Echinacea. Extracts Contain Significant and Selective Activities Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria

References

• Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea.: A critical review. Phytomedicine 2003; 2: 66–86
   Google Scholar
• Bauer R. Echinacea.: Biological effects and active principals. Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and biological activity, L D Lawson, R Bauer. ACS Symposium Series, 691, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1998; 140–157
   Google Scholar
• Bergner P. The Healing Power of Echinacea & Goldenseal. Prima Lifestyle Publishing, Roseville, California 1997
   Google Scholar
• Binns S E, Livesey J F, Arnason J T, Baum B R. Phytochemical variation in Echinacea. from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50: 3673–3687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal M, Golberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, MA 2000; 88–102
   Google Scholar
• Brovelli E A, Rua D, Roh-Schmidt H, Chandra A, Lamont E, Noratto G D. Human gene expression as a tool to determine horticultural maturity in a bioactive plant. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53: 8156–8161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burger R A, Torres A R, Warren R P, Caldwell V D, Hughes B D. Echinacea.-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; 19: 371–379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertsch J, Schoop R, Kuenzle U, Suter A. Echinacea. alkylamides modulate TNF-α gene expression via cannabinoid receptor CB2 and multiple signal transduction pathways. FEBS Letters 2004; 577: 563–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel V, Chang C, Slama J V, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R. Echinacea. stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. J Nutr Biochem 2002; 13: 487–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill L L, Foote J C, Erickson B D, Cerniglia C E, Denny G S. Echinacea purpurea. supplementation stimulates select groups of human gastrointestinal tract microbiota. J Clin Pharm Ther 2006; 31: 599–604
   Google Scholar
• Hudson J B, Towers G HN. Phytomedicines as antivirals. Drugs of the Future 1999; 24: 295–320
   Google Scholar
• Hudson J, Vimalanathan S, Kang L, Treyvaud Amiguet V, Livesey J, Arnason J T. Characterization of antiviral activities in Echinacea. root preparations. Pharm Biol 2005; 43: 790–796
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthias A, Banbury L, Stevenson L M, Bone K M, Leach D N, Lehmann R P. Alkylamides from Echinacea. modulate induced immune responses in macrophages. Immunol Inv 2007; 36: 117–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merali S, Binns S, Paulin-Levasseur M, Ficker C, Smith M, Baum B R, Arnason J T. Antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity of the genus Echinacea.. Pharm Biol 2003; 41: 412–420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen J Z, Xie X Q, Hamon J, Faller B, Altmann K H, Gertsch J. Alkylamides from Echinacea. are a new class of cannabinomimetics. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 14192–14206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph R K, Gellenbeck K, Stonebrook K, Brovelli E, Qian Y, Bankaitis-Davis D, Cheronis J. Regulation of human gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea. product: Preliminary studies. Exp Biol Med 2003; 228: 1051–1056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rininger J A, Kickner S, Chigurupati P, McLean A, Franck Z. Immunopharmacological activity of Echinacea. preparations following simulated digestion on murine macrophages and human peripheral blood cells. J Leuk Biol 2000; 68: 503–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Arnason J T, Burt A, Hudson J B. Echinacea. extracts modulate the pattern of chemokine and cytokine secretion in rhinovirus-infected and uninfected epithelial cells. Phytotherapy Res 2006a; 20: 147–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Arnason J T, Hudson J B. Echinacea. extracts modulate the production of multiple transcription factors in uninfected cells and rhinovirus-infected cells. Phytotherapy Res 2006b; 20: 1074–1079
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoop R, Klein P, Suter A, Johnston S L. Echinacea. in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: A meta-analysis. Clin. Therapeutics 2006; 28: 174–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloley B D, Urichuk L J, Tywin C, Coutts R T, Pang P KT, Shan J J. Comparison of chemical components and antioxidant capacity of different Echinacea. species. Pharmacy Pharmacol 2001; 53: 849–857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towers G HN, Page J E, Hudson J B. Light-mediated biological activities of natural products from plants and fungi. Curr Org Chem 1997; 1: 395–414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner R B, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey T C, Gangemi J D. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia. in experimental rhinovirus infections. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 341–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimalanathan S, Kang L, Treyvaud Amiguet V, Livesey J, Arnason J T, Hudson J. Echinacea purpurea. aerial parts contain multiple antiviral compounds. Pharm. Biol. 2005; 43: 740–745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullt M, Odenholt I, Walder M. Activity of three disinfectants and acidified nitrite against Clostridium difficile. spores. Infection Control Hosp Epidem 2003; 24: 765–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar