12,016
Views
201
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Coptidis Rhizoma: a comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 193-225 | Received 25 Sep 2018, Accepted 20 Jan 2019, Published online: 09 Apr 2019

References

  • Ashraf MJ, Baweja P. 2013. Obesity: the ‘huge' problem in cardiovascular diseases. Missouri Medicine. 110:499–504.
  • Bae J, Lee D, Yun KK, Gil M, Lee JY, Lee KJ. 2013. Berberine protects 6-hydroxydopamine-induced human dopaminergic neuronal cell death through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Mol Cells. 35:151–157.
  • Bao M, Cao Z, Yu D, Fu S, Zhang G, Yang P, Pan Y, Yang B, Han H, Zhou Q. 2012. Columbamine suppresses the proliferation and neovascularization of metastatic osteosarcoma U2OS cells with low cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett. 215:174–180.
  • Bao TD, L YJ, Yang Q, Weng XG, Zhang YF, Dong Y, Wang YW, Zhu XX. 2010. LC/MS determination of berberine and palmatin in rats plasma after oral administration of extracts Rhizoma Coptidis and its pharmacokinetics study. Chin J Exp Trad Med Formul. 16:186–189.
  • Bilian X, Daohua X, Wenshuang C. 2011. Effects of berberine on cancellous and cortical bone in rats induced by glucocorticoid. Chin Pharm Bull. 27:965–970.
  • Bing L, Wang G, Jie Y, Pan X, Yang Z, Zang L. 2011. Berberine inhibits human hepatoma cell invasion without cytotoxicity in healthy hepatocytes. PLoS One. 6:e21416.
  • Boberek JM, Stach J, Good L. 2010. Genetic evidence for inhibition of bacterial division protein FtsZ by berberine. PLoS One. 5:e13745.
  • Cai Y, Xia Q, Luo R, Huang P, Sun Y, Shi Y, Jiang W. 2014. Berberine inhibits the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. J Nat Med. 68:53–62.
  • Caliceti C, Rizzo P, Cicero AFG. 2015. Potential benefits of berberine in the management of perimenopausal syndrome. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015:1–9.
  • Calo L, Dong Y, Kumar R, Przyklenk K, Sanderson TH. 2013. Mitochondrial dynamics: An emerging paradigm in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Curr Pharm Des. 19:6848–6857.
  • Cao Y, Pan Q, Cai W, Shen F, Chen GY, Xu LM, Fan JG. 2016. Modulation of gut microbiota by berberine improves steatohepatitis in high-fat diet-fed BALB/C mice. Arch Iran Med. 19:197–203.
  • Cao Q, Hong S, Li Y, Chen H, Shen Y, Shao K, Lu M, Dai H, Ma S, Dai G. 2018. Coptisine suppresses tumor growth and progression by down-regulating MFG-E8 in colorectal cancer. RSC Adv. 8:30937–30945.
  • Chai FN, Ma WY, Zhang J, Xu HS, Li YF, Zhou QD, Li XG, Ye XL. 2018. Coptisine from Rhizoma Coptidis exerts an anti-cancer effect on hepatocellular carcinoma by up-regulating miR-122. Biomed Pharm. 103:1002–1011.
  • Chakravarthy D, Muñoz AR, Su A, Hwang RF, Keppler BR, Chan DE, Halff G, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. 2018. Palmatine suppresses glutamine-mediated interaction between pancreatic cancer and stellate cells through simultaneous inhibition of survivin and COL1A1. Cancer Lett. 419:103–115.
  • Chang W, Li K, Guan F, Yao F, Yu Y, Zhang M, Hatch GM, Chen L. 2016. Berberine pretreatment confers cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 21:486–494.
  • Chang CH, Yu B, Su CH, Chen DS, Hou YC, Chen YS, Hsu YM. 2014. Coptidis rhizome and Si Jun Zi Tang can prevent Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium infection in mice. PLoS One. 9:e105362.
  • Chen Z. 2006. Collation of complete effective preions for women’s diseases. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House
  • Chen J, Wang F, Liu J, Lee SC, Wang X, Yang H. 2008. Analysis of alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch. by accelerated solvent extraction combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatographic analysis with photodiode array and tandem mass spectrometry detections. Anal Chim Acta. 613:184–195.
  • Chen L, Wang L, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Ye W. 2012. Non-alkaloid chemical constituents from Coptis chinensis. Chin J Chin Mater Med. 37:1241–1244.
  • Chen R, Wu Y, Tian W. 2016. Research progress in chemical constituents and related metabolic pathways of Coptidis Rhizoma. Hunan J Trad Chin Med. 32:190–192.
  • Chen HY, Ye XL, Cui XL, He K, Jin YN, Chen Z, Li XG. 2012. Cytotoxicity and antihyperglycemic effect of minor constituents from Rhizoma Coptis in HepG2 cells. Fitoterapia. 83:67–73.
  • Chen C, Zhang Y, Huang C. 2010. Berberine inhibits PTP1B activity and mimics insulin action. Biochem Biophy Res Commun. 397:543–547.
  • Chi L, Peng L, Pan N, Hu X, Zhang Y. 2014. The anti-atherogenic effects of berberine on foam cell formation are mediated through the upregulation of sirtuin 1. Int J Mol Med. 34:1087–1093.
  • Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. 2012. The natural alkaloid berberine targets multiple pathways to induce cell death in cultured human colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 688:14–21.
  • Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2008. Xin yao zhuan zheng biao zhun. Vol. 70. Beijing: China Medical Science Press.
  • Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. 2015. Chinese pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1. Beijing: Medical Science Press.
  • Cho JY, Kim AR, Park MH. 2001. Lignans from the rhizomes of Coptis japonica differentially act as anti-inflammatory principles. Planta Med. 67:312–316.
  • Choi JS, Kim JH, Ali MY, Jung HJ, Min BS, Choi RJ, Kim GD, Jung HA. 2015. Anti-adipogenic effect of epiberberine is mediated by regulation of the RAF/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 and AMPKα/AKT pathways. Arch Pharm Res. 38:2153–2162.
  • Choi JS, Kim JH, Ali MY, Min BS, Kim GD, Jung HA. 2014. Coptis chinensis alkaloids exert anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes by downregulating C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ. Fitoterapia. 98:199–208.
  • Choi UK, Kim MH, Lee NH. 2007. Optimization of antibacterial activity by gold-thread (Coptidis Rhizoma Franch) against streptococcus mutans using evolutionary operation-factorial design technique. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 17:1880–1884.
  • Chu M, Ding R, Chu ZY, Zhang MB, Liu XY, Xie SH, Zhai YJ, Wang YD. 2014. Role of berberine in anti-bacterial as a high-affinity LPS antagonist binding to TLR4/MD-2 receptor. BMC Complement Altern Med. 14:89–97.
  • Chuanchong X. 2016. Berberine inhibits macrophages inflammatory depending on sirti [Master’s thesis]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.
  • Chueh WH, Lin JY. 2011. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid in herbal plants, protects pancreatic islets and serum lipids in nonobese diabetic mice. J Agri Food Chem. 59:8021–8027.
  • Chueh WH, Lin JY. 2012. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits streptozotocin-induced apoptosis in mouse pancreatic islets through down-regulating Bax/Bcl-2 gene expression ratio. Food Chem. 132:252–260.
  • Cok A, Plaisier C, Salie MJ, Oram DS, Chenge J, Louters LL. 2011. Berberine acutely activates the glucose transport activity of GLUT1. Biochimie. 93:1187–1192.
  • Cooper SF, Mockle JA, Beliveau J. 1970. Alkaloids of Coptis groenlandica. Planta Med. 19:23–29.
  • Cui G, Huang X, Zhou K. 2008. Inhibitory effect of Rhizoma Coptidis and its main components berberine on the growth of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z. Guangdong Med J. 29:737–739.
  • Cui L, Liu M, Chang X, Sun K. 2016. The inhibiting effect of the Coptis chinensis polysaccharide on the type II diabetic mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 81:111–119.
  • Dan L, Guangshang C, Xixi S, Qianqian C, Hongsheng S. 2017. An overview of the antiarrhythmic study of alkaloids in Coptidis Rhizoma. Shandong J Trad Chin Med. 2017:164–166.
  • Dhamgaye S, Devaux F, Vandeputte P, Khandelwal NK, Sanglard D, Mukhopadhyay G, Prasad R. 2014. Molecular mechanisms of action of herbal antifungal alkaloid berberine, in Candida albicans. PLoS One. 9:e104554.
  • Dong J. 2003. Lv she bei yao fang. Shanghai: Shanghai science and technology publishing house.
  • Durairajan SSK, Liu LF, Lu JH, Chen LL, Yuan Q, Chung SK, Huang L, Li XS, Huang JD, Li M. 2012. Berberine ameliorates β-amyloid pathology, gliosis, and cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Neurobiol Aging. 33:2903–2919.
  • Fan G, Tang C, Yan L, Yang YD, Zhang Y. 2014. Analysis of monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides in Coptidis Rhizoma by pre-column derivatization HPLC method. Chin J Exp Trad Med Formul. 20:74–78.
  • Fan DL, Xiao XH, Ma XJ. 2008. Calorimetric study of the effect of protoberberine alkaloids in Coptis chinensis Franch on Staphylococcus aureus growth. Thermochim Acta. 480:49–52.
  • Feng J. 2008. Clinical control study and propranolol in the treatment of arrhythmia associated with large doses of berberine and oryzanol and coenzyme Q10. Asia Pac Trad Med. 4:51–53.
  • Feng M, Kong SZ, Wang ZX, He K, Zou ZY, Hu YR, Ma H, Li XG, Ye XL. 2017. The protective effect of coptisine on experimental atherosclerosis Apoe(-/-) mice is mediated by MAPK/NF-κB-dependent pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 93:721–729.
  • Feng X, Yan D, Zhao KJ, Luo JY, Ren YS, Kong WJ, Han YM, Xiao XH. 2011. Applications of microcalorimetry in the antibacterial activity evaluation of various Rhizoma Coptidis. Pharmac Biol. 49:348–353.
  • Feng M, Zou Z, Zhou X, Hu Y, Ma H, Xiao Y, Li X, Ye X. 2017. Comparative effect of berberine and its derivative 8-cetylberberine on attenuating atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 43:195–202.
  • Feng L, Hao Z, Hua H. 2007. The protective effect of coptisine on gastric mucosal injury induced by irritable mice. West Chin J Pharm Sci. 22:713–714.
  • Flora of China Committee of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2004. Flora of China. Vol. 27. Beijing: Science Press; p. 593.
  • Friedemann T, Schumacher U, Tao Y, Leung KM, Schröder S. 2015. Neuroprotective activity of coptisine from Coptis chinensis (Franch). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015:827308–827316.
  • Friedemann T, Ying Y, Wang W, Kramer ER, Schumacher U, Fei J, Schröder S. 2016. Neuroprotective effect of Coptis chinensis in MPP+ and MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Models. Am J Chinese Med. 44:907–925.
  • Fujiwara H, Nonaka G, Yagi A, Nishioka I. 1976. Studies on the components of the leaves of Coptis japonica Makino. I. The structures of coptiside I and II. Chem Pharm Bull. 24:407–413.
  • Gong Z, Chen Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Guo Y, Yang Q, Zhang H, Dong Y, Weng X, Gao S, et al. 2014. Pharmacokinetic comparison of berberine in rat plasma after oral administration of berberine hydrochloride in normal and post inflammation irritable bowel syndrome rats. Int J Mol Sci. 15:456–467.
  • Gu N, Zhang X, Yu H. 2017. Based on sequencing of 16s rRNA gene elaborate effect of Coptis chinensis on intestinal microbial diversity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin Trad Herbal Drugs. 48:3998–4004.
  • Guo T, Shih-Lung W, Guo X, Li H, Zheng J, Rachel B, Liu M, Pei Y, Xu H, Cai Y. 2016. Berberine ameliorates hepatic steatosis and suppresses liver and adipose tissue inflammation in mice with diet-induced obesity. Sci Rep. 6:22612–22620.
  • Guo J, Wang SB, Yuan TY, Wu YJ, Yan Y, Li L, Xu XN, Gong LL, Qin HL, Fang LH. 2013. Coptisine protects rat heart against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing myocardial apoptosis and inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 231:384–391.
  • Guo. 2002. Guo jia zhong cheng yao biao zhun. Beijing: The State Drug Administration.
  • Hamsa TP, Kuttan G. 2012. Antiangiogenic activity of berberine is mediated through the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, VEGF, and proinflammatory mediators. Drug Chem Toxicol. 35:57–70.
  • Han B, Kou S, He K, Han Y, Wang Y, Huang T, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Ye X, Li X. 2017. Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of berbamine isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish induced by high-cholesterol diet. Iran J Pharm Res. 17:292–306.
  • Hayashi K, Minoda K, Nagaoka Y, Hayashi T, Uesato S. 2007. Antiviral activity of berberine and related compounds against human cytomegalovirus. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett. 17:1562–1564.
  • He K, Kou SM, Zou ZY, Hu YR, Feng M, Han B, Li XG, Ye XL. 2016. Hypolipidemic effects of alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in diet-induced hyperlipidemic hamsters. Planta Med. 82:690–697.
  • He K, Ma H, Xu HS, Zou ZY, Feng M, Li X, Ye XL. 2017. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids are achieved through modulation of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acid and cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the liver. J Funct Foods. 35:205–215.
  • Hirano H, Tokuhira T, Yokoi T, Shingu T. 1997. Isolation of free radical scavenger from Coptidis Rhizoma. Nat Med. 51:539–540.
  • Ho CE, Goh YL, Zhang C. 2014. From prejudice to evidence: the case of Rhizoma Coptidis in Singapore. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:871720.
  • Ho YT, Yang JS, Li TC, Lin JJ, Lin JG, Lai KC, Ma CY, Wood WG, Chung JG. 2009. Berberine suppresses in vitro migration and invasion of human SCC-4 tongue squamous cancer cells through the inhibitions of FAK, IKK, NF-kappaB, U-PA and MMP-2 and -9. Cancer Lett. 279:155–162.
  • Hsu WH, Hsieh YS, Kuo HC, Teng CY, Huang H, Wang CJ, Yang SF, Liou YS, Kuo WH. 2007. Berberine induces apoptosis in SW620 human colonic carcinoma cells through generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of JNK/p38 MAPK and Fasl. Arch Toxicol. 81:719–728.
  • Hsu YY, Tseng YT, Lo YC. 2013. Berberine, a natural antidiabetes drug, attenuates glucose neurotoxicity and promotes Nrf2-related neurite outgrowth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 272:719–728.
  • Huang Q. 2013. Effect of blood glucose on the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in the myocardial of diabetic rats [Master's thesis]. Jinan: Shandong University.
  • Huang Z, Han Z, Ye B, Dai Z, Shan P, Lu Z, Dai K, Wang C, Huang W. 2015. Berberine alleviates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting excessive autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 762:1–10.
  • Huang Z, Wang L, Meng S, Wang Y, Chen T, Wang C. 2011. Berberine reduces both MMP-9 and emmprin expression through prevention of p38 pathway activation in PMA-induced macrophages. Int J Cardiol. 146:153–158.
  • Huang T, Xiao Y, Yi L, Li L, Wang M, Tian C, Ma H, He K, Wang Y, Han B, et al. 2017. Coptisine from Rhizoma Coptidis suppresses HCT-116 cells-related tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 7:38524–38534.
  • Hung TM, Na M, Min BS, Zhang X, Lee I, Ngoc TM, Thuong PT, Sok DE, Bae K. 2007. Protective effect of magnoflorine isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma on Cu2+-induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Planta Med. 73:1281–1284.
  • Iii APO, Byrnes JR, Mackman N. 2014. Hyperlipidemia, tissue factor, coagulation, and simvastatin. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 24:95–98.
  • Iizuka N, Miyamoto K, Hazama S, Yoshino S, Yoshimura K, Okita K, Fukumoto T, Yamamoto S, Tangoku A, Oka M. 2000. Anticachectic effects of Coptidis Rhizoma, an anti-inflammatory herb, on esophageal cancer cells that produce Interleukin 6. Cancer Lett. 158:35–41.
  • Ikuta A, Itokawa H. 1989. Protoberberine alkaloids from Coptis quinquefolia. Plant Med. 43:81–82.
  • Iwazaki RS, Endo EH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Garcia LB, Filho BPD. 2010. In vitro antifungal activity of the berberine and its synergism with fluconazole. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 97:201–205.
  • Jeong HW, Hsu KC, Lee JW, Ham M, Huh JY, Shin HJ, Kim WS, Kim JB. 2009. Berberine suppresses proinflammatory responses through AMPK activation in macrophages. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 296:E955–E964.
  • Jia Z, Lin L, Huang S, Zhu Z, Huang W, Huang Z. 2017. Inhibition of autophagy by berberine enhances the survival of H9C2 myocytes following hypoxia. Mol Med Rep. 16:1677–1684.
  • Jia F, Zou G, Fan J, Yuan Z. 2010. Identification of palmatine as an inhibitor of West Nile Virus. Arch Virol. 155:1325–1329.
  • Jiang YY, Cui HM, Wang JL, Liu H, Dang MM, Zhang QY, Yang F, Kou JT, Tong XL. 2017. Protective role of berberine and Coptis chinensis extract on T2MD rats and associated islet Rin-5f cells. Mol Med Rep. 16:6981–6991.
  • Jiang S, Wang Y, Ren D, Li J, Yuan G, An L, Du P, Ma J. 2015. Antidiabetic mechanism of coptis chinensis polysaccharide through its antioxidant property involving the JNK pathway. Pharmaceutical Biol. 53:1022–1029.
  • Jie S, Li H, Tian Y, Guo D, Zhu J, Gao S, Jiang L. 2011. Berberine inhibits angiogenic potential of Hep G2 cell line through VEGF down-regulation in vitro. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26:179–185.
  • Jin H, Jin X, Cao B, Wang W. 2016. Berberine affects osteosarcoma via downregulating the caspase-1/IL-1β signaling axis. Oncol Rep. 37:729–736.
  • Kai H. 2017. Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids exert their anti-hyperlipidemic effects through modulation of bile acids signaling and gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia C57BL/6J mice [Dissertation]. Chongqing: Southwest University.
  • Kai H, Hu Y, Hang M, Zou Z, Xiao Y, Yong Y, Min F, Li X, Ye X. 2016. Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids alleviate hyperlipidemia in B6 mice by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1862:1696–1709.
  • Kang JX, Liu J, Wang J, He C, Li FP. 2005. The extract of huanglian, a medicinal herb, induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis by upregulation of interferon-beta and TNF-alpha in human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 26:1934–1939.
  • Kang S, Li Z, Yin Z, Jia R, Song X, Li L, Chen Z, Peng L, Qu J, Hu Z, et al. 2015. The antibacterial mechanism of berberine against Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae. Nat Prod Res. 29:2203–2206.
  • Kaufmann D, Kaur DA, Tahrani A, Herrmann F, Wink M. 2016. Extracts from traditional Chinese medicinal plants inhibit acetylcholinesterase, a known Alzheimer's disease target. Molecules. 21:1161–1176.
  • Ke W. 2007. Study on the effect of Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids on colon cancer and its molecular mechanism [Master's thesis]. Chongqing: ChongQing Medical University.
  • Kim HY, Shin HS, Park H, Kim YC, Yun YG, Park S, Shin HJ, Kim K. 2008. In vitro inhibition of coronavirus replications by the traditionally used medicinal herbal extracts, Cimicifuga Rhizoma, Meliae Cortex, Coptidis Rhizoma, and Phellodendron Cortex. J Clin Virol. 41:122.
  • Kim YM, Ha YM, Jin YC, Shi LY, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Seo HG, Choi JS, Kim YS, Kang SS, et al. 2009. Palmatine from Coptidis Rhizoma reduces ischemia-reperfusion-mediated acute myocardial injury in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol. 47:2097–2102.
  • Kim S, Han J, Kim NY, Lee SK, Cho DH, Choi MY, Kim JS, Kim JH, Choe JH, Nam SJ, et al. 2012. Effect of berberine on p53 expression by TPA in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 27:210–215.
  • Kim S, Oh SJ, Lee J, Han J, Jeon M, Jung T, Lee SK, Bae SY, Kim J, Gil WH, et al. 2013. Berberine suppresses TPA-induced fibronectin expression through the inhibition of VEGF secretion in breast cancer cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 32:1541–1550.
  • Kim JS, Oh D, Yim MJ, Park JJ, Kang KR, Cho IA, Moon SM, Oh JS, You JS, Kim CS, et al. 2015. Berberine induces Fasl-related apoptosis through p38 activation in KB human oral cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 33:1775–1782.
  • Kim SH, Shin EJ, Kim ED, Bayaraa T, Frost SC, Hyun CK. 2007. Berberine activates GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biol Pharma Bull. 30:2120–2125.
  • Kong W, Li Z, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Zhang P. 2010. Activity of berberine on Shigella Dysenteriae investigated by microcalorimetry and multivariate analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim. 102:331–336.
  • Kong D, Lu L, Teng S, Sun T, Deng Z, Li Y. 2013. Research on export current situation and countermeasure of Coptis chinensis from Shizhu county. Morder Chin Med. 15:701–703.
  • Kong W, Zhao Y, Xiao X, Cheng J, Liu Y, Li Z. 2009. Comparison of anti-bacterial activity of four kinds of alkaloids in Rhizoma Coptidis based on microcalorimetry. Chinese J Chem. 27:1186–1190.
  • Kong WJ, Zhang H, Song DQ, Xue R, Zhao W, Wei J, Wang YM, Shan N, Zhou ZX, Yang P, et al. 2009. Berberine reduces insulin resistance through protein kinase C-dependent up-regulation of insulin receptor expression. Metab Clin Exp. 58:109–119.
  • Kou S, Bing H, Yue W, Tao H, Kai H, Han Y, Xia Z, Ye X, Li X. 2016. Synergetic cholesterol-lowering effects of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Life Sci. 151:50–60.
  • Kou Y, Li L, Li H, Tan Y, Li B, Wang K, Du B. 2016. Berberine suppressed epithelial mesenchymal transition through cross-talk regulation of PI3k/AKT and RARα/RARβ in melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 479:290–296.
  • Kuo HP, Chuang TC, Tsai SC, Tseng HH, Hsu SC, Chen YC, Kuo CL, Kuo YH, Liu JY, Kao MC. 2012. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, inhibits the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells via AKT pathway modulation. J Agric Food Chem. 60:9649–9658.
  • La X, Zhang L, Li Z, Peng Y, Wang Y. 2017. Berberine-induced autophagic cell death by elevating GRP78 levels in cancer cells. Oncotarget. 8:20909–20924.
  • Lao-Ong T, Chatuphonprasert W, Nemoto N, Jarukamjorn K. 2012. Alteration of hepatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by berberine. Pharm Biol. 50:1007–1012.
  • Lee WC, Kim JK, Kang JW, Oh WY, Jung JY, Kim YS, Jung HA, Choi JS, Lee SM. 2010. Palmatine attenuates d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 48:222–228.
  • Lee YH, Kim D, Lee MJ, Kim MJ, Jang HS, Park SH, Lee JM, Lee HY, Han BS, Son WC. 2014. Subchronic toxicity study of Coptidis Rhizoma in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 152:457–463.
  • Lei X. 1985. Master lei's discourse on drug processing. Jinan: Phoenix Science Press.
  • Lei G, Dun B. 2002. Technical guide for the processing of traditional Chinese Medicine. Xi'an: World Book Publishing Xi'an Company.
  • Li S. 2013. Processing technology of traditional Chinese medicine. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
  • Li X. 2015. Coptis chinensis and its processed products and the material basis of comparative study on the antibacterial spectrum. [Master's thesis]. Wuhan: Hubei University of Traditional Medicine.
  • Li H, Cai X, Li XF. 2008. New applications and the side effects of Rhizoma Coptidis in clinic. Med J Chin People Armed Police Forces. 19:661–663.
  • Li H, Guo L, Jie S, Liu W, Zhu J, Du W, Fan L, Wang X, Fu B, Huang S. 2008. Berberine inhibits SDF-1-induced aml cells and leukemic stem cells migration via regulation of SDF-1 level in bone marrow stromal cells. Biomed Pharm. 62:573–578.
  • Li S, Li H, Yang D, Yu X, Irwin DM, Niu G, Tan H. 2017. Excessive autophagy activation and increased apoptosis are associated with palmitic acid-induced cardiomyocyte insulin resistance. J Diabetes Res. 2017:1–11.
  • Li O, Pan Y, Wang Z. 2013. Berberine induced apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway CPLA-COX2. Pharmacol Commun Chin. 4:31–32.
  • Li J, Qiu DM, Chen SH, Cao SP, Xia XL. 2014. Suppression of human breast cancer cell metastasis by coptisine in vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:5747
  • Li ZF, Wang Q, Chen G, Hua HM, Yang SL, Feng YL, Pei YH. 2013. A new pyrrolidine derivative from the rhizome of Coptis chinensis. Chem Nat Compd. 49:493–494.
  • Li YM, Wang LQ, Deng F, Zhou Q, Sun SQ. 2004. Analysis and assessment of Coptis chinensis for different parts, ages, and heights using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Acta Acad Med Sin. 26:614–617.
  • Li ZF, Wang Q, Feng YL, Luo XJ, Fan MM, Yang SL. 2012. Chemical constituents from Coptis chinensis. Zhong Yao Cai. 35:1438–1441.
  • Li CH, Wu DF, Ding H, Zhao Y, Zhou KY, Xu DF. 2014. Berberine hydrochloride impact on physiological processes and modulation of twist levels in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-1 cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:1851–1857.
  • Li C, Xiong J, Cheng Z, Cheng S. 2014. Effect of berberine on proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer HT-29 cells. World Chin J Digestol. 22:2572–2577.
  • Li XG, Yang LG, Chen LX, Qiu F. 2012. Chemical constituents from the decoction of Coptis chinensis Franch. J Shenyang Pharm Univ. 29:193–198.
  • Li B, Zhang M, Bao L. 1995. Study on the pharmacokinetics of berberine after oral administration in human being. J Harbin Med Univ. 29:382–385.
  • Li M, Zhang M, Zhang ZL, Liu N, Han XY, Liu QC, Deng WJ, Liao CX. 2017. Induction of apoptosis by berberine in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells via downregulation of NF-κB. Oncol Res. 25:233
  • Li H, Zhou M, Zhao A, Jia W. 2009. Traditional Chinese medicine: balancing the gut ecosystem. Phytother Res. 23:1332–1335.
  • Li ZQ, Zuo DY, Qie XD, Qi H, Zhao MQ, Wu YL. 2012. Berberine acutely inhibits the digestion of maltose in the intestine. J Ethnopharmacol. 142:474–480.
  • Linn YC, Lu J, Lim LC, Sun H, Sun J, Zhou Y, Ng HS. 2012. Berberine-induced haemolysis revisited: Safety of Rhizoma Coptidis and Cortex Phellodendri in chronic haematological diseases. Phytotherapy Res. 26:682–686.
  • Liu R, Cao Z, Pan Y, Zhang G, Yang P, Guo P, Zhou Q. 2013. Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride inhibits the proliferation and neovascularization of C8161 metastatic melanoma cells. Anticancer Drugs. 24:667–676.
  • Liu D, Cao G, Si X, Chen Q, Sun H. 2017. An overview of the antiarrhythmic study of alkaloids in Coptidis Rhizoma. Shandong J Trad Chin Med. 3:164–166.
  • Liu LZ, Cheung SC, Lan LL, Ho SK, Xu HX, Chan JC, Tong PC. 2010. Berberine modulates insulin signaling transduction in insulin-resistant cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 317:148–153.
  • Liu Y, Hao H, Xie H, Lai L, Wang Q, Liu C, Wang J. 2010. Extensive intestinal first-pass elimination and predominant hepatic distribution of berberine explain its low plasma levels in rats. Drug Metab Disp Bio Fate Chem. 38:1779–1784.
  • Liu G, He W, Cai H, Sun X, Hou W, Lin M, Xie Z, Liao Q. 2014. The simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine and jatrorrhizine in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and a pharmacokinetic comparison after the oral administration of Rhizoma Coptidis and Jiao-Tai-Wan extract. Anal Methods. 6:2998.
  • Liu T, Liang ZS, Ding MH, Zhao YH. 2010. Optimal extraction process of berberine hydrochloride from the leaves of Coptis chinensis. J Northwest Forest Univ. 25:144–147.
  • Liu Z, Qiao L, Bing X, Wu J, Guo C, Zhu F, Yang Q, Gao G, Gong Y, Shao C. 2009. Berberine induces p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by inflicting DNA damage. Mutat Res. 662:75–83.
  • Liu SJ, Sun YM, Tian DF, He YC, Zeng L, He Y, Ling CQ, Sun SH. 2008. Downregulated MM23-H1 expression is associated with intracranial invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 98:363–369.
  • Liu L, Yu YL, Yang JS, Li Y, Liu YW, Liang Y, Liu XD, Xie L, Wang GJ. 2010. Berberine suppresses intestinal disaccharidases with beneficial metabolic effects in diabetic states, evidences from in vivo and in vitro study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 381:371–381.
  • Liu XT, Chen X, Jin R. 2010. Protective effects of Rhizoma Coptidis on acute myocardial ischemia injured cardiomyocytes in vivo and in vitro. Chin J Infor Trad Chin Med. 28–30.
  • Liu B, Fu XQ, Li T, Su T, Guo H, Zhu PL, Tse AKW, Liu SM, Yu ZL. 2017. Computational and experimental prediction of molecules involved in the anti-melanoma action of berberine. J Ethnopharmacol. 208:225–235.
  • Li MH, Zhang YJ, Yu YH, Yang SH, Iqbal J, Mi QY, Li B, Wang ZM, Mao WX, Xie HG, et al. 2014. Berberine improves pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction through enhanced autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol. 728:67–76.
  • Lou T, Zhang Z, Xi Z, Liu K, Li L, Liu B, Huang F. 2011. Berberine inhibits inflammatory response and ameliorates insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Inflammation. 34:659–667.
  • Lu YX. 2004. The complete works of Chinese traditional crafts the preparation of Chinese Medicine. Zhengzhou: Elephant Press.
  • Luo T, Shen X, Li S, Ouyang T, Wang H. 2016. The protective effect of jatrorrhizine against oxidative stress in primary rat cortical neurons. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 16:617–623.
  • Ma H, Chen G, Pei YH. 2013. Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from rhizoma of Coptis chinensis and their cytotoxic activities. J Shenyang Pharm Univ. 63:1–9.
  • Ma H, Hu YR, Zou ZY, Feng M, Ye XL, Li XG. 2016. Antihyperglycemia and antihyperlipidemia effect of protoberberine alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis in HepG2 cell and diabetic kk-ay mice. Drug Develop Res. 77:163–170.
  • Ma X, Liu H, Chen G. 2015. Effects of berberine combined with photodynamic on apoptosis of gastric cancer MGC-803 cell. Chin J Clin Pharm Ther. 20:961–966.
  • Ma BL, Ma YM. 2013. Pharmacokinetic properties, potential herb-drug interactions and acute toxicity of oral Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids. Exp Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 9:51–61.
  • Ma BL, Ma YM, Gao CL, Wu JS, Qiu FR, Wang CH, Wang XH. 2011. Lipopolysaccharide increased the acute toxicity of the Rhizoma Coptidis extract in mice by increasing the systemic exposure to Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids. J Ethnopharmacol. 138:169–174.
  • Ma BL, Ma YM, Shi R, Wang TM, Zhang N, Wang CH, Yang Y. 2010. Identification of the toxic constituents in Rhizoma Coptidis. J Ethnopharmacol. 128:357–364.
  • Ma B, Zhu L, Zang X, Chen Y, Li D, Wang Y. 2013. Coptis chinensis inflorescence and its main alkaloids protect against ultraviolet-B-induced oxidative damage. J Func Foods. 5:1665–1672.
  • Maiti M, Nandi R, Chaudhuri K. 1982. Sanguinarine: a monofunctional intercalating alkaloid. FEBS Lett. 142:280–284.
  • Mei J. 2008. Study on processing technology and quality control of Coptidis Rhizoma [Dissertation]. Wuhan: Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
  • Mei L. 2011. Analysis of 37 cases of frequent atrial premature beats in the treatment of berberine. Chin J Misdiagn. 11:4467–4467.
  • Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B. 2011. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. WHO. World Heart Federation and World Stroke Organization.
  • Meng L, Shu X, Xu H, Zhang C, Yang L, Li Z, Ji G. 2016. Integrative analysis of metabolome and gut microbiota in diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats treated with berberine compounds. J Trans Med. 14:237–248.
  • Meng F, Wang L, Zhang J, Yin Z, Zhang Q, Ye W. 2013. Non-alkaloid chemical constituents from the rhizome of Coptis teeta. J Chin Pharm Univ. 44:307–310.
  • Min ZD, Murata H, Mizuno M, Kojima H, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Kimura R. 1987. Phenolic constituents from seeds of Coptis japonica var. Dissecta. Phytochemistry. 26:2071–2074.
  • Ming C, Zhang M, Liu Y, Kang J, Chu Z, Yin K, Ding L, Ran D, Xiao R, Yin Y. 2016. Role of berberine in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Sci Rep. 6:24748–24756.
  • Mishan MA, Ahmadiankia N, Matin MM, Heirani-Tabasi A, Shahriyari M, Bidkhori HR, Naderi-Meshkin H, Bahrami AR. 2015. Role of berberine on molecular markers involved in migration of esophageal cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-Grand). 61:37–43.
  • Mizuno M, Kojima H, Iinuma M, Tanaka T, Goto K. 1992. Coumarin derivatives in Coptis trifolia. Ann Proc Gifu Coll Pharm. 42:717–719.
  • Mizuno M, Kojima H, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Min ZD, Murata H. 1988. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids from the seeds of Coptis japonica var. Gifu: Disscta Annual Proceedings of Gifu College of Pharmacy, 37.
  • Mo C, Wang L, Zhang J, Numazawa S, Tang H, Tang X, Han XJuan, Li J, Yang M, Wang Z, et al. 2014. The crosstalk between Nrf2 and AMPK signal pathways is important for the anti-inflammatory effect of berberine in LPS-stimulated macrophages and endotoxin-shocked mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. 20:574–588.
  • Ning N, Wang YZ, Zou ZY, Zhang DZ, Wang DZ, Li XG. 2015. Pharmacological and safety evaluation of fibrous root of Rhizoma Coptidis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 39:53–69.
  • Noguchi M, Kubo M, Hayashi T, Ono M. 1978. Studies on the pharmaceutical quality evaluation of crude drug preparations used in orient medicine "kampoo". Iii. Precipitation reaction of glycyrrhizin with alkaloids or alkaloidal crude drugs in aqueous solution. Chem Pharm Bull. 26:3652–3657.
  • Park SH, Sung JH, Kim EJ, Chung N. 2015. Berberine induces apoptosis via ros generation in PANC-1 and MIA-PaCa2 pancreatic cell lines. Braz J Med Biol Res. 48:111–119.
  • Peng LC, Kang S, Yin ZQ, Jia RY, Song X, Li L, Li ZW, Zou YF, Liang XX, Li LX. 2015. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of berberine against Streptococcus agalactiae. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:5217–5223.
  • Peng W, Shen H, Lin B, Han P, Li CH, Zhang QY, Ye BZ, Rahman K, Xin HL, Qin LP, et al. 2018. Docking study and antiosteoporosis effects of a dibenzylbutane lignan isolated from Litsea cubeba targeting Cathepsin K and MEK1. Med Chem Res. 27:2062–2070.
  • Pereira CV, Machado NG, Oliveira PJ. 2008. Mechanisms of berberine (natural yellow 18)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: Interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocator. Toxicol Sci. 105:408–417.
  • Perrins JD. 1862. XLIII.-On berberine-contributions to its history and revision of its formula. J Chem Soc. 15:339–356.
  • Qin-Wei Z, Yong-Guang LI. 2016. Berberine attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Exp Ther Med. 11:978–984.
  • Salehi S, Filtz TM. 2011. Berberine possesses muscarinic agonist-like properties in cultured rodent cardiomyocytes. Pharm Res. 63:335–340.
  • Schramm A, Baburin I, Hering S, Hamburger M. 2011. Herg channel inhibitors in extracts of Coptidis Rhizoma. Planta Med. 77:692–697.
  • Seo YS, Yim MJ, Kim BH, Kang KR, Lee SY, Oh JS, You JS, Kim SG, Yu SJ, Lee GJ, et al. 2015. Berberine-induced anticancer activities in fadu head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep. 34:3025–3034.
  • Sha SM, Zhang YG, Bin XU, Wang HH, Kong XY. 2011. Effect of berberine on cell proliferation and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells. J Moder Oncol. 37:2109–2120.
  • Shen J. 2006. The resource utilization and research progess of Coptidis Rhizoma. J Mod Med Health. 22:1038–1039.
  • Shen N, Huan Y, Shen ZF. 2012. Berberine inhibits mouse insulin gene promoter through activation of amp activated protein kinase and may exert beneficial effect on pancreatic β-cell. Eur J Pharmacol. 694:120–126.
  • Sheng M, Sun Q, Wang H. 1993. Study on the pharmacokinetics of berberine hydrochloride in beagle dog vein and oral administration. Chin Pharmacol Bull. 9:64–67.
  • Shi Y, Hu FB. 2014. The global implications of diabetes and cancer. Lancet. 383:1947–1948.
  • Shi HL, Wu XJ, Liu Y, Xie JQ. 2013. Berberine counteracts enhanced IL-8 expression of AGS cells induced by evodiamine. Life Sci. 93:830–839.
  • Shin HB, Choi MS, Yi CM, Lee J, Kim NJ, Inn KS. 2015. Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication and virus-induced p38 kinase activity by berberine. Int Immunopharmacol. 27:65–68.
  • Shukla S, Rizvi F, Raisuddin S, Kakkar P. 2014. Foxo proteins′ nuclear retention and BH3-only protein Bim induction evoke mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis in berberine-treated HepG2 cells. Free Radical Biol Med. 76:185–199.
  • Song SW, Qiu M, Chu Y, Chen DY, Wang XH, Su AR, Wu ZW. 2014. Downregulation of cellular c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and NF-kappa B activation by berberine may result in inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58:5068–5078.
  • Steenbergen C, Frangogiannis NG. 2012. Chapter 36 - Ischemic heart disease. In: Joseph A. Hill, Eric N. Olson, editors. New York (NY): Muscle, Academic Press; p. 495–521.
  • Su G, Wang H, Gao Y, Chen G, Pei Y, Bai J. 2017. 1H-NMR-based metabonomics of the protective effect of Coptis chinensis and berberine on cinnabar-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats. Molecules. 22:459–467.
  • Sun H, Wang N, Cang Z, Zhu C, Zhao L, Nie X, Cheng J, Xia F, Zhai H, Lu Y. 2016. Modulation of microbiota-gut-brain axis by berberine resulting in improved metabolic status in high-fat diet-fed rats. Obesity Facts. 9:365–378.
  • Sun S, Wang K, Lei H, Li L, Tu M, Zeng S, Zhou H, Jiang H. 2014. Inhibition of organic cation transporter 2 and 3 may be involved in the mechanism of the antidepressant-like action of berberine. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 49:1–6.
  • Sun Y, Xia M, Yan H, Han Y, Zhang F, Hu Z, Cui A, Ma F, Liu Z, Gong Q. 2017. Berberine attenuates hepatic steatosis and enhances energy expenditure in mice by inducing autophagy and fibroblast growth factor 21. Br J Pharmacol. 12:2139–2148.
  • Tabas I, García-Cardeña G, Owens GK. 2015. Recent insights into the cellular biology of atherosclerosis. J Cell Biol. 209:13–22.
  • Tan HY, Wang N, Tsao SW, Zhang Z, Feng Y. 2014. Suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor via inactivation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 by alkaloids in Coptidis Rhizome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Integr Cancer Ther. 13:425–434.
  • Tang S. 2011. Classified Materia Medica from historical classics for emergency. Beijing: China Medical Press.
  • Tang LQ, Wei W, Chen LM, Liu S. 2006. Effects of berberine on diabetes induced by alloxan and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 108:109–115.
  • Tang F, Wang D, Duan C, Huang D, Wu Y, Chen Y, Wang W, Xie C, Meng J, Wang L, et al. 2009. Berberine inhibits metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 5-8F cells by targeting Rho kinase-mediated Ezrin phosphorylation at Threonine 567. J Biol Chem. 284:27456–27466.
  • Tan L, Li C, Chen H, Mo Z, Zhou J, Liu Y, Ma Z, Xu Y, Yang X, Xie J, et al. 2017. Epiberberine, a natural protoberberine alkaloid, inhibits urease of Helicobacter pylori and jack bean: Susceptibility and mechanism. Eur J Pharm Sci. 110:77–86.
  • Ti H. 2017. Effect of Rhizoma Coptidis decoction on intestinal flora and GPR43 pathway GLP-1 and PYY in SD rats with metabolic syndrome [Master's thesis]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.
  • Tjong Y, Ip S, Lao L, Fong HHS, Sung JJY, Berman B, Che C. 2011. Analgesic effect of Coptis chinensis rhizomes (Coptidis Rhizoma) extract on rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. J Ethnopharmacol. 135:754–761.
  • Tomita M, Kura S. 1956. Isolation of magnoflorine from Coptis japonica Makino. J Pharm Soc Jap. 76:1425–1426.
  • Tsang CM, Cheung KC, Cheung YC, Man K, Lui VW, Feng Y, Tsao SW. 2015. Berberine suppresses ID-1 expression and inhibits the growth and development of lung metastases in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1852:541–551.
  • Varghese FS, Thaa B, Amrun SN, Simarmata D, Rausalu K, Nyman TA, Merits A, Mcinerney GM, Ng LF, Ahola T. 2016. The antiviral alkaloid berberine reduces chikungunya virus-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J Virol. 90:9743–9757.
  • Wang G. 1991. Bo ji fang. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
  • Wang W. 2016. A review on pharmacologic effects of effective ingredients in huanglian. Clin J Chin Med. 8:147–148.
  • Wang N, Feng Y, Lau EP, Tsang C, Ching Y, Man K, Tong Y, Nagamatsu T, Su W, Tsao S. 2010. F-actin reorganization and inactivation of Rho signaling pathway involved in the inhibitory effect of Coptidis Rhizoma on hepatoma cell migration. Integr Cancer Ther. 9:354–364.
  • Wang Y, Huang Y, Lam KSL, Li Y, Wong WT, Ye H, Lau CW, Vanhoutte PM, Xu A. 2009. Berberine prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial injury and enhances vasodilatation via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Cardiovasc Res. 82:484–492.
  • Wang HQ, Li K, Ma LL, Wu S, Hu J, Yan HY, Jiang JD, Li YH. 2017. Berberine inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Virol J. 14:2–8.
  • Wang XJ, Lin S, Kang HF, Dai ZJ, Bai MH, Ma XL, Ma XB, Liu MJ, Liu XX, Wang BF. 2013. The effect of Rhizoma Coptidis and Coptis chinensis aqueous extract on radiation-induced skin injury in a rat model. BMC Compl Alt Med. 13:105–110.
  • Wang Y, Liu J, Ma A, Chen Y. 2015. Cardioprotective effect of berberine against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. International J Clin Exp Med. 8:14513–14519.
  • Wang ZQ, Lu FE, Leng SH, Fang XS, Chen G, Wang ZS, Dong LP, Yan ZQ. 2008. Facilitating effects of berberine on rat pancreatic islets through modulating hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha expression and glucokinase activity. World J Gastroenterol. 14:6004–6011.
  • Wang N, Tan HY, Li L, Yuen MF, Feng Y. 2015. Berberine and Coptidis Rhizoma as potential anticancer agents: recent updates and future perspectives. J Ethnopharmacol. 176:35–48.
  • Wang M, Wang J, Tan R, Wu Q, Qiu H, Yang J, Jiang Q. 2013. Effect of berberine on PPAR α /NO activation in high glucose- and insulin-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2013:285489–285497.
  • Wang X, Wang R, Xing D, Su H, Ma C, Ding Y, Du L. 2005. Kinetic difference of berberine between hippocampus and plasma in rat after intravenous administration of Coptidis Rhizoma extract. Life Sci. 77:3058–3067.
  • Wang L, Zhang SY, Chen L, Huang XJ, Zhang QW, Jiang RW, Yao F, Ye WC. 2014. New enantiomeric isoquinoline alkaloids from Coptis chinensis. Phytochem Lett. 7:89–92.
  • Wang W, Zhang QW, Wen-Cai YE. 2007. Isoquinoline alkaloids from the rhizoma of Coptis chinensis. Chin J Nat Med. 5:348–350.
  • Wang Q, Zhi-Feng LI, Chen G, Feng YL, M Ma M F, Pei YH. 2012. Chemical constituents from Coptis chinensis Franch. Chin J Exp Trad Medi Form. 35:1438–1441.
  • Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhang L, Ke Z, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chen H, Jiang X, Gu M, Fan S, et al. 2017. Coptisine protects cardiomyocyte against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced damage via inhibition of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 490:231–238.
  • Wang Q, Zhang M, Liang B, Shirwany N, Zhu Y, Zou MH. 2011. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase is required for berberine-induced reduction of atherosclerosis in mice: The role of uncoupling protein 2. PLoS One. 6:e25436.
  • Wijck KV, Buurman WA. 2002. Ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 105:248–306.
  • Wojtyczka RD, Dziedzic A, Kępa M, Kubina R, Kabała-Dzik A, Mularz T, Idzik D. 2014. Berberine enhances the antibacterial activity of selected antibiotics against coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains in vitro. Molecules. 19:6583–6596.
  • Wong HB. 1980. Singapore kernicterus. Singapore Med J. 21:556–567.
  • Wu Y, Chen Z, Huang X, Liu J, Cha Y, Wang F, Xu J, Sheng L, Ding H. 2016. Berberine protected rats against adiposity induced by high-fat diets. Int J Clin Exp Med. 9:148–155.
  • Wu Y, Li JQ, Kim YJ, Wu J, Wang Q, Hao Y. 2011. In vivo and in vitro antiviral effects of berberine on influenza virus. Chin J Integr Med. 17:444–452.
  • Wu S, Xu L, Liu H, Tong X. 2015. Clinical application and dosage of Coptidis Rhizoma. Chin Clin Doctor. 43:92–94.
  • Xiao P. 2002. Modern Chinese Materia Medica. Vol. 3. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
  • Xie X, Chang X, Chen L, Huang K, Huang J, Wang S, Shen X, Liu P, Huang H. 2013. Berberine ameliorates experimental diabetes-induced renal inflammation and fibronectin by inhibiting the activation of Rhoa/Rock signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 381:56
  • Xie W, Gu D, Li J, Cui K, Zhang Y. 2011. Effects and action mechanisms of berberine and Rhizoma Coptidis on gut microbes and obesity in high-fat diet-fed c57bl/6j mice. PLoS One. 6:e24520
  • Xie J, Huang XY, Yin-Yan XU, Wang L. 2012. Berberine induces apoptosis of breast cancer MCF-7 cells:Its related oxidative stress mechanism. J Med Postgrad. 2:135–139.
  • Xie X, Li W, Lan T, Liu W, Peng J, Huang K, Huang J, Shen X, Liu P, Huang H. 2011. Berberine ameliorates hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice through activation of AKT signaling pathway. Endocrine J. 58:761–768.
  • Xu Z, Feng W, Shen Q, Yu N, Yu K, Wang S, Chen Z, Shioda S, Guo Y. 2017. Rhizoma Coptidis and berberine as a natural drug to combat aging and aging-related diseases via anti-oxidation and AMPK activation. Aging Dis. 8:760–777.
  • Xu RX, Sun XC, Ma CY, Yao YH, Li XL, Guo YL, Zhang Y, Li S, Li JJ. 2017. Impacts of berberine on oxidized ldl-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Am J Transl Res. 9:4375–4389.
  • Xue D, Zou Z, Chen B. 2015. Study on membrane injury mechanism of total alkaloids and berberine from Coptidis Rhizoma on aeromonas hydrophila. Chin J Chin Mater Med. 40:1787–1792.
  • Xue B, Zhao Y, Miao Q, Miao P, Yang X, Sun G, Su J, Ye J, Wei B, Zhang Y, et al. 2015. In vitro and in vivo identification of metabolites of magnoflorine by LC LTQ-Orbitrap MS and its potential pharmacokinetic interaction in Coptidis Rhizoma decoction in rat. Biomed Chromatogr. 29:1235–1248.
  • Yahara S, Satoshiro M, Nishioka I, Nagasawa T, Oura H. 1985. Isolation and characterization of phenolic compounds from Coptidis Rhizoma. Chem Pharm Bull. 33:527–531.
  • Yang TC, Chao HF, Shi LS, Chang TC, Lin HC, Chang WL. 2014. Alkaloids from Coptis chinensis root promote glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Fitoterapia. 93:239–244.
  • Yang Y, Kang N, Xia H, Li J, Cheng L, Qiu F. 2010. Metabolites of protoberberine alkaloids in human urine following oral administration of Coptidis Rhizoma decoction. Planta Med. 16:1859–1863.
  • Yang Y, Li Y, Yin D, Chen S, Gao X. 2016. Coptis chinensis polysaccharides inhibit advanced glycation end product formation. J Med Food. 19:593–600.
  • Yang W, She L, Yu K, Yan S, Zhang X, Tian X, Ma S, Zhang X. 2016. Jatrorrhizine hydrochloride attenuates hyperlipidemia in a high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Mol Med Rep. 14:3277–3284.
  • Yao Z. 2014. The prognosis role of prognostic nutritional index in malignant pleural mesothelioma and the mechanisms of berberine-induccd apoptosis and autophagy [Master's thesis]. Jinan: Shandong University.
  • Yao W, Wang X, Xiao K. 2018. Protective effect of berberine against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis through the activation of Smad7. Mole Cell Prob. 38:38–44.
  • Ye L. 2007. The study of berberine inhibition of Cyclin D1 related signaling pathway in tumor cells [Master's thesis]. Beijing: Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.
  • Ye L, Liang S, Guo C, Yu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Shang W. 2016. Inhibition of M1 macrophage activation in adipose tissue by berberine improves insulin resistance. Life Sci. 166:82–91.
  • Yi J, Ye X, Wang D, He K, Yang Y, Liu X, Li X. 2013. Safety evaluation of main alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis. J Ethnopharmacol. 145:303–310.
  • Yi T, Zhuang L, Song G, Zhang B, Li G, Hu T. 2015. AKT signaling is associated with the berberine-induced apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells. Nutr Cancer. 67:523–531.
  • Yin J, Hu R, Chen M, Tang J, Li F, Yang Y, Chen J. 2002. Effects of berberine on glucose metabolism in vitro. Metabolism. 51:1439–1443.
  • Yong Y, Baoshun Z, Chunya C. 2011. Cardiovascular pharmacological activity of berberine. Chin Trad Pat Med. 33:867–869.
  • Yong Y, Xiaoli Y, Xuegang L. 2007. Antimicrobial effect of four alkaloids from Coptidis Rhizome. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 18:3013–3014.
  • Yoshikawa K, Hiroshi Kinoshita A, Arihara S. 1997a. Woorenol, a novel sesquineolignan with a unique spiro skeleton, from the rhizomes of Coptis japonica var. J Nat Prod. 60:511–513.
  • Yoshikawa K, Hiroshi Kinoshita A, Arihara S. 1997b. Non-basic components of Coptis Rhizoma: Four new hemiterpenoid glucosides, two new phenylpropanoid glucosides and a new flavonoid glycoside from Coptis japonica var. dissecta. Nat Med. 51:244–248.
  • Yoshikawa K, Hiroshi Kinoshita A, Kan Y, Arihara S. 1995. Neolignans and phenylpropanoids from the rhizomes of Coptis japonica var. Dissecta. Chem Pharm Bull. 43:578–581.
  • Yu D, Fu S, Cao Z, Bao M, Zhang G, Pan Y, Liu W, Zhou Q. 2014. Unraveling the novel anti-osteosarcoma function of coptisine and its mechanisms. Toxicol Lett. 226:328–336.
  • Yu L, Li Q, Yu B, Yang Y, Jin Z, Duan W, Zhao G, Zhai M, Liu L, Yi D, et al. 2016. Berberine attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation response: Role of silent information regulator 1. Oxidative Med Cell Long. 2016:1689602–1689617.
  • Yu L, Li F, Zhao G, Yang Y, Jin Z, Zhai M, Yu W, Zhao L, Chen W, Duan W. 2015. Protective effect of berberine against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury: Role of notch1/hes1-pten/AKT signaling. Apoptosis. 20:796–810.
  • Yu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X, Xie L, Wang G. 2010. Modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by berberine: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biochem Pharmacol. 79:1000–1006.
  • Yu S, Pang X, Deng Y, Liu L, Liang Y, Liu X, Xie L, Wang G, Wang X. 2007. A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine and jatrorrhizine from Coptidis Rhizoma in rat plasma. Int J Mass Spectrom. 268:30–37.
  • Yu S, Yu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Lu s, Liang Y, Liu X, Xie L, Wang G. 2010. Increased plasma exposures of five protoberberine alkaloids from Coptidis Rhizoma in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: is P-GP involved? Planta Med. 76:876–881.
  • Yu S, Yu Y, Lu S, Liu L, Liu X. 2008. Pharmacokinetics of berberine, palmatine, coptisine, epiberberine and jatrorr-hizine from Coptidis Rhizoma in diabetic rats. J Chin Pharm Univ. 39:526–529.
  • Yu C, Zhang H, Pan J, Hong Y, Ren J, Zhu D, Xiu H. 2000. Determination and preliminary studies of metabolism of berberine in human urine after oral administration. Chin J Clin Pharmacol. 1:36–39.
  • Yu R, Zhang ZQ, Wang B, Jiang HX, Cheng L, Shen LM. 2014. Berberine-induced apoptotic and autophagic death of HepG2 cells requires AMPK activation. Cancer Cell Int. 14:1–8.
  • Yuan X, Wang J, Tang X, Li Y, Xia P, Gao X. 2015. Berberine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by a global modulation of hepatic mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles. J Transl Med. 13:24–34.
  • Zhang J. 1996. Jingyue’s complete works. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers.
  • Zhang B, Cao A, Zhou J, Hu Z, Wu D. 2012. Effect of jatrorrhizine on delayed gastrointestinal transit in rat postoperative ileus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 64:413–419.
  • Zhang C, Jing P, Li N. 2013. Berberine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Basic Clin Med. 33:225–226.
  • Zhang J, Tang H, Deng R, Wang N, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li F, Wang X, Zhou L. 2015. Berberine suppresses adipocyte differentiation via decreasing CREB transcriptional activity. PLoS One. 10:e0125667–e0125675.
  • Zhang Q, Xiao X, Li M, Li W, Yu M, Zhang H, Fan P, Wang Z, Zheng J. 2014. Berberine moderates glucose metabolism through the GNRH-GLP-1 and MAPK pathways in the intestine. BMC Complement Altern Med. 14:188–197.
  • Zhang T, Yang S, Du J. 2014. Protective effects of berberine on isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia in rats through regulating HMGB1-TLR4 axis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:1–8.
  • Zhang Z, Li B, Meng X, Yao S, Jin L, Yang J, Wang J, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Cai D, et al. 2016. Berberine prevents progression from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Sci Rep. 6:20848–20860.
  • ZHANG W, XU Yc, GUO Fj, MENG Y, LI Ml. 2008. Anti-diabetic effects of cinnamaldehyde and berberine and their impacts on retinol-binding protein 4 expression in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chin Med J. 121:2124–2128.
  • Zhao Y, Adjei AA. 2015. Targeting angiogenesis in cancer therapy: moving beyond vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncologist. 20:660–673.
  • Zhao M, Xian YF, Ip SP, Fong HH, Che CT. 2010. A new and weakly antispasmodic protoberberine alkaloid from Rhizoma Coptidis. Phytother Res. 24:1414–1416.
  • Zhao Gl, Yu Lm, Gao Wl, Duan Wx, Jiang B, Liu Xd, Zhang B, Liu Zh, Zhai Me, Jin Zx, et al. 2016. Berberine protects rat heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 37:354–367.
  • Zhong. 1991. Zhong yao cheng fang zhi ji. Vol 4. Beijing: Pharmacopoeia Committee of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Health.
  • Zhong. 1998. Zhong yao cheng fang zhi ji. Vol 17. Beijing: Pharmacopoeia Committee of the People's Republic of China Ministry of Health.
  • Zhou L, Yang F, Li G, Huang J, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Tang Q, Hu C, Zhang R. 2018. Coptisine induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells through activating 67-kDa Laminin receptor/cGMP signaling. Front Pharmacol. 9:517–533.
  • Zhou JY, Zhou SW. 2011. Protective effect of berberine on antioxidant enzymes and positive transcription elongation factor b expression in diabetic rat liver. Fitoterapia. 82:184–189.
  • Zhou X, Li H, Shi Z, Gao S, Wei S, Li K, Wang J, Li J, Wang R, Gong M, et al. 2017. Inhibition activity of a traditional chinese herbal formula Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang and its major components found in its plasma profile on neuraminidase-1. Sci Rep. 7:15549–15558.
  • Zhu DX. 2012. Danxi's mastery of medicine. Beijing: China Medical Science Press
  • Zhu G. 2015. Lei zheng huo ren shu. Tianjin: Tianjin Scientific & Techenical Press
  • Zhu T, Li LL, Xiao GF, Luo QZ, Liu QZ, Yao KT, Xiao GH. 2015. Berberine increases doxorubicin sensitivity by suppressing STAT3 in lung cancer. Am J Chinese Med. 43:1487–1502.
  • Zhu Q, Li Y. 2016. Berberine attenuates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling. Exp Ther Med. 11:978–984.
  • Zhu Y, Ma N, Li HX, Tian L, Ba YF, Hao B. 2014. Berberine induces apoptosis and DNA damage in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Mol Med Rep. 10:1734–1738.
  • Zou ZY, Hu YR, Ma H, Feng M, Li XG, Ye XL. 2016. Epiberberine reduces serum cholesterol in diet-induced dyslipidemia syrian golden hamsters via network pathways involving cholesterol metabolism. Eur J Pharmacol. 774:1–9.
  • Zuo F, Nakamura N, Akao T, Hattori M. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of berberine and its main metabolites in conventional and pseudo germ-free rats determined by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos. 34:2064–2072.