahi D, et al. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1636–1642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitteloud N, Hardin M, Dwyer A A, Valassi E, Yialamas M, Elahi D, Hayes F J. Increasing insulin resistance is associated with a decrease in Leydig cell testosterone secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2636–2641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumoff B, Strain G W, Miller L K, Rosner W, Senie R, Seres D S, Rosenfeld R S. Plasma free and non-sex-hormone-binding-globulin-bound testosterone are decreased in obese men in proportion to their degree of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 929–931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E, Khaw K T, Yen S S. Endogenous sex hormone levels in older adult men with diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132: 895–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor E. Lower endogenous androgen levels and dyslipidemia in men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 807–811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhindsa S, Prabhakar S, Sethi M, Bandyopadhyay A, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Frequent occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 5462–5468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, Ricca V, Balercia G, Mansani R, Chiarini V, Giommi R, Forti G, Maggi M. Association of hypogonadism and type II diabetes in men attending an outpatient erectile dysfunction clinic. Int J Impot Res 2006; 18: 190–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona G, Mannucci E, Mansani R, Petrone L, Bartolini M, Giommi R, Forti G, Maggi M. Organic, relational and psychological factors in erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus. Eur Urol 2004; 46: 222–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X H, Filippi S, Morelli A, Vignozzi L, Luconi M, Donati S, Forti G, Maggi M. Testosterone restores diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction and sildenafil responsiveness in two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 253–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn S E, Hull R L, Utzschneider K M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006; 444: 840–846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander C M, Landsman P B, Teutsch S M, Haffner S M, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III); National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1210–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loves S, Ruinemans-Koerts J, de Boer H. Letrozole once a week normalizes serum testosterone in obesity-related male hypogonadism. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158: 741–747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burcelin R, Thorens B, Glauser M, Gaillard R C, Pralong F P. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion from hypothalamic neurons: stimulation by insulin and potentiation by leptin. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 4484–4491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brüning J C, Gautam D, Burks D J, Gillette J, Schubert M, Orban P C, Klein R, Krone W, Müller-Wieland D, Kahn C R. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 2000; 289: 2122–2125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårin P, Odén B, Björntorp P. Assimilation and mobilization of triglycerides in subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissue in vivo in men: effects of androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 239–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yialamas M A, Dwyer A A, Hanley E, Lee H, Pitteloud N, Hayes F J. Acute sex steroid withdrawal reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 4254–4259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H Y, Xu Q, Yeh S, Wang R S, Sparks J D, Chang C. Insulin and leptin resistance with hyperleptinemia in mice lacking androgen receptor. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1717–1725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinal C J, Tohkin M, Miyata M, Ward J M, Lambert G, Gonzalez F J. Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Cell 2000; 102: 731–744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Lai K, Moy F J, Bhat A, Hartman H B, Evans M J. The nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is activated by androsterone. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 4025–4033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyanov M A, Boneva Z, Christov V G. Testosterone supplementation in men with type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity and partial androgen deficiency. Aging Male 2003; 6: 1–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapoor D, Goodwin E, Channer K S, Jones T H. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 899–906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Clarke S, Stanworth R, Channer K S, Jones T H. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on adipocytokines and C-reactive protein in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 156: 595–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad F, Gooren L, Haider A, Yassin A. Effects of testosterone gel followed by parenteral testosterone undecanoate on sexual dysfunction and on features of the metabolic syndrome. Andrologia 2008; 40: 44–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang X H, Filippi S, Morelli A, Vignozzi L, Luconi M, Donati S, Forti G, Maggi M. Testosterone restores diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction and sildenafil responsiveness in two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 253–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignozzi L, Morelli A, Filippi S, Ambrosini S, Mancina R, Luconi M, Mungai S, Vannelli G B, Zhang X H, Forti G, et al. Testosterone regulates RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling in two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 620–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar