Hyaluronic acid in vulvar and vaginal administration: evidence from a literature systematic review

References

• Nicoletti G, Ghilardi CG, Scevola S, et al. Hyaluronan-induced cosmetic reconstruction of the nostril. Facial Plast Surg. 2014;30(1):81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotofana S, Schenck TL, Trevidic P, et al. Midface: clinical anatomy and regional approaches with injectable fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):219S–234S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes JM, Cotofana S, Trevidic P, et al. Upper face: clinical anatomy and regional approaches with injectable fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):204S–218S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Maio M, DeBoulle K, Braz A, et al. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(4):540e–550e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(3):351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy: 2013 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2013;20(9):888–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulchinsky D, 1987. Reproductive endocrinology. 2nd ed. Yen SSC, Jaffe RB, editors. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.; 1986. p. 806. $79.50. Teratology, 35:158–158.
   Google Scholar
• Abitbol MM, Davenport JH. The irradiated vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 1974;44(2):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofsjö A, Bohm-Starke N, Blomgren B, et al. Radiotherapy-induced vaginal fibrosis in cervical cancer survivors. Acta Oncol. 2017 May;56(5):661–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Hait H, Reape KZ, et al. Measuring symptom relief in studies of vaginal and vulvar atrophy: the most bothersome symptom approach. Menopause. 2008;15(5):885–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oge T, Hassa H, Aydin Y, et al. The relationship between urogenital symptoms and climacteric complaints. Climacteric. 2013;16(6):646–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portman DJ, Gass ML. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. Maturitas. 2014;79(3):349–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi RE, Palacios S. Impact of vulvovaginal atrophy on sexual health and quality of life at postmenopause. Climacteric. 2014;17(1):3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson D, Cardozo LD. The role of estrogens in female lower urinary tract dysfunction. Urology. 2003;62(4 Suppl 1):45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis NE, Brockwell S, Randolph JF, Jr, et al. Longitudinal changes in sexual functioning as women transition through menopause: results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Menopause. 2009;16(3):442–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine KB, Williams RE, Hartmann KE. Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008;15(4 Pt 1):661–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturdee DW, Panay N. Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2010;13(6):509–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall CJ. Treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy. JAMA. 2019;322(19):1910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serati M, Bogani G, Di Dedda MC, et al. A comparison between vaginal estrogen and vaginal hyaluronic for the treatment of dyspareunia in women using hormonal contraceptive. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2015;191:48–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morali G, Polatti F, Metelitsa EN, et al. Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(3):230–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Donne M, Caruso C, Mancuso A, et al. The effect of vaginally administered genistein in comparison with hyaluronic acid on atrophic epithelium in postmenopause. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283(6):1319–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Origoni M, Cimmino C, Carminati G, et al. Postmenopausal vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is positively improved by topical hyaluronic acid application. A prospective, observational study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20(20):4190–4195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekin M, Yaşar L, Savan K, et al. The comparison of hyaluronic acid vaginal tablets with estradiol vaginal tablets in the treatment of atrophic vaginitis: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283(3):539–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Geng L, Song X, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel to ease vaginal dryness: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, parallel-group, clinical trial. J Sex Med. 2013;10(6):1575–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condemi L, Di Giuseppe J, Delli Carpini G, et al. Vaginal natural oxygenation device (VNOD) for concomitant administration of hyaluronic acid and topical hyperbaric oxygen to treat vulvo-vaginal atrophy: a pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(23):8480–8486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delia P, Sansotta G, Pontoriero A, et al. Clinical evaluation of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid-based treatment on onset of acute side effects in women receiving adjuvant radiotherapy after cervical surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Oncol Res Treat. 2019;42(4):217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokar A, Davari T, Asadi N, et al. Comparison of the hyaluronic acid vaginal cream and conjugated estrogen used in treatment of vaginal atrophy of menopause women: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016;4(1):69–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hersant B, SidAhmed-Mezi M, Belkacemi Y, et al. Efficacy of injecting platelet concentrate combined with hyaluronic acid for the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women with history of breast cancer: a phase 2 pilot study. Menopause. 2018;25(10):1124–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta L, Ottolina J, Parma M, et al. An alternative approach for the treatment of vaginal atrophy. Minerva Ginecol. 2014;66(4):377–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grimaldi EF, Restaino S, Inglese S, et al. Role of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid in postmenopausal vaginal discomfort. Minerva Ginecol. 2012;64(4):321–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinicola S, Pasta V, Costantino D, et al. Hyaluronic acid and vitamins are effective in reducing vaginal atrophy in women receiving radiotherapy. Minerva Ginecol. 2015;67(6):523–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantino D, Guaraldi C. Effectiveness and safety of vaginal suppositories for the treatment of the vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: an open, non-controlled clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008;12(6):411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmieri IP. Biorevitalization of postmenopausal labia majora, the polynucleotide/hyaluronic acid option. Obstet Gnecol Rep. 2019;3(2):1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15761/OGR.1000135.
   Google Scholar
• González IP, Leibaschoff G, Esposito C, et al. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause and the role of biostimulation with non-cross-linked injectable hyaluronic acid plus calcium hydroxyapatite. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2019;33(6):1961–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter J, Goldfarb S, Baser RE, et al. A single-arm clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of a non-hormonal, hyaluronic acid-based vaginal moisturizer in endometrial cancer survivors. Gynecol Oncol. 2020;158(2):366–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhlin L. Hyaluronan in skin. J Intern Med. 1997;242(1):61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamerman D, Schuster H. Hyaluronate in normal human synovial fluid. J Clin Invest. 1958;37(1):57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer K, Palmer JW. The polysaccharide of the vitreous humor. J Biol Chem. 1934;107(3):629–634.
   Google Scholar
• Weissmann B, Meyer K. The structure of hyalobiuronic acid and of hyaluronic acid from umbilical cord. J Am Chem Soc. 1954;76(7):1753–1757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black KE, Collins SL, Hagan RS, et al. Hyaluronan fragments induce IFNβ via a novel TLR4-TRIF-TBK1-IRF3-dependent pathway. J Inflamm (Lond). 2013;10(1):23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heldin P. Chemistry and biology of hyaluronan. Edited by Hari G. Garg and Charles A. Hales. ChemBioChem. 2005;6(7):1288–1289.
   Google Scholar
• Rayahin JE, Buhrman JS, Zhang Y, et al. High and low molecular weight hyaluronic acid differentially influence macrophage activation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2015;1(7):481–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan O, Bradshaw K, Carr BR. Management of vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: an up-to-date review. Menopause. 2012;19(1):109–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Bride MB, Rhodes DJ, Shuster LT. Vulvovaginal atrophy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1):87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummelen R, Macklaim JM, Bisanz JE, et al. Vaginal microbiome and epithelial gene array in post-menopausal women with moderate to severe dryness. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e26602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman RM, Shardell MD, Gajer P, et al. Association between the vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2014 May;21(5):450–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsberg S, Kellogg S, Krychman M. Treating dyspareunia caused by vaginal atrophy: a review of treatment options using vaginal estrogen therapy. Int J Womens Health. 2010;1:105–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofsjö A, Bergmark K, Blomgren B, et al. Radiotherapy for cervical cancer – impact on the vaginal epithelium and sexual function. Acta Oncol. 2018;57(3):338–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Maio M, Swift A, Signorini M, et al. Facial assessment and injection guide for botulinum toxin and injectable hyaluronic acid fillers: focus on the upper face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;140(2):265e–276e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi L, Viganò M, Nicolucci A. Penetration force and cannula sliding profiles of different pen needles: the PICASSO study. MDER. 2019;12:311–317.
   Google Scholar
• Tansatit T, Apinuntrum P, Phetudom T. A dark side of the cannula injections: how arterial wall perforations and emboli occur. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2017;41(1):221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco RM, Iocono JA, Ehrlich HP. Hyaluronic acid stimulates human fibroblast proliferation within a collagen matrix. J Cell Physiol. 1998;177(3):465–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar