The potential of Artemisia species for use as broad-spectrum agents in the management of metabolic syndrome: a review

References

• Abad, M.J., et al., 2012. The Artemisia L. genus: a review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 17 (3), 2542–2566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abid, Z.B., et al., 2007. Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Asteraceae) has equivalent effects to green and black tea decoctions on antioxidant processes and some metabolic parameters in rats. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 51 (3), 216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal, S., et al., 2015. An extract of Artemisia Dracunculus L. stimulates insulin secretion from β cells, activates AMPK and suppresses inflammation. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 170, 98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, K.S., et al., 2017. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous plants in Kel village, Neelum Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 13 (1), 68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmad, W., et al., 2014. Evaluation of antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Artemisia indica Linn (aeriel parts) in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 151 (1), 618–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akour, A., et al., 2016. The use of medicinal herbs in gynecological and pregnancy-related disorders by Jordanian women: a review of folkloric practice vs. evidence-based pharmacology. Pharmaceutical biology, 54 (9), 1901–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Jahid, A., et al., 2016. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and the hydro-alcoholic extract of Artemisia campestris L. leaves from southeastern Morocco. Journal of biologically active products from nature, 6 (5-6), 393–405.
   Google Scholar
• Albasher, G., et al., 2020. Protective effects of Artemisia Judaica extract compared to metformin against hepatorenal injury in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Environmental science and pollution research, 27 (32), 40525–40536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti, K., et al., International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2009. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation, 120 (16), 1640–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Goblan, A.S., Al-Alfi, M.A., and Khan, M.Z., 2014. Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 7, 587–591.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkofahi, A.S., et al., 2017. Report – Screening of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of some medicinal plants of Jordan. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 30 (3), 907–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Wahaibi, L.H.N., et al., 2020. Comparative study on the essential oils of Artemisia Judaica and A. herba-alba from Saudi Arabia. Arabian journal of chemistry, 13 (1), 2053–2065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, C.M., Wyne, K., and Svenson, J.E., 2018. The use of traditional and complementary medicine for diabetes in rural Guatemala. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 29 (4), 1188–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayyanar, M., Sankarasivaraman, K., and Ignacimuthu, S., 2008. Traditional herbal medicines used for the treatment of diabetes among two major tribal groups in south Tamil Nadu, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets, 12 (1), 276–280.
   Google Scholar
• Baek, H., et al., 2015. Anti-adipogenic effect of Artemisia annua in diet-induced-obesity mice model. Journal of veterinary science, 16 (4), 389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Jemaa, H., et al., 2015. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of Artemisia herba alba extract on experimental diabetes. International journal of pharmacology, 11 (6), 552–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwick, Z.C., Dick, G.M., and Tune, J.D., 2012. Heart of the matter: coronary dysfunction in metabolic syndrome. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology, 52 (4), 848–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biro, F.M. and Wien, M., 2010. Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91 (5), 1499S–1505S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora, K.S. and Sharma, A., 2011. The genus Artemisia: a comprehensive review. Pharmaceutical biology, 49 (1), 101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch-Johnsen, K., 2007. The metabolic syndrome in a global perspective. The public health impact–secondary publication. Danish medical bulletin, 54 (2), 157–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boudjelal, A., et al., 2015. Antidiabetic effects of aqueous infusions of Artemisia herba-alba and Ajuga iva in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Planta medica, 81 (9), 696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzidi, N., Mederbal, K., and Raho, B., 2016. Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Artemisia herba alba. Journal of applied environmental and biological sciences, 6 (5), 59–65.
   Google Scholar
• Carresi, C., et al., 2020. The effect of natural antioxidants in the development of metabolic syndrome: focus on bergamot polyphenolic fraction. Nutrients, 12 (5), 1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, J.Y., et al., 2015. Antihypertensive effects of Artemisia scoparia Waldst in spontaneously hypertensive rats and identification of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 20 (11), 19789–19804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S.Y., et al., 2012. An ethanol extract of Artemisia iwayomogi activates PPARδ leading to activation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. Plos one, 7 (3), e33815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock, J.L., 1854. An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states. New York, NY: Pratt, Woodford, Farmer, and Brace.
   Google Scholar
• Dabe, N.E. and Kefale, A.T., 2017. Antidiabetic effects of Artemisia species: a systematic review. Ancient science of life, 36 (4), 175–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danforth, E., 2000. Failure of adipocyte differentiation causes type II diabetes mellitus? Nature genetics, 26 (1), 13–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer, H.J. and Cotingting, C., 2014. Medicinal plants for women’s healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 151 (2), 747–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Lorenzo, C., et al., 2018. Identification and quantification of thujone in a case of poisoning due to repeated ingestion of an infusion of Artemisia Vulgaris L. Journal of food science, 83 (8), 2257–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dib, I., et al., 2017. Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of aqueous extract of Artemisia campestris L. from Eastern Morocco. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 206, 224–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dob, T. and Chelghoum, C., 2006. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. from Algeria. Flavour and fragrance journal, 21 (2), 343–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, A., 2006. The design, preparation and evaluation of Artemisia afra and placebos in tea bag dosage form suitable for use in clinical trials. Thesis (PhD). University of the Western Cape.
   Google Scholar
• El-Tantawy, W.H., 2015. Biochemical effects, hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia vulgaris extract in hypercholesterolemic rats. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition, 57 (1), 33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farzaneh, M., et al., 2006. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of three species of Artemisia on some soil-borne phytopathogens. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences, 71 (3 Pt B), 1327–1333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forouzanfar, M.H., et al., 2016. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388 (10053), 1659–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, B., et al., 2018. Scoparone attenuates angiotensin II-induced extracellular matrix remodeling in cardiac fibroblasts. Journal of pharmacological sciences, 137 (2), 110–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaben, A.L. and Scherer, P.E., 2019. Adipogenesis and metabolic health. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 20 (4), 242–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Chavez, A., et al., 2018. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a health challenge. Archives of medical research, 49 (8), 516–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorzalczany, S., Moscatelli, V., and Ferraro, G., 2013. Artemisia copa aqueous extract as vasorelaxant and hypotensive agent. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 148 (1), 56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy, S.M., 2020. Metabolic syndrome. In: E. Bonora and R. Defronzo, eds. Diabetes complications, comorbidities and related disorders. Endocrinology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer..
   Google Scholar
• Grundy, S.M., et al., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2005. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation, 112 (17), 2735–2752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., et al., 2018. Antidiabetic and antiobesity effects of artemether in db/db mice. Biomedical research international, 2018, 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider, F., et al., 2010. Oil constituents of Artemisia nilagirica var. septentrionalis growing at different altitudes. Natural product communications, 5 (12), 1959–1960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao-Yang, Z., et al., 2013. Chemical constituents from aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus var. turkestanica. Chinese traditional and herbal drug, 44, 1096–1100.
   Google Scholar
• Helal, E.G.E., et al., 2014. Anti-diabetic effect of Artemisia Annua (Kaysom) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The Egyptian journal of hospital medicine, 57, 422–430.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, C.W. and Selvin, E., 2019. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 19 (10), 86–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, J.H., et al., 2009. Artemisia capillaris inhibits lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obesity in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet. Journal of medicinal food, 12 (4), 736–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., Kim, M.Y., and Yoon, M., 2011. The anti-angiogenic herbal extracts Ob-X from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharmaceutical biology, 49 (8), 775–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, W., et al., 2018. Quantitative study of medicinal plants used by the communities residing in Koh-e-Safaid Range, northern Pakistani-Afghan borders. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 14 (1), 30–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang, D.I., et al., 2016. Anti-adipocyte differentiation activity and chemical composition of essential oil from Artemisia annua. Natural product communications, 11 (4), 539–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDF, 2019. International Diabetes Federation Atlas. 9th ed. Brussels, Belgium: IDF. Available from: https://www.diabetesatlas.org/en/ [Accessed 19 November 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Jang, B.C., 2016. Artesunate inhibits adipogeneis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by reducing the expression and/or phosphorylation levels of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, perilipin A, and STAT-3. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 474 (1), 220–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, W.S., Kim, Y.-S., and Seol, I.C., 2012. Antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects of Artemisia capillaris on a rat model of hyperlipidemia. The journal of Korean medicine, 33 (2), 11–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ji, S., et al., 2010. Chemical constituents from the Folium Artemisiae Argyi (II). Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 7.
   Google Scholar
• Judzentiene, A., et al., 2010. Caryophyllene oxide-rich essential oils of Lithuanian Artemisia campestris ssp. campestris and their toxicity. Natural product communications, 5 (12), 1981–1984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, H.A., et al., 2012. Inhibitory activity of coumarins from Artemisia capillaris against advanced glycation endproduct formation. Archives of pharmacal research, 35 (6), 1021–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, U.J., et al., 2009. Antilipogenic and hypolipidemic effects of ethanol extracts from two variants of Artemisia princeps Pampanini in obese diabetic mice. Journal of medicinal food, 12 (6), 1238–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, Y.J., et al., 2008. Eupatilin, isolated from Artemisia princeps pampanini, enhances hepatic glucose metabolism and pancreatic beta-cell function in type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 82 (1), 25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, P., et al., 2004. Perilipin expression in human adipose tissue is elevated with obesity. The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 89 (3), 1352–1358.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khares, C., 2007. Artemisia maritima Linn. In: C. Khares, ed. Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. New York, NY: Springer, 64.
   Google Scholar
• Khezrilu, B.J. and Heidari, R., 2014. The evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds in leaves and inflorescence of Artemisia dracunculus L. by HPLC. Journal of medicinal plants, 13, 41–50.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Touros, A., and Kim, W.R., 2018. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Clinical liver disease, 22 (1), 133–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K.E., et al., 2016. Artemisia annua leaf extract attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed mice. Journal of medicinal food, 19 (3), 290–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koul, B., et al., 2018. The Artemisia genus: a review on traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological properties and germplasm conservation. Journal of glycomics and lipidomics, 7, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenmeier, D.W., 2010. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) – a curious plant with both neurotoxic and neuroprotective properties? Journal of ethnopharmacology, 131 (1), 224–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., et al., 2008. Regulation of obesity and lipid disorders by herbal extracts from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 115 (2), 263–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., et al., 2012. Artemisinic acid is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation and C/EBP δ expression. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 113 (7), 2488–2499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., et al., 2020. Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide mediates lipid metabolism and metabolic endotoxaemia in associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in diet-induced obese mice. International journal of biological macromolecules, 147, 1008–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., et al., 2008. Separation and identification of volatile constituents in Artemisia argyi flowers by GC-MS with SPME and steam distillation. Journal of chromatographic science, 46 (5), 401–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, M., et al., 2017. Advanced oxidation protein products promote NADPH oxidase-dependent β-cell destruction and dysfunction through the Bcl-2/Bax apoptotic pathway. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology, 97 (7), 792–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, D.W., et al., 2013. Anti-obesity effect of Artemisia capillaris extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 18 (8), 9241–9252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B., et al., 2019. Scoparone alleviates inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. International immunopharmacology, 75, 105797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., et al., 2016. Artemisia capillaris formula inhibits hepatic steatosis via an miR-122-induced decrease in fatty acid synthase expression in vivo and in vitro. Molecular medicine reports, 13 (6), 4751–4758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Zhuang, G.B., and Zhou, X.Z., 2018. HMBG1 as a driver of inflammatory and immune processes in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Journal of ophthalmology, 2018, 5195290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba, R., et al., the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network, 2012. Association between diabetes, family history of diabetes, and risk of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Hepatology, 56 (3), 943–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Lutz, D., et al., 2008. Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry, 69 (8), 1732–1738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, P., et al., 2016. Artemisinin derivatives prevent obesity by inducing browning of WAT and enhancing BAT function. Cell research, 26 (10), 1169–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., et al., 2018. Synergistic inhibitory effects of Acacetin and 11 other flavonoids isolated from Artemisia sacrorum on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 66 (49), 12931–12940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamikutty, N., et al., 2014. The establishment of metabolic syndrome model by induction of fructose drinking water in male Wistar rats. BioMed research international, 2014, 263897–263898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccracken, E., Monaghan, M., and Sreenivasan, S., 2018. Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome. Clinics in dermatology, 36 (1), 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez-Del Villar, M., et al., 2016. Effect of Artemisia dracunculus administration on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of medicinal food, 19 (5), 481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meza, C.A., et al., 2019. Endothelial dysfunction: is there a hyperglycemia-induced imbalance of NOX and NOS? International journal of molecular sciences, 20 (15), 3775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micháliková, D., et al., 2019. Natural substance rutin versus standard drug atorvastatin in a treatment of metabolic syndrome-like condition. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 27 (8), 1196–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseti, D., Regassa, A., and Kim, W.K., 2016. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis and potential anti-adipogenic bioactive molecules. International journal of molecular Sciences, 17 (1), 124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msaada, K., et al., 2015. Chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) essential oils and phenolics. Journal of chemistry, 2015, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munyangi, J., et al., 2020. Five case reports on treatment of diabetes by Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra herbal tea. Pharmacy & pharmacology international Journal, 8 (2), 79–85.
   Google Scholar
• National Toxicology Program. 2011. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of alpha,beta-thujone (CAS No. 76231-76-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). National toxicology program technical report series, 567, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Nibret, E. and Wink, M., 2010. Volatile components of four Ethiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 17 (5), 369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigam, M., et al., 2019. Bioactive compounds and health benefits of Artemisia species. Natural product communications, 14 (7), 1934578X19850354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numonov, S., et al., 2019. Assessment of artemisinin contents in selected Artemisia species from Tajikistan (central Asia). Medicines, 6 (1), 23.
   Google Scholar
• Obolskiy, D., et al., 2011. Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 59 (21), 11367–11384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbonna, C., et al., 2017. Combined anti-diabetic effects of extracts of Artemisia annua var. chiknensis (CBGE/CHNA/09/LTNGS/G) and each of three other plants (Momordica charantia Linn. Vernonia amygdalina Del. and Aegle marmelos Correa) traditionally used in Nigeria for the treatment of diabetes. Journal of scientific research and Reports, 16 (2), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Oh, J.H., et al., 2019. Artemisia princeps inhibits adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes via downregulation of PPARγ and MAPK pathways. Preventive nutrition and food science, 24 (3), 299–307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oikari, S., et al., 2008. Downregulation of PPARs and SREBP by acyl-CoA-binding protein overexpression in transgenic rats. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 456 (2), 369–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R., and Katz, P, Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, 2018. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Canadian journal of diabetes, 42 Suppl 1, S10–S15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reggami, Y., et al., 2019. Artemisia herba-alba aqueous extract improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in rodent model of fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Archives of physiology and biochemistry..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, D., et al., 2014. Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides from Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch seeds. International journal of biological macromolecules, 69, 296–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaeinodehi, A. and Khangholi, S., 2008. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium growing wild in Iran. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 11 (6), 946–949.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richard, A.J., et al., 2014a. Artemisia extracts activate PPARγ, promote adipogenesis, and enhance insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue of obese mice. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 30 (7–8 Suppl), S31–S36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, A.J., et al., 2014b. Artemisia scoparia enhances adipocyte development and endocrine function in vitro and enhances insulin action in vivo. PLoS one, 9 (6), e98897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle, J.M., 2010. Artemisia, the “mother herb”. In: J.M. Riddle, ed. Goddesses, elixirs, and witches. Switzerland: Springer, 79–112.
   Google Scholar
• Rochlani, Y., et al., 2017. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Therapeutic advances in cardiovascular disease, 11 (8), 215–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rui, L., 2014. Energy metabolism in the liver. Comprehensive Physiology, 4 (1), 177–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, R., et al., 2013. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities of Artemisia princeps pampanini and its bioactive components. Preventive nutrition and food science, 18 (3), 181–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saklayen, M.G., 2018. The global epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 20 (2), 12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson, S.L. and Garber, A.J., 2014. Metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 43 (1), 1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddik, K., et al., 2010. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of extracts from Artemisia herba alba Asso. leaves and some phenolic compounds. Journal of medicinal plants research, 4 (13), 1273–1280.
   Google Scholar
• Sefi, M., et al., 2010. Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of Artemisia campestris leaf extract on hyperlipidemia, advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 48 (7), 1986–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sefi, M., et al., 2012. Artemisia campestris leaf extract alleviates early diabetic nephropathy in rats by inhibiting protein oxidation and nitric oxide end products. Pathology, research and practice, 208 (3), 157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sefidkin, F., et al., 2003. Chemical composion of the essential oil of five Artemisia species from Iran. Journal of essential oil bearing plants, 6 (1), 41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Sekiou, O., et al., 2019. Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract on hyperlipidemia and oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Archives of physiology and biochemistry, 125 (2), 163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, S.W., et al., 2019. Antidiabetic potential of flavonoids from Artemisia macrocephalla Jaquem in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: pharmacological and biochemical approach. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences. Supplementary, 32 (6(Supplementary)), 2865–2871.
   Google Scholar
• Shahriyary, L. and Yazdanparast, R., 2007. Inhibition of blood platelet adhesion, aggregation and secretion by Artemisia dracunculus leaves extracts. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 114 (2), 194–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharopov, F.S. and Setzer, W.N., 2011. The essential oil of Artemisia scoparia from Tajikistan is dominated by phenyldiacetylenes. Natural product communications, 6 (1), 1934578X1100600128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H.P., et al., 2008. Phytotoxicity of major constituents of the volatile oil from leaves of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. Zeitschrift fur naturforschung. C, journal of biosciences, 63 (9-10), 663–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, H.P., et al., 2010. In vitro screening of essential oil from young and mature leaves of Artemisia scoparia compared to its major constituents for free radical scavenging activity. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 48 (4), 1040–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Y., et al., 2017. Annual wormwood leaf inhibits the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 and obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutrients, 9 (6), 554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelman, B.M. and Flier, J.S., 2001. Obesity and the regulation of energy balance. Cell, 104 (4), 531–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz, C., et al., 2018. The role of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue measurements and their ratio by magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes and healthy controls from a general population without cardiovascular disease. The British Journal of Radiology, 91 (1089), 20170808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugeçti, S., 2018. Role of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems on diabetes mellitus. Journal of health science, 1 (1), 47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, X., et al., 2016. Artemisia extract improves insulin sensitivity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus by up-regulating adiponectin. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 56 (12), 1550–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunmonu, T.O. and Afolayan, A.J., 2010. Protective effect of Artemisia afra Jacq. on isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 48 (7), 1969–1972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunmonu, T.O. and Afolayan, A.J., 2013. Evaluation of antidiabetic activity and associated toxicity of Artemisia afra aqueous extract in Wistar rats. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2013, 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahraoui, A., et al., 2007. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). Journal of ethnopharmacology, 110 (1), 105–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, V. and Verma, J., 2014. Different models used to induce diabetes: a comprehensive review. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 6, 29–32.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuda, T., 2012. Dietary anthocyanin-rich plants: biochemical basis and recent progress in health benefits studies. Molecular nutrition & food research, 56 (1), 159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, Y., et al., 1981. Studies on the constituents of Artemisia annua L.(author’s transl). Yao xue xue bao, 16 (5), 366–370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tune, J.D., et al., 2017. Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 183, 57–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainwright, P. and Byrne, C.D., 2016. Bidirectional relationships and disconnects between NAFLD and features of the metabolic syndrome. International journal of molecular sciences, 17 (3), 367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z.Q., et al., 2013. Artemisia scoparia extract attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced obesity mice by enhancing hepatic insulin and AMPK signaling independently of FGF21 pathway. Metabolism, 62 (9), 1239–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, J. and Kotani, K., 2020. Metabolic syndrome for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality among general Japanese people: a mini review. Vascular health and risk management, 16, 149–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watcho, P., et al., 2011. Evaluation of PMI-5011, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L., on peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. International journal of molecular medicine, 27 (3), 299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, P.J., et al., 2014. Dried-leaf Artemisia annua: a practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries? World journal of pharmacology, 3 (4), 39–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinoehrl, S., et al., 2012. Comparative evaluation of two different Artemisia Dracunculus L. cultivars for blood sugar lowering effects in rats. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 26 (4), 625–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, 2020. Facts about overweight and obesity.World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight [Accessed 18 November 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Wright, C.W., 2001. Artemisia. London: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, J.Q., et al., 2019. Bioactivity-based analysis and chemical characterization of hypoglycemic and antioxidant components from Artemisia argyi. Bioorganic chemistry, 92, 103268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, T., et al., 2004. Chemical study on Artemisia scoparia. Journal of China pharmaceutical university, 35 (5), 401–403.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., et al., 2019. Antihyperlipidemic effect, identification and isolation of the lipophilic components from Artemisia integrifolia. Molecules, 24 (4), 725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahagi, T., et al., 2014. Inhibitory effect of chemical constituents from Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. on triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Journal of natural medicines, 68 (2), 414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, N., et al., 2011. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet. Food & function, 2 (1), 45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdanparast, R. and Shahriyary, L., 2008. Comparative effects of Artemisia dracunculus, Satureja hortensis and Origanum majorana on inhibition of blood platelet adhesion, aggregation and secretion. Vascular pharmacology, 48 (1), 32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi-Fang, D., et al., 2018. Hypolipidemic effect of SIPI-7623, a derivative of an extract from oriental wormwood, through farnesoid X receptor antagonism. Chinese journal of natural medicines, 16 (8), 572–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yki-Järvinen, H., 2014. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome. The lancet diabetes & endocrinology, 2 (11), 901–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, M. and Kim, M.Y., 2011. The anti-angiogenic herbal composition Ob-X from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris regulates obesity in genetically obese ob/ob mice. Pharmaceutical biology, 49 (6), 614–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, H., et al., 2016. Flavonoids from Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. and their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 12 (3), 1873–1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, H.D. and Piao, G.C., 2011. An active part of Artemisia sacrorum Ledeb. inhibits adipogenesis via the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. International journal of molecular medicine, 27 (4), 531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeb, S., et al., 2019. Pharmacology, taxonomy and phytochemistry of the genus Artemisia specifically from Pakistan: a comprehensive review. Pharmaceutical and biomedical Research, 4 (4), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., et al., 2019. Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide prevents hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed mice associated with changes in the gut microbiota. Food & function, 10 (12), 8137–8148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar