References
- Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Cohort profile: research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:988–995.
- Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27:620–628.
- van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone. 2001;29:517–522.
- Greenspan SL, Myers ER, Maitland LA, et al. Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly. JAMA. 1994;271:128–133.
- De Laet CE, Van Hout BA, Burger H, et al. Hip fracture prediction in elderly men and women: validation in the Rotterdam study. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:1587–1593.
- Basurto L, Zarate A, Gomez R, et al. Effect of testosterone therapy on lumbar spine and hip mineral density in elderly men. Aging Male. 2008;11:140–145.
- Köhn FM. Testosterone and body functions. Aging Male. 2006;9:183–188.
- Bassil N, Alkaade S, Morley JE. The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5:427–448.
- Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, et al. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:724–731.
- Lunenfeld B, Mskhalaya G, Zitzmann M, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of hypogonadism in men. Aging Male. 2015;18:5–15.
- Lunenfeld B, Arver S, Moncada I, et al. How to help the aging male? Current approaches to hypogonadism in primary care. Aging Male. 2012;15:187–197.
- Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, et al. Testosterone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated men. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:1173–1177.
- Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Gruman CA, et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M266–M272.
- Crawford BA, Liu PY, Kean MT, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of androgen effects on muscle and bone in men requiring long-term systemic glucocorticoid treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3167–3176.
- Behre HM, Kliesch S, Leifke E, et al. Long-term effect of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2386–2390.
- Aversa A, Bruzziches R, Francomano D, et al. Effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate on bone mineral density in middle-aged men with late-onset hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: results from a 36 months controlled study. Aging Male. 2012;15:96–102.
- Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Greco EA, et al. Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:280–293.
- Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1966–1972.
- Christmas C, O'Connor KG, Harman SM, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid effects on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in healthy aged women and men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:M12–M18.
- Konaka H, Sugimoto K, Orikasa H, et al. Effects of long-term androgen replacement therapy on the physical and mental statuses of aging males with late-onset hypogonadism: a multicenter randomized controlled trial in Japan (EARTH Study). Asian J Androl. 2016;18:25–34.
- Namiki M, Akaza H, Shimazui T, et al. Clinical practice manual for late-onset hypogonadism syndrome. Int J Urol. 2008;15:377–388.
- Hagino H. Revised osteoporosis diagnostic criteria and Japanese practice guideline on osteoporosis. Clin Calcium. 2014;24:11–18.
- Lunenfeld B, Nieschlag E. Testosterone therapy in the aging male. Aging Male. 2007;10:139–153.
- Fink HA, Ewing SK, Ensrud KE, et al. Association of testosterone and estradiol deficiency with osteoporosis and rapid bone loss in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3908–3915.
- De Laet C, Kanis JA, Odén A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1330–1338.
- Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Jin M, et al. Aged-related changes in body composition and association between body composition with bone mass density by body mass index in Chinese Han men over 50-year-old. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0130400.
- Zhou J, Zhang Q, Yuan X, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Bone. 2013;57:30–35.
- Muka T, Trajanoska K, Kiefte-de Jong JC, et al. The association between metabolic syndrome, bone mineral density, hip bone geometry and fracture risk: the Rotterdam study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0129116.
- Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, et al. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;302:179–188.
- Gable DR, Hurel SJ, Humphries SE. Adiponectin and its gene variants as risk factors for insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2006;188:231–244.
- Shinoda Y, Yamaguchi M, Ogata N, et al. Regulation of bone formation by adiponectin through autocrine/paracrine and endocrine pathways. J Cell Biochem. 2006;99:196–208.
- Johansson H, Odén A, Lerner UH, et al. High serum adiponectin predicts incident fractures in elderly men: osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) Sweden. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27:1390–1396.
- Song HJ, Oh S, Quan S, et al. Gender differences in adiponectin levels and body composition in older adults: Hallym aging study. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:8.
- Basurto L, Galván R, Cordova N, et al. Adiponectin is associated with low bone mineral density in elderly men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160:289–293.
- Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, Learman BS, et al. Bone marrow adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that contributes to increased circulating adiponectin during caloric restriction. Cell Metab. 2014;20:368–375.
- Sulston RJ, Cawthorn WP. Bone marrow adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: close to the bone? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2016;28:21–38.