Does the cause of the mild traumatic brain injury affect the expectation of persistent postconcussion symptoms and psychological trauma?

References

• Albrecht, J. S., Hirshon, J. M., McCunn, M., Bechtold, K. T., Rao, V., Simoni-Wastila, L., & Smith, G. S. (2015). Increased rates of mild traumatic brain injury among older adults in US emergency departments, 2009–2010. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th text rev ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bazarian, J. J., Wong, T., Harris, M., Leahey, N., Mookerjee, S., & Dombovy, M. (1999). Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Injury, 13(3), 173–189. doi:10.1080/026990599121692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, J. G., Grant, D. M., Read, J. P., Clapp, J. D., Coffey, S. F., & Miller, L. M. (2008). The impact of events scale-revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(2), 187–198. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Positive adjustment to adversity -Trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 378–401. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. A., Pat-Horenczyk, R., & Noll, J. (2011). Coping flexibility and trauma: The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(2), 117–129. doi:10.1037/a0020921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, E., Cancelliere, C., Hartvigsen, J., Carroll, L. J., Holm, L. W., & Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Systematic review of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury in the military: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3), S230–S237. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bushnik, T., Hanks, R. A., Kreutzer, J., & Rosenthal, M. (2003). Etiology of traumatic brain injury: Characterization of differential outcomes up to 1 year postinjury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(2), 255–262. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher, I., McHugh, G. S., Lu, J., Steyerberg, E. W., Hernández, A. V., Mushkudiani, N., … Murray, G. D. (2007). Prognostic value of cause of injury in traumatic brain injury: Results from the IMPACT study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 24(2), 281–286. doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancelliere, C., Hincapié, C. A., Keightley, M., Godbolt, A. K., Côté, P., Kristman, V. L., … Cassidy, J. D. (2014). Systematic review of prognosis and return to play after sport concussion: Results of the international collaboration on mild traumatic brain injury prognosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(3), S210–S229. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caplan, L. J., Ivins, B., Poole, J. H., Vanderploeg, R. D., Jaffee, M. S., & Schwab, K. (2010). The structure of postconcussive symptoms in 3 US military samples. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(6), 447–458. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181d5bdbd
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone, K. D., & Kalmar, K. (1995). Persistent postconcussion syndrome: The structure of subjective complaints after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 10(3), 1–17. doi:10.1097/00001199-199510030-00002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conybeare, D., Behar, E., Solomon, A., Newman, M. G., & Borkovec, T. D. (2012). The PTSD checklist-civilian version: Reliability, validity, and factor structure in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 699–713. doi:10.1002/jclp.21845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, D. B., Nelson, L., Armistead-Jehle, P., & Bowles, A. O. (2011). Utility of the mild brain injury atypical symptoms scale as a screening measure for symptom over-reporting in operation enduring freedom/operation iraqi freedom service members with post-concussive complaints. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26(8), 718–727. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., Selassie, A. W., & Orman, J. A. (2010). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 25(2), 72–80. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3181ccc8b4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, J. D., Wolfe, M., Mysiw, W., Jackson, R. D., & Bogner, J. A. (2003). Early identification of mild traumatic brain injury in female victims of domestic violence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(5, Supplement), S71–S76. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.404
   Google Scholar
• Creamer, M., Bell, R., & Failla, S. (2003). Psychometric properties of the impact of event scale—Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1489–1496. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dick, R. W. (2009). Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(Suppl 1), i46–50. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey, H. P. D., Knight, R. G., & Partidge, F. M. (1996). Emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury: A stress-appraisal-coping formulation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 11(1), 29–40. doi:10.1097/00001199-199612000-00006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanks, R. A., Wood, D. L., Millis, S., Harrison-Felix, C., Pierce, C. A., Rosenthal, M., … Kreutzer, J. (2003). Violent traumatic brain injury: Occurrence, patient characteristics, and risk factors from the traumatic brain injury model systems project. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(2), 249–254. doi:10.1053/apmr.2003.50096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. L., Silverberg, N. D., Lange, R. T., & Zasler, N. (2013). Conceptualizing outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. In N. D. Zasler, D. Katz, & R. Zafonte (Eds.), Brain injury medicine: Principles and practice (pp. 470–497). New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: A conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580–1589. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61683-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keppel, G., & Wickens, T. D. (2004). Design and analysis: A researcher’s handbook (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• King, N. S., & Kirwilliam, S. (2011). Permanent post-concussion symptoms after mild head injury. Brain Injury, 25(5), 462–470. doi:10.3109/02699052.2011.558042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, P. R., Donnelly, K. T., Donnelly, J. P., Dunnam, M., Warner, G., Kittleson, C. J., … Meier, S. T. (2012). A psychometric study of the neurobehavioral symptom inventory. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 49(6), 879–888. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2011.03.0051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laker, S. R. (2011). Epidemiology of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. PM & R, 3(10 Suppl 2), S354–358. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.07.017
   Google Scholar
• Majdan, M., Mauritz, W., Brazinova, A., Rusnak, M., Leitgeb, J., Janciak, I., & Wilbacher, I. (2011). Severity and outcome of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) with different causes of injury. Brain Injury, 25(9), 797–805. doi:10.3109/02699052.2011.581642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias, J. L., Harman-Smith, Y., Bowden, S. C., Rosenfeld, J. V., & Bigler, E. D. (2014). Contribution of psychological trauma to outcomes after traumatic brain injury: Assaults versus sporting injuries. Journal of Neurotrauma, 31(7), 658–669. doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea, M., Iverson, G. L., McAllister, T. W., Hammeke, T. A., Powell, M. R., Barr, W. B., & Kelly, J. P. (2009). An integrated review of recovery after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI): Implications for clinical management. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23(8), 1368–1390. doi:10.1080/13854040903074652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, S. A., Kirschi, N. L., Tan-Schriner, C. U., Sen, A., Frederiksen, S., Harris, R. E., … Maio, R. F. (2009). Health status, not head injury, predicts concussion symptoms after minor injury. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(2), 182–190. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2008.01.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meterko, M., Baker, E., Stolzmann, K. L., Hendricks, A. M., Cicerone, K. D., & Lew, H. L. (2012). Psychometric assessment of the neurobehavioral symptom inventory-22: The structure of persistent postconcussive symptoms following deployment-related mild traumatic brain injury among veterans. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 27(1), 55–62. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e318230fb17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg, W., DiGiulio, D. V., Perrin, S., & Bass, A. E. (1992). Symptoms following mild head injury: Expectation as aetiology. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 55(3), 200–204. doi:10.1136/jnnp.55.3.200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nies, K. J., & Sweet, J. J. (1994). Neuropsychological assessment and malingering: A critical review of past and present strategies. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(6), 501–552. doi:10.1093/arclin/9.6.501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., & Cameron, P. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 6(1), 568–579. doi:10.1017/S1355617700655066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz, A. R., Li, X., & Levin, H. (2014). Sport and nonsport etilologies of mild traumati brain injury: Similarities and differences. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 301–331. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røe, C., Sveen, U., Alvsåker, K., & Bautz-Holter, E. (2009). Post-concussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury: Influence of demographic factors and injury severity in a 1-year cohort study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(15), 1235–1243. doi:10.1080/09638280802532720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozenbeek, B., Maas, A. I. R., & Menon, D. K. (2013). Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology, 9(4), 231–236. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seiger, A., Goldwater, E., & Deibert, E. (2015). Does mechanism of injury play a role in recovery from concussion? The Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation, 30(3), E52–E56. doi:10.1097/HTR0000000000000051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverberg, N. D., Gardner, A. J., Brubacher, J. R., Paneka, W. J., Li, J. J., & Iverson, G. L. (2015). Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 32(8), 517–526. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soble, J. R., Silva, M. A., Vanderploeg, R. D., Curtiss, G., Belanger, H. G., Donnell, A. J., & Scott, S. G. (2014). Normative data for the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and post-concussion symptom profiles among TBI, PTSD, and nonclinical samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(4), 614–632. doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.894576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K. A., & Edmed, S. L. (in press). New vignettes for the experimental manipulation of cause in prospective mild traumatic brain injury research. Brain Injury.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, K. A., Edmed, S. L., & Cunningham, L. C. (2012). A comparison of new and existing mild traumatic brain injury vignettes: Recommendations for research into post-concussion syndrome. Brain Injury, 27(1), 19–30. doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.698360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomczak, M., & Tomczak, E. (2014). The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size. Trends in Sport Science, 1, 19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Vanderploeg, R. D., Belanger, H. G., & Curtiss, G. (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(7), 1084–1093. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, P. E., Borm, G. F., Van der Werf, S. P., & Stulemeijer, M. (2008). Early prediction of favourable recovery 6 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurology Neurosugergy and Psychiatry, 79(8), 936–942. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.131250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio,TX.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, D. F., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioners handbook (pp. 399–411). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, D. W., Espinoza, T. R., Merck, L. H., Ratcliff, J. J., Backster, A., & Stein, D. G. (2014). Gender differences in neurological emergencies part II: A consensus summary and research agenda on traumatic brain injury. Academic Emergency Medicine, 21, 1414–1420. doi:10.1111/acem.12532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar