Persistent symptoms in mild to moderate traumatic brain injury associated with executive dysfunction

REFERENCES

• Adair , J. C. , Williamson , D. J. , Schwartz , R. L. and Heilman , K. M. 1996 . Ventral tegmental area injury and frontal lobe disorder . Neurology , 46 ( 3 ) : 842 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfanakis , K. , Haughton , V. M. , Carew , J. D. , Rogers , B. P. , Dempsey , R. J. and Meyerand , E. M. 2002 . Diffusion tensor imaging in diffuse axonal injury . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 23 : 794 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Brown , G. K. 1996 . Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Finnish version) , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Bendlin , B. B. , Ries , M. L. , Lazar , M. , Alexander , A. L. , Dempsey , R. J. Rowley , H. A. 2008 . Longitudinal changes in patients with traumatic brain injury assessed with diffusion-tensor and volumetric imaging . NeuroImage , 15 ( 2 ) : 503 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Bigler , E. D. 2008 . Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 14 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , L. M. 1997 . A review of mild head trauma: Part II. Clinical implications . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 432 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , J. , Fos , L. A. , Greve , K. W. and Hammond , J. S. 1999 . Assessment of executive function in patients with mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Trauma , 46 ( 1 ) : 159 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CANTAB® . 2004 . The Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Testing Battery , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge Cognition Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Chappell , M. H. , Ulug , A. M. , Zhang , L. , Heitger , M. H. , Jordan , B. D. Zimmerman , R. D. 2006 . Distribution of microstructural damage in the brains of professional boxers: A diffusion MRI study . Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 24 ( 3 ) : 537 – 542 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. 1993 . Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior . Archives of Neurology , 50 ( 8 ) : 873 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , J. , McCandliss , B. D. , Fossella , J. , Flombaum , J. I. and Posner , M. I. 2005 . The activation of attentional networks . NeuroImage , 26 ( 2 ) : 471 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , E. , Bilder , R. M. , Hughes , J. E. , Antin , S. P. and Mattis , S. A. 1989 . A reticulo-frontal disconnection syndrome . Cortex , 25 ( 4 ) : 687 – 695 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanna-Pladdy , B. 2007 . Dysexecutive syndromes in neurologic disease . Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy , 31 ( 3 ) : 119 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartikainen , K. M. and Knight , R. T. 2003 . “ Lateral and orbital prefrontal cortex contributions to attention ” . In Detection of change: Event-related potential and fMRI findings , Edited by: Polich , J. 99 – 116 . Boston : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Hartikainen , K. M. , Ogawa , K. H. and Knight , R. T. 2000 . Transient interference of right hemispheric function due to automatic emotional processing . Neuropsychologia , 38 ( 12 ) : 1576 – 1580 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartikainen , K. M. , Ogawa , K. H. , Soltani , M. and Knight , R. T. 2001 . Effects of emotional stimuli on event-related potentials and reaction times in orbitofrontal patients . Brain and Cognition , 47 ( 2 ) : 339 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartikainen , K. M. , Ogawa , K. H. , Soltani , M. and Knight , R. T. 2007 . Emotionally arousing stimuli compete for attention with left hemispace . Neuroreport , 18 ( 18 ) : 1929 – 1933 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitger , M. H. , Jones , R. D. , Macleod , A. D. , Snell , D. L. , Frampton , C. M. and Anderson , T. J. 2009 . Impaired eye movements in post-concussion syndrome indicate suboptimal brain function beyond the influence of depression, malingering or intellectual ability . Brain , 132 ( 10 ) : 2850 – 2870 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. 2006 . Complicated vs uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: Acute neuropsychological outcome . Brain Injury , 20 ( 13–14 ) : 1335 – 1344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashluba , S. , Paniak , C. and Casey , J. E. 2008 . Persistent symptoms associated with factors identified by the WHO Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 ( 2 ) : 195 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange , R. T. , Iverson , G. L. and Franzen , M. D. 2009 . Neuropsychological functioning following complicated vs. uncomplicated traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 23 ( 2 ) : 83 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , H. , Wintermark , M. , Gean , A. D. , Ghajar , J. , Manley , G. T. and Mukherjee , P. 2008 . Focal lesions in acute mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive outcome: CT versus 3T MRI . Journal of Neurotrauma , 25 ( 9 ) : 1049 – 1056 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. and Kraus , M. F. 1994 . The frontal lobes and traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences , 6 ( 4 ) : 443 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. , Hovieson , D. and Loring , D. 2004 . Neuropsychological assessment , 4th , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipton , M. L. , Gulko , E. , Zimmerman , M. E. , Friedman , B. W. , Kim , M. Gellella , E. 2009 . Diffusion-tensor imaging implicates prefrontal axonal injury in executive function impairment following very mild traumatic brain injury . Radiology , 252 ( 3 ) : 816 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangels , J. A. , Craik , F. I. , Levine , B. , Schwartz , M. L. and Stuss , D. T. 2002 . Effects of divided attention on episodic memory in chronic traumatic brain injury: A function of severity and strategy . Neuropsychologia , 40 ( 13 ) : 2369 – 2385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh , S. and Feinstein , A. 2003 . Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: An examination of recruitment bias . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 74 ( 1 ) : 39 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , B. C. , Flashman , L. A. and Saykin , A. J. 2002 . Executive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: Neural substrates and treatment strategies . NeuroRehabilitation , 17 ( 4 ) : 333 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meares , S. , Shores , E. A. , Taylor , A. J. , Batchelor , J. , Bryant , R. A. Baguley , I. J. 2008 . Mild traumatic brain injury does not predict acute postconcussion syndrome . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry , 79 ( 3 ) : 300 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman , A. , Rosenberg , A. , Weizman , R. and Pick , C. G. 2005 . Mild traumatic brain injury induces persistent cognitive deficits and behavioral disturbances in mice . Journal of Neurotrauma , 22 ( 9 ) : 1003 – 1010 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow , L. and Ryan , C. 2002 . Normative data for a working memory test: The Four Word Short-Term Memory Test . Clinical Neuropsychology , 16 ( 3 ) : 373 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niogi , S. N. , Mukherjee , P. , Ghajar , J. , Johnson , C. , Kolster , R. A. Sarkar , R. 2008 . Extent of microstructural white matter injury in postconcussive syndrome correlates with impaired cognitive reaction time: A 3T diffusion tensor imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 29 ( 5 ) : 967 – 973 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picton , T. W. , Stuss , D. T. , Alexander , M. P. , Shallice , T. , Binns , M. A. and Gillingham , S. 2007 . Effects of focal frontal lesions on response inhibition . Cerebral Cortex , 17 ( 4 ) : 826 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and DiGirolamo , G. 1998 . “ Executive attention: Conflict, target detection and cognitive control ” . In The attentive brain , Edited by: Parasuraman , R. 401 – 423 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1941 . Psychological examination of traumatic encephalopathy . Archives de Psychologie , 28 : 286 – 340 . [Translated by J. Corwin & F.W. Bylsma (1993). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 4–9.]
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , H. J. , Hartikainen , K. M. , Jagust , W. , Kramer , J. H. , Reed , B. R. Cummings , J. L. 2002 . Utility of clinical criteria in differentiating frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) from AD . Neurology , 58 ( 11 ) : 1608 – 1625 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutgers , D. R. , Toulgoat , F. , Cazejust , J. , Fillard , P. , Lasjaunias , P. and Ducreux , D. 2008 . White matter abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 29 : 514 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , L. M. and Warden , D. L. 2003 . Post concussion syndrome . International Review of Psychiatry , 15 ( 4 ) : 310 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnider , A. and Gutbrod , K. 1999 . “ Traumatic brain injury ” . In The human frontal lobes , Edited by: Miller , B. L. and Cummings , J. L. 487 – 506 . New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , E. E. and Jonides , J. 1999 . Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes . Science , 283 ( 5408 ) : 1657 – 1661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solbakk , A. K. 2001 . An ERP study of attention deficits in closed head injury: The contribution of frontal mechanisms , Oslo, , Norway : Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Oslo .
   Google Scholar
• Solbakk , A.-K. , Reinvang , I. and Nielsen , C. S. 2000 . ERP indices of resource allocation difficulties in mild head injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solbakk , A.-K. , Reinvang , I. , Nielsen , C. and Sundet , K. 1999 . ERP indicators of disturbed attention in mild closed head injury: A frontal lobe syndrome . Psychophysiology , 36 : 802 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulemeijer , M. , van der Werf , S. , Borm , G. F. and Vos , P. E. 2008 . Early prediction of favourable recovery 6 months after mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 79 ( 8 ) : 936 – 942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsanadis , J. , Montoya , E. , Hanks , R. A. , Millis , S. R. , Fichtenberg , N. L. and Axelrod , B. N. 2008 . Brain injury severity, litigation status, and self-report of postconcussive symptoms . Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 ( 6 ) : 1080 – 1092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , C. , McClure , R. and Pirozzo , S. 2004 . Injury and risk-taking behavior—a systematic review . Accident Analysis & Prevention , 36 ( 1 ) : 93 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , G. R. and Levine , B. 2008 . Augmented neural activity during executive control processing following diffuse axonal injury . Neurology , 71 ( 11 ) : 812 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderploeg , R. D. , Curtiss , G. , Luis , C. A. and Salazar , A. M. 2007 . Long-term morbidities following self-reported mild traumatic brain injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 29 ( 6 ) : 585 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuilleumier , P. and Schwartz , S. 2001 . Beware and be aware: Capture of spatial attention by fear-related stimuli in neglect . Neuroreport , 12 ( 6 ) : 1119 – 1122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde , E. A. , McCauley , S. R. , Hunter , J. V. , Bigler , E. D. , Chu , Z. Wang , Z. J. 2008 . Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents . Neurology , 70 ( 12 ) : 948 – 955 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar