Reviewing the evidence on vasomotor symptoms: the role of traditional and non-traditional factors

References

• Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Symptoms during the perimenopause: Prevalence, severity, trajectory, and significance in women’s lives. Am J Med 2005;118:14–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold EB, Block G, Crawford S, et al. Lifestyle and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptoms: baseline results from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:1189–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis NE, Ory M, Matthews KA, Schocken M, Bromberger J, Colvin A. Health-related quality of life in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women: study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Med Care 2003;41:1262–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Col NF, Guthrie JR, Politi M, Dennerstein L. Duration of vasomotor symptoms in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study. Menopause 2009;16:453–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnabei VM, Grady D, Stovall DW, et al. Menopausal symptoms in older women and the effects of treatment with hormone therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1209–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women’s Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:1063–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM. Severe hot flashes are associated with chronic insomnia. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1262–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, Gracia CR, Nelson DB, Hollander L. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:62–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RE, Levine KB, Kalilani L, Lewis J, Clark RV. Menopause-specific questionnaire assessment in US population-based study shows negative impact on health-related quality of life. Maturitas 2009;62:153–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam MR, Gartoulla P, Bell RJ, Fradkin P, Davis SR. Prevalence of menopausal symptoms in Asian midlife women: a systematic review. Climacteric 2015;18:157–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Grisso JA, Battistini M, Garcia-Espagna B, Hollander L. Hot flashes in the late reproductive years: risk factors for Africa American and Caucasian women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001;10:67–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sherif K. Prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats around the world: a systematic review. Climacteric 2007;10:197–214 ‏
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer DF, Sturdee DW, Baber R, et al. Menopausal hot flushes and night sweats: where are we now? Climacteric 2011;14:515–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deecher DC, Dorries K. Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) that occur in perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause life stages. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10:247–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall CJ, Zheng Y, Crawford SL, et al. Presence of vasomotor symptoms is associated with lower bone mineral density: a longitudinal analysis. Menopause 2009;16:239–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman MK, Staropoli CA, Benedict JC, Borgeest C, Flaws JA. Risk factors for hot flashes in midlife women. J Women’s Health 2003;12:459–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis NE, Crawford SL, Green R. Vasomotor symptoms across the menopause transition: differences among women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2018;45:629–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv-Gal A, Flaws JA. Factors that may influence the experience of hot flushes by healthy middle-aged women. J Women’s Health 2010;19:1905–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Joffe H. Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the study of women’s health across the nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2011;38:489–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber LM, Sievert LL. Neighborhood disorder, exposure to violence, and perceived discrimination in relation to symptoms in midlife women. Womens Midlife Health 2018;4:14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conant RJ, Cortes Y, Catov J, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes as risk factors for hot flashes in midlife women. Menopause 2018;25:1488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David PS, Kling JM, Vegunta S, et al. Vasomotor symptoms in women over 60: results from the Data Registry on Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality (DREAMS). Menopause 2018;25:1105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopenhager T, Guidozzi F. Working women and the menopause. Climacteric 2015;18:372–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling C, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Langenberg P, Zacur H, Flaws JA. Relation of body mass and sex steroid hormone levels to hot flushes in a sample of mid-life women. Climacteric 2007;10:27–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RL, Gallicchio LM, Flaws JA. Understanding the complex relationships underlying hot flashes: a Bayesian network approach. Menopause 2018;25:182–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow SD, Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Elliott MR, et al. It is not just menopause: symptom clustering in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Womens Midlife Health 2017;3:2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang WY, Hsin IL, Chen DR, et al. Circulating interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α are associated with hot flashes in healthy postmenopausal women. PLoS One 2017;12:e0184011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall CJ, Crawford SL, Gold EB. Vasomotor symptom prevalence is associated with polymorphisms in sex steroid-metabolizing enzymes and receptors. Am J Med 2006;119:S52–S60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2005;12:258–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Zhou Y, Li C, Tao M. Association between pulse wave velocity and hot flashes/sweats in middle-aged women. Sci Rep 2017;7:13854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriprasert I, Pantasri T, Piyamongkol W, et al. An International menopause society study of vasomotor symptoms in Bangkok and Chiang Mai, Thailand. Climacteric 2017;20:171–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold EB, Colvin A, Avis N, et al. Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Public Health 2006;96:1226–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SM, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, et al. Is heart rate variability associated with frequency and intensity of vasomotor symptoms among healthy perimenopausal and postmenopausal women? Clin Auton Res 2016;26:7–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert LL, Begum K, Sharmeen T, et al. Hot flash report and measurement among Bangladeshi migrants, their London neighbors, and their community of origin. Am J Phys Anthropol 2016;161:620–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper PG, Brooks MM, Randolph JF, Jr, et al. Characterizing the trajectories of vasomotor symptoms across the menopausal transition. Menopause 2016;23:1067–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RL, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Zacur HA, Flaws JA. Risk factors for extended duration and timing of peak severity of hot flashes. PLoS One 2016;11:e0155079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed SD, Newton KM, Larson JC, et al. Daily salivary cortisol patterns in midlife women with hot flashes. Clin Endocrinol 2016;84:672–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grindler NM, Allsworth JE, Macones GA, Kannan K, Roehl KA, Cooper AR. Persistent organic pollutants and early menopause in us Women. PLoS One 2015;10:e0116057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tataryn IV, Lomax P, Bajorek JG, Chesarek W, Meldrum DR, Judd HL. Postmenopausal hot flushes: a disorder of thermoregulation. Maturitas 1980;2:101–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter CS. Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annu Rev Psychol 2014;65:17–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moilanen J, Aalto AM, Hemminki E, Aro AR, Raitanen J, Luoto R. Prevalence of menopause symptoms and their association with lifestyle among Finnish middle-aged women. Maturitas 2010;67:368–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RL, Flaws JA, Gallicchio L. Does quitting smoking decrease the risk of midlife hot flashes? A longitudinal analysis. Maturitas 2015;82:123–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell ES, Woods NF. Hot flush severity during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: beyond hormones. Climacteric 2015;18:536–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg MJ, Herber‐Gast GC, Van Der Schouw YT. Is an unfavourable cardiovascular risk profile a risk factor for vasomotor menopausal symptoms? Results of a population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2015;122:1252–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkoles E, Reynolds N, Ski CF, Stojanovska L, Thompson DR, Polman RC. Relationship between type-D personality, physical activity behaviour and climacteric symptoms. BMC Women’s Health 2015;15:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimenta F, Maroco J, Ramos C, Leal I. Hot flushes and night sweats in midlife: why do some women have them and others do not? Psicol Reflex Crit 2015;28:753–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanopoulou E, Gupta P, Mostafa RM, et al. IMS study of Climate, Altitude, Temperature and vasomotor symptoms in the United Arab Emirates. Climacteric 2014;17:425–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesstrom J, Ulfberg J, Sundström-Poromaa I, Lindberg E. Periodic limb movements are associated with vasomotor symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med 2014;10:15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkal N, Cağlar M, Sahillioglu B, Gulerman C, Guray Y, Korkmaz S. Is there any association between mild hypertension and hot flash experience among women? Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2013;41:409–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan MN, Kartal M, Guldal D. The effect of physical activity and body mass index on menopausal symptoms in Turkish women: a cross-sectional study in primary care. BMC Women's Health 2014;14:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold EB, Crawford SL, Shelton JF, et al. Longitudinal analysis of changes in weight and waist circumference in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause 2017;24:9–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Chang Y, Mancuso P, Matthews KA. Adipokines, adiposity, and vasomotor symptoms during the menopause transition: findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Fertil Steril 2013;100:793–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drost JT, van der Schouw YT, Herber-Gast GC, Maas AH. More vasomotor symptoms in menopause among women with a history of hypertensive pregnancy diseases compared with women with normotensive pregnancies. Menopause 2013;20:1006–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber-Gast GC, Mishra GD, van der Schouw YT, Brown WJ, Dobson AJ. Risk factors for night sweats and hot flushes in midlife: results from a prospective cohort study. Menopause 2013;20:953–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold EB, Leung K, Crawford SL, Huang MH, Waetjen LE, et al. Phytoestrogen and fiber intakes in relation to incident vasomotor symptoms: results from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Menopause 2013;20:305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy OK, Iversen L, Hannaford PC. Factors associated with reporting classic menopausal symptoms differ. Climacteric 2013;16:240–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy OK, Iversen L, Aucott L, Hannaford PC. Factors associated with resilience or vulnerability to hot flushes and night sweats during the menopausal transition. Menopause 2013;20:383–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herber-Gast GC, Mishra GD. Fruit, Mediterranean-style, and high-fat and-sugar diets are associated with the risk of night sweats and hot flushes in midlife: results from a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:1092–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter MS, Gupta P, Chedraui P, et al. The International Menopause Study of Climate, Altitude, Temperature (IMS-CAT) and vasomotor symptoms. Climacteric 2012;16:8–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elavsky S, Gonzales JU, Proctor DN, Williams N, Henderson VW. Effects of physical activity on vasomotor symptoms: examination using objective and subjective measures. Menopause 2012;19:1095–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano K, Pinnow E, Flaws JA, Sorkin JD, Gallicchio L. Reproductive history and hot flashes in perimenopausal women. J Women’s Health 2012;21:433–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv-Gal A, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Zacur HA, Flaws JA. Genetic polymorphisms in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway as potential risk factors of menopausal hot flashes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;30;207:202.e9–e18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter MS, Gentry‐Maharaj A, Ryan A, et al. Prevalence, frequency and problem rating of hot flushes persist in older postmenopausal women: impact of age, body mass index, hysterectomy, hormone therapy use, lifestyle and mood in a cross‐sectional cohort study of 10 418 British women aged 54–65. BJOG 2012;119:40–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson CJ, Thurston RC, Matthews KA. Cortisol dysregulation is associated with daily diary‐reported hot flashes among midlife women. Clin Endocrinol 2016;85:645–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lermer MA, Morra A, Moineddin R, Manson J, Blake J, Tierney MC. Somatic and affective anxiety symptoms and menopausal hot flashes. Menopause 2011;18:129–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjelsvik B, Rosvold EO, Straand J, Dalen I, Hunskaar S. Symptom prevalence during menopause and factors associated with symptoms and menopausal age. Results from the Norwegian Hordaland Women’s Cohort study. Maturitas 2011;70:383–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blümel JE, Chedraui P, Baron G, et al. A large multinational study of vasomotor symptom prevalence, duration, and impact on quality of life in middle-aged women. Menopause 2011;18:778–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green R, Polotsky AJ, Wildman RP, et al. Menopausal symptoms within a Hispanic cohort: SWAN, the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Climacteric 2010;13:376–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandiah J, Amend V. An exploratory study on perceived relationship of alcohol, caffeine, and physical activity on hot flashes in menopausal women. Health 2010;02:989–96
   Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H. Temporal associations of hot flashes and depression in the transition to menopause. Menopause 2009;16:728–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Li F, Yu Y, Yu X, Sheng Q, Zhang X. Differential factors associated with hot flashes in Chinese perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2009;63:94–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpkins JW, Brown K, Bae S, Ratka A. Role of ethnicity in the expression of features of hot flashes. Maturitas 2009;63:341–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani WA, Gallicchio L, Flaws JA. The association between physical activity and hot flash severity, frequency, and duration in mid-life women. Am J Hum Biol 2009;21:127–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter MS, Gupta P, Papitsch-Clark A, Sturdee DW. Mid-Aged Health in Women from the Indian Subcontinent (MAHWIS): a further quantitative and qualitative investigation of experience of menopause in UK Asian women, compared to UK Caucasian women and women living in Delhi. Climacteric 2009;12:26–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran CJ, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Zacur H, Flaws JA. Cigarette smoking, androgen levels, and hot flushes in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:1037–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Bromberger J, Chang Y, et al. Childhood abuse or neglect is associated with increased vasomotor symptom reporting among midlife women. Menopause 2008;15:16–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker J. The Psychology of Physical Symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1982
   Google Scholar
• Hyde Riley E, Inui TS, Kleinman K, Connelly MT. Differential association of modifiable health behaviors with hot flashes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:740–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greendale GA, Gold EB. Lifestyle factors: are they related to vasomotor symptoms and do they modify the effectiveness or side effects of hormone therapy? Am J Med 2005;118:148–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung HF, Pandeya N, Dobson AJ, et al. The role of sleep difficulties in the vasomotor menopausal symptoms and depressed mood relationships: an international pooled analysis of eight studies in the InterLACE consortium. Psychol Med 2018;48:2550–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fentiman IS, Allen D, Wheeler M, Rymer J. The influence of premenopausal hormones on severity of climacteric symptoms and use of HRT. Climacteric 2006;9:135–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Bromberger JT, Joffe H, et al. Beyond frequency: who is most bothered by vasomotor symptoms? Menopause 2008;15:841–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visvanathan K, Gallicchio L, Schilling C, et al. Cytochrome gene polymorphisms, serum estrogens, and hot flushes in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol 2005;106:1372–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeo C, Negishi E, Nakajima A, et al. Association of cytosine-adenine repeat polymorphism of the estrogen receptor-beta gene with menopausal symptoms. Gend Med 2005;2:96–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thurston RC, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, et al. Emotional antecedents of hot flashes during daily life. Psychosom Med 2005;67:137–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling C, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, et al. Current alcohol use is associated with a reduced risk of hot flashes in midlife women. Alcohol 2005;40:563–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parazzini F, Di Donato P, Giulini NA, et al. Factors associated with climacteric symptoms in women around menopause attending menopause clinics in Italy. Maturitas 2005;52:181–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph JF, Jr, Sowers M, Bondarenko I, et al. The relationship of longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and vasomotor symptoms during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:6106–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Holm K. Physical activity alone and in combination with hormone replacement therapy on vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. West J Nurs Res 2003;25:274–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Øverlie I, Moen MH, Holte A, Finset A. Androgens and estrogens in relation to hot flushes during the menopausal transition. Maturitas 2002;30:69–77
   Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD. Anxiety as a risk factor for menopausal hot flashes: evidence from the Penn Ovarian Aging cohort. Menopause 2016;23:942–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:351–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multiracial, ethnic population of women 40–55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:463–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Kiefer J, Greene T, Zacur HA, Flaws JA. Risk factors for hot flashes among women undergoing the menopausal transition: baseline results from the Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2015;22:1098–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Yuan Y, Liu M, et al. Factors associated with menopausal symptoms among middle-aged registered nurses in Beijing. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015;31:119–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson LF, Pandeya N, Byles J, Mishra GD. Hot flushes and night sweats symptom profiles over a 17-year period in mid-aged women: the role of hysterectomy with ovarian conservation. Maturitas 2016;91:1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman RR, Woodward S, Sabharwal SC. Alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism in menopausal hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76:573–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stearns V, Beebe KL, Iyengar M, Dube E. Paroxetine controlled release in the treatment of menopausal hot flashes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289:2827–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronenberg F. Hot flashes: phenomenology, quality of life, and search for treatment options. Exp Gerontol 1994;31:319–36
   Google Scholar
• Freedman RR. Hot flashes revisited. Menopause 2000;7:3–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhanoya T, Sievert LL, Muttukrishna S, et al. Hot flushes and reproductive hormone levels during the menopausal transition. Maturitas 2016;89:43–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods NF, Mitchell ES, Tao Y, et al. Polymorphisms in the estrogen synthesis and metabolism pathways and symptoms during the menopausal transition: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause 2006;13:902–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowers MR, Wilson AL, Karvonen-Gutierrez CA, et al. Sex steroid hormone pathway genes andhealth-related measures in women of 4 races/ethnicities: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Am J Med 2006;119:S103–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Sternfeld B, et al. Gains in body fat and vasomotor symptom reporting over the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:766–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2548–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Chang Y, Sternfeld B, et al. Adiposity and reporting of vasomotor symptoms among midlife women the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol 2007;167:78–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan K, Berkowitz R, Barbieri R, et al. Kistner’s Gynecology and Women’s Health. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc; 1999
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez C, Calle E. Postmenopausal hormone replacement, body mass index, and quality of life. JAMA 2002;287:2210–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Santoro N, Matthews KA. Adiposity and hot flashes in midlife women: a modifying role of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2011;96:E1588–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Kiefer J, Greene T, Zacur HA, Flaws JA. Change in body mass index, weight, and hot flashes: a longitudinal analysis from the midlife women’s health study. J Women's Health 2014;23:231–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord 2007;103:267–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechlioulis A, Kalantaridou SN, Naka KK, et al. Endothelial function, but not carotid intima-media thickness, is affected early in menopause and is associated with severity of hot flushes. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2010;95:1199–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy L, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 2007;335:974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang AJ, Grady D, Jacoby VL, Blackwell TL, Bauer DC, Sawaya GF. Persistent hot flushes in older postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:840–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesstrom J, Nilsson S, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Ulfberg J. Restless legs syndrome among women: prevalence, co-morbidity and possible relationship to menopause. Climacteric 2008;11:422–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidozzi F. Sleep and sleep disorders in menopausal women. Climacteric 2013;16:214–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb BW, Whiteman MK, Langenberg P, Flaws JA, Romani WA. Physical activity and risk of hot flashes among women in midlife. J Womens Health 2007;16:124–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey TG, Cable NT, Aziz N, et al. Exercise training reduces the frequency of menopausal hot flushes by improving thermoregulatory control. Menopause 2016;23:708–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi C, Petraglia F, Gambardella A, et al. Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid b-endorphin and plasma pituitary-gonadal hormone levels in women. J Endocrinol Invest 1990;13:149–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasudevan N, Ogawa S, Pfaff D. Estrogen and thyroid hormone receptor interactions: physiological flexibility by molecular specificity. Physiol Rev 2002;82:923–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michnovicz JJ, Hershcopf RJ, Naganuma H, et al. Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1305–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammel MD, Freeman EW, Liu Z, Lin H, Guo W. Factors that influence entry into stages of the menopausal transition. Menopause 2009;16:1218–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Visvanathan K, et al. Cigarette smoking, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women. Maturitas 2006;53:133–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Soy product intake and hot flashes in Japanese women: results from a community-based prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2001;153:790–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MN, Lin CC, Liu CF. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Climacteric 2015;18:260–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis NE, Stellato R, Crawford S, et al. Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic groups. Soc Sci Med 2001;52:345–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford SL. The roles of biologic and nonbiologic factors in cultural differences in vasomotor symptoms measured by surveys. Menopause 2007;14:725–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SR, Gallicchio LM, Lewis LM, et al. Association between race and hot flashes in midlife women. Maturitas 2006;54:260–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert L, Makhlouf Obermeyer C, Price K. Determinants of hot flashes and night sweats. Ann Hum Biol 2006;33:4–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler NE, Boyce WT, Chesney MA, Folkman S, Syme SL. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: no easy solution. JAMA 1993;269:3140–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols HB, Harlow BL. Childhood abuse and risk of smoking onset. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2004;58:402–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: a convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;256:174–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares CN, Zitek B. Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2008;33:331–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz TK, McGregor BA, Vitzthum VJ. Presence of young children in the home may moderate development of hot flashes during menopausal transition. Menopause 2015;22:448–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin O, Zacur HA, Flaws JA, Christianson MS. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and hot flash presentation during the midlife period. Menopause 2018;25:691–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Samsioe G, Borgfeldt C, Lidfeldt J, Agardh CD, Nerbrand C. Menopause-related symptoms: what are the background factors? A prospective population-based cohort study of Swedish women (The Women’s Health in Lund Area study). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1646–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert LL, Flanagan EK. Geographical distribution of hot flash frequencies: considering climatic influences. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005;128:437–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J. Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Heal 2007;210:623–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziv-Gal A, Gallicchio L, Chiang C, et al. Phthalate metabolite levels and menopausal hot flashes in midlife women. Reprod Toxicol 2016;60:76–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallicchio L, Visvanathan K, Miller SR, et al. Body mass, estrogen levels, and hot flashes in midlife women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1353–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar