The Need For Continuous and Comprehensive Sampling of Effort/Response Bias During Neuropsychological Examinations

References

• American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2007 . American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 21 : 209 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , G , Boone , KB , Lu , P , Dean , A , Wen , J Nitch , S . 2005 . Sensitivity and specificity of Finger Tapping Test scores for the detection of suspect effort . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 : 105 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babikian , T , Boone , KB , Lu , P and Arnold , G . 2006 . Sensitivity and specificity of various Digit Span scores in the detection of suspect effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 : 145 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger , HG , Curtiss , G , Demery , JA , Lebowitz , BK and Vanderploeg , RD . 2005 . Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 215 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanger , HG and Venderploeg , RD . 2005 . The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: A meta-analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 : 345 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , LM , Kelly , MP , Villanueva , MR and Winslow , MM . 2003 . Motivation and neuropsychological test performance following mild head injury . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 25 : 420 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , KB . 2007 . Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boone , KB , Lu , P and Herzberg , D . 2002a . The Dot Counting Test , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Boone , KB , Lu , P and Herzberg , D . 2002b . The b Test , Los Angeles : Western Psychological Services .
   Google Scholar
• Boone , KB , Lu , P and Wen , J . 2005 . Comparison of various RAVLT scores in the detection of non-credible memory performance . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 310 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone , KB , Salazar , X , Lu , P , Warner-Chacon , K and Razani , J . 2002 . The Rey 15-item Recognition Trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-item Memorization Test . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 561 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush , SS , Ruff , RM , Troster , AI , Barth , JT , Koffler , SP Pliskin , NH . 2005 . Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity” (NAN Policy and Planning Committees) . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 419 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , LJ , Cassidy , JD , Holm , L , Kraus , J and Coronado , VG . 2004 . Methodological issues and research recommendations for mild traumatic brain injury: The WHO Collaborating Centre Task Force on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 37 : 61 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , AC , Victor , TL , Boone , KB and Arnold , G . 2008 . The relationship of IQ to effort test performance . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 22 : 705 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , AD , Victor , TL , Boone , KB , Philpott , LM and Hess , RA . Dementia and effort test performance . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherton , JL , Bianchini , KJ , Greve , KW and Ciota , MA . 2005 . Test of Memory Malingering performance is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: Implications for clinical use . Archive of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 : 375 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frencham , KA , Fox , AM and Maybery , MT . 2005 . Neuropsychological studies of mild traumatic brain injury: A meta-analytic review of the research since 1995 . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 334 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavett , BE , O’Bryant , SE , Fisher , JM and McCaffrey , RJ . 2005 . Hit rates of adequate performance on the test of memory malingering (TOMM) Trial 1 . Applied Neuropsychology , 12 : 1 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , HB , Back-Madruga , C and Boone , KB . 2007 . “ The impact of psychiatric disorders on cognitive symptom validity test scores ” . In Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective , Edited by: Boone , KB . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greiffenstein , MF , Fox , D and Lees-Haley , PR . 2007 . “ The MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale in detection of non-credible brain injury claims ” . In Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective , Edited by: Boone , KB . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Iverson , GL and Franzen , MD . 1998 . Detecting malingered memory deficits with the Recognition Memory Test . Brain Injury , 12 : 275 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , GL , LePage , J , Koehler , BE , Shojania , K and Badii , M . 2007 . Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) scores are not affected by chronic pain or depression in patients with fibromyalgia . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 21 : 532 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , JH , Sweet , JJ , Sherer , M , Curtiss , G and Vanderploeg , R . 2002 . Validity indicators within the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Application of new and previously researched multivariate procedures in multiple traumatic brain injury samples . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 : 506 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee , GL . 1998 . Somatic malingering on the MMPI and MMPI-2 in personal injury Litigants . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 12 : 179 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee , GL . 2003a . Exaggerated pain report in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 : 395 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee , GL . 2003b . Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns of standard neuropsychological tests . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 : 410 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee , GL . Identification of subtypes of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction . Presented at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society . Baltimore, Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Larrabee , GL . 2007 . Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lu , PH , Boone , KB , Cozolino , L and Mitchell , C . 2003 . Effectiveness of the Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test and the Meyers and Meyers recognition trial in the detection of suspect effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 : 426 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , JE and Volbrecht , ME . 2003 . A validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 18 : 261 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis , SR and Volinsky , CT . 2001 . Assessment of response bias in mild head injury: Beyond malingering tests . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 : 809 – 828 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittenberg , W , Patton , C , Canyock , E and Condit , DC . 2002 . Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 24 : 1094 – 1102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , NW , Boone , K , Dueck , A , Wagener , L , Lu , P and Grills , C . 2003 . Relationships between eight measures of suspect effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 17 : 263 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitch , S , Boone , KB , Wen , J , Arnold , G and Alfano , K . 2006 . The utility of the Rey Word Recognition Test in the detection of suspect effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 20 : 873 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Bryant , SE , Engel , LR , Kleiner , JS , Vasterling , JJ and Black , FW . 2008a . Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1 as a screening measure for insufficient effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 21 : 511 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Bryant , SE , Gavett , BE , McCaffrey , JJ , O’Jile , RR , Huerkamp , JK Smitherman , TA . 2008b . Clinical utility of Trial 1 of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) . Applied Neuropsychology , 15 : 113 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Root , JC , Robbins , RN , Chang , L and van Gorp , WG . 2006 . Detection of inadequate effort on the California Verbal Learning Test (2nd ed.): Forced choice recognition and critical item analysis . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 : 688 – 696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , B , Sands , SA and Van Gorp , WG . 2000 . Have we forgotten the base rate problem?: Methodological issues in the detection of distortion . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 15 : 349 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar , X , Lu , PH , Wen , J and Boone , KB . 2007 . “ The use of effort tests in ethnic minorities and in non-English-speaking and English as a second language populations ” . In Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective , Edited by: Boone , KB . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schretlen , DJ and Shapiro , AM . 2003 . A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning . International Review of Psychiatry , 15 : 341 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharland , MJ and Gfeller , JD . 2007 . A survey of neuropsychologists’ beliefs and practices with respect to the assessment of effort . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 : 213 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , DS , Boone , KB , Lu , P and Razani , J . 2002 . Re-examination of a Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test/Rey Complex Figure discriminant function to detect suboptimal effort . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 : 242 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick , DJ , Hopp , G , Strauss , E and Spellacy , FJ . 1996 . Victoria Symtom Validity Test: Efficiency for detecting feigned memory impairment and relationship to neuropsychological tests and MMPI-2 validity scales . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 18 : 911 – 922 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick , DJ , Sherman , EM and Iverson , GL . 1999 . Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 13 : 545 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slick , DJ , Tan , JE , Strauss , EH and Hultsch , DF . 2004 . Detecting malingering: A survey of experts’ practices . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 19 : 465 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , JE , Slick , DJ , Strauss , E and Hultsch , DF . 2002 . How’d they do it? Malingering strategies on symptom validity tests . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 16 : 495 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor , TL , Boone , KB , Serpa , JG and Buehler , J . Interpreting the meaning of multiple effort test failure . The Clinical Neuropsychologist , in press
   Google Scholar
• Victor , T and Boone , K . 2007 . The false positive rate for common effort tests in individuals diagnosed with learning disabilities . Poster presented at the annual International Neuropsychological Society meeting ,
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler , EA , Boone , KB , Victor , TL and Zeller , M . 2008a . “ The specificity of the Dot Counting Test in patients with poor math abilities ” . In Poster presented at the annual American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology meeting Boston
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler , EA , Boone , KB , Victor , TL and Zeller , M . 2008b . “ The specificity of Digit Span effort indicators in patients with poor math abilities ” . In Poster presented at the annual American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology meeting Boston
   Google Scholar