Caffeoyl phenols and alkamides of cultivated Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea atrorubens var. paradoxa

References

• Bauer R, Foster S (1991): Analysis of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives from Echinacea simulate and E. paradoxa roots. Planta Med 57: 447–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binns SE, Livesey JF, Arnason JT, Baum BR (2002): Phytochemical variation in Echinacea from roots and flowerheads of wild and cultivated populations. J Agric Food Chem 50: 3673–3687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CL, Zhang SC, Sung JM (2008): The biomass and caffeoyl phenols productions of Echinacea purpurea grown in Taiwan. Exp Agric 44:497–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford LJ, Nair MG, Rana J, Dewitt DL (2002): Bioactivity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Phytomedicine 9: 249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel V, Lovin R, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Gahler R, Bauer R, Goonewardene L, Basu TK (2005): A proprietary extract from the Echinacea plant (Echinacea purpurea) enhances systemic immune response during a common cold. Phytotherapy Res 19: 689–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinz B, Woelkart K, Bauer R. (2007): Alkamides from Echinacea inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 activity in human neuroglioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 360: 441–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu C, Kitts DD (2000): Studies on the antioxidant of Echinacea root extract. J Agric Food Chem 48: 1466–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H.-O, Durance TD, Scaman CH, Kitts DD (2000): Retention of alkamides in dried Echinacea purpurea. J Agric Food Chem 48: 4187–4192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreft S (2005): Cichoric acid content and biomass production of Echinacea purpurea plants cultivated in Slovenia. Pharm Biol 43: 662–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TSC (1998): Echinacea: Cultivation and medicinal value. Hort Technol 8: 122–129.
   Google Scholar
• Mahady GB, Qato DM, Gyllenhaal C, Chadwick GB, Fong HHS (2001): Echinacea: Recommendations for its use in prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory tract infections. Nutr Clinic Care 4: 199–208.
   Google Scholar
• Millauskas G., Venskutonis PR, Van Beek TA (2004): Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chem 85: 231–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistríková I, Vaverková š, (2007): Morphology and anatomy of Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. pallida and Parthenium integrifoliurm. Biologial Bratislava 62: 2–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry NB, Klink JWV, Burgess EJ, Parmenter GA (1997): Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea: a rapid analytical method revealing differences among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves and flowers. Planta Med 63: 58–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillai S, Pillat C, Mitscher L, Cooper R (2007): Use of quantitative flow cytometry to measure ex vivo immunostimulant activity of Echinacea: The case for polysaccharides. J Altern Comple Med 13: 625–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu L, Chen Y, Wang X, Sealzo R (2005): Patterns of variation in alkamides and cichoric acid in roots and above ground parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. HortScience 40: 1239–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raduner S, Majewska A, Chen J-Z, Xie X-Q, Hamon J, Faller B, Altmann K, Gertsch J (2006): Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of cannabinomimetics cannabinoid type 2 receptor-defendant and –independent immunomodulatory effects. J. Biol Chem 281: 14192–14206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph RK, Gellenbeck K Stonebrook K, Brovelli E, Qian Y, Bankaitis-Davis D, Cheronis J (2003): Regulation of human immune gene expression as influenced by a commercial blended Echinacea product: Preliminary studies. Exp Biol Med 228: 1051–1056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidler-Lozykowska K, Dabrowska J (2003): Yield and polyphenolic acids content in purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea Moench.) at different growth stages. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 10: 7–12.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart DL, Wills RBH (2000): Alkylamide and cichoric acid levels in Echinacea purpurea tissues during plant growth. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 7: 91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Taga MS, Miller EE, Pratt DE (1984): Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61: 928–931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen L, Thulinn J, Mortensen A, Skibsted LH, Molgaard P (2007): Antioxidant activity of cichoric acid and alkamides from Echinacea purpurea, alone and in combination. Food Chem 101: 74–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal TM, Galatowitsch SM, Strefeler MS (1998): Ecological consequences of hybridization between a wild species (Echinacea purpurea) and related cultivar (E. purpurea “White Swan”). Scientia Hortic 76: 73–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vimalanthan S, Kang L, Amiguet VT, Liversey J, Arnason T, Hudson J (2005): Echinacea purpurea aerial parts contain multiple antiviral compounds. Pharm Biol 43: 740–745.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills RBH, Stuart DL (1999): Alkylamide and cichoric acid levels in Echinacea purpurea grown in Australia. Food Chem 67: 385–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar