References
- Sowers M F. Pregnancy and lactation as risk factors for subsequent bone loss and osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11: 1052–1059
- Christiansen C, Rodbro P, Heinlid B. Unchanged total body calcium in normal human pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1976; 55: 141–143
- Lamke B, Brundin J, Moberg P. Changes of bone mineral content during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1977; 56: 217–219
- Drinkwater B L, Chesnut C H, 3rd. Bone density changes during pregnancy and lactation in active women: a longitudinal study. Bone Miner 1991; 14: 153–160
- Sowers M F, Crutchfield M M, Jannausch M L. A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 841–845
- Kent G N, Price R I, Gutteridge D H. Human lactation: forearm trabecular bone loss, increased bone turnover, and renal conservation of calcium and inorganic phosphate with recovery of bone mass following weaning. J Bone Miner Res 1990; 5: 361–369
- Kent G N, Rice R I, Gutteridge D H, et al. Effect of pregnancy and lactation on maternal bone mass and calcium metabolism. Osteoporos Int 1993; 3(Suppl 1)44–47
- Cross N A, Hillman L S, Allen S H, Krause G F, Viera N E. Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning: a longitudinal study. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 514–523
- Wüster C, Albanese C, De Aloysio D, et al. Age-related changes, diagnostic sensitivity and discrimination power. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 1603–1614, for the Phalangeal Osteosonogrammetry Study Group
- Glüer C C. Quantitative ultrasound technique for the assessment of osteoporosis: expert agreement on current status. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12: 1280–1288
- Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott A M, et al. Osteosonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture nine elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 1996; 348: 511–514
- Sili Scavalli A, Marini M, Spadaro A, et al. Ultrasound transmission velocity of the proximal phalanges of the non dominant hand in the study of osteoporosis. Clin Rheumatol 1997; 16: 396–403
- Reginster J Y, Dethor M, Pirenne H, Dewe W, Albert A. Reproducibility and diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasonometry of the phalanges to assess osteoporosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1998; 63: 21–28
- Mele R, Masci G, Ventura V, de Aloysio D, Bicocchi M, Cadossi R. Three year longitudinal study with quantitative ultrasound at the hand phalanx in a female population. Osteoporos Int 1997; 7: 550–557
- Hadji P, Hars O, Görke K, Emons G, Schulz K D. Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in postmenopausal women with spine and hip fracture. J Clin Densitom 2000; 3: 233–239
- Hadji P, Hars O, Wüster C, et al. Stiffness index identifies patients with osteoporotic fracture better than ultrasound velocity or attenuation alone. Maturitas 1999; 31: 221–226
- Hadji P, Wüster C, Hars O, et al. The influence of long-term non-suppressive levothyroxine treatment on ultrasonometry of bone in women. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 142: 445–450
- Mussolino M E, Looker A C, Madans J H, et al. Phalangeal bone density and hip fracture risk. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 433–438
- Aguado F, Revilla M, Hernandez E R, et al. Ultrasonographic bone velocity in pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178: 1016–1021
- Yamaga A, Taga M, Minaguchi H, Sato K. Changes in bone mass as determined by ultrasound and biochemical markers of bone turnover during pregnancy and puerperium: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 752–756
- Shahtaheri S M, Aaron J E, Johnson D R, Purdie D W. Changes in trabecular bone architecture in women during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 432–438
- Sowers M F, Corton G, Shapiro B. Changes in bone densitiy with lactation. JAMA 1993; 269: 3130–3135
- Kalkwarf H J, Specker B L. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrine 2002; 17: 49–53
- Melton L J, Bryant S C, Wahner H W, et al. Influence of breastfeeding and other reproductive factors on bone mass later in life. Osteoporos Int 1993; 3: 76–83
- Sinigaglia L, Varenna M, Binelli L, Gallazzi M, Calori G, Ranza R. Effect of lactation on postmenopausal bone mineral density of the lumbar spine. J Reprod Med 1996; 41: 439–443
- Eisman J. Relevance of pregnancy and lactation to osteoporosis? Commentary. Lancet 1998; 352: 504–505
- Hadji P, Ziller V, Kalder M, et al. Influence of pregnancy and breast-feeding on quantitative ultrasonometry of bone in postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2002; 5: 277–285
- Kojima N, Douchi T, Kosha S, Nagata Y. Cross-sectional study of the effects of parturation and lactation on bone mineral density later in life. Maturitas 2002; 41: 203–209
- Michaelsson K, Baron J A, Farahmand B Y, Ljunghall S. Influence of parity and lactation on hip fracture risk. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 1166–1172
- Schneider J, Bundschuh B, Spath C, et al. Discrimination of patients with and without vertebral fractures as measured by ultrasound and DXA osteodensitometry. Calcif Tissue Int 2004; 74: 246–254
- Smith R, Athanasou N A, Ostlere S J, Vipond S E. Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis. Q J Med 1995; 88: 865–878
- Hellmeyer L, Hadji P, Ziller V, Wagner U, Schmidt S. Osteoporose in der Schwangerschaft. Geburtsch Frauenheilk 2004; 64: 38–45
- Dunne F, Walters B, Marshall T, Heath D A. Pregnancy associated osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 39: 487–490