825
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Open drug scenes and police strategies in Oslo, Norway

Pages 141-156 | Received 05 Apr 2017, Accepted 02 Oct 2017, Published online: 12 Oct 2017

References

  • Arneberg, H. (August 9, 2015). Jeg må be narkotikaselgere flytte seg så jeg kommer inn døren [I have to ask drug dealers to move so I get in the door]. Aftenposten. Retrieved from https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/–Jeg-ma-be-narkotikaselgere-flytte-seg-sa-jeg-kommer-inn-doren-32155b.html
  • Bakke Foss, A. (November 24, 2012). Tar selgere for å knekke bakmenn [Takes pushers to stop traffickers]. Aftenposten. Retrieved from https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/Tar-selgere-for-a-knekke-bakmenn-137093b.html
  • Bayley, D. H. (1996). Police for the furure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Beletsky, L., Cochrane, J., Sawyer, A. L., Serio-Chapman, C., Smelyanskaya, M., Han, J., … Sherman, S. G. (2015). Police encounters among needle exchange clients in Baltimore: drug law enforcement as a structural determinant of health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(9), 1872–1879.10.2105/AJPH.2015.302681
  • Berg, T. (May 15, 2009). Har ikke vært synlige nok [Has not been visible enough]. Retrieved from https://www.politiforum.no/no/nyheter/2009/mai/-+Har+ikke+v%C3%A6rt+synlige+nok.d25-TNdrKYC.ips
  • Bless, R., Korf, D. J., & Freeman, M. (1995). Open drug scenes: A cross-national comparison of concepts and urban strategies. European Addiction Research, 1(3), 128–138.10.1159/000259053
  • Bu, K. D. (December 1, 2015). Byen som ikke vil se de rusavhengige [The city that does not want to see the addicts]. Erlik Oslo (street magazine). Retrieved from https://www.erlik.no/byen-som-ikke-vil-se-de-rusavhengige/
  • Böllinger, L. (2004). Drug law and policy in Germany and the European community: Recent developments. Journal of Drug Issues, 34(3), 491–510.10.1177/002204260403400302
  • Christie, N. (1972). Langhåret livsstil [Long-haired lifestyle]. Oslo: Christian Ejlers’ Forlag.
  • Connoly, J. (2006). Responding to open drug scenes and drug-related crime and public nuisance: Towards a partnership approach. Strasbourg: The Pompidou Group´s Criminal Justice Platform.
  • Dyb, E. (2006). European observatory on homelessness: Thematic report 2006 Norway roofless people and use of public place, a study in Oslo. Brussels: FEANTSA.
  • Editorial (October 12, 2016). Ny narkotikapolitkk [New drug policy]. Dagsavisen. Retrieved from http://www.dagsavisen.no/nyemeninger/ny-narkotikapolitikk-1.789793
  • Eisner, M. (1993). Policies towards open drug scenes and street crime. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1(2), 61–75.10.1007/BF02249229
  • EMCDDA. (2015). Drugs, policy and the city in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2637/TDAT16001ENN.pdf
  • EMCDDA. (2016). European Drug Report 2016. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/2637/TDAT16001ENN.pdf
  • Fitzgerald, J. L. (2005). Policing as public health menace in the policy struggles over public injecting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(4), 203–206.10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.06.010
  • Garland, D. (1996). The limits of the sovereign state strategies of crime control in contemporary society. British Journal of Criminology, 36(4), 445–471.10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014105
  • Garland, D. (2000). The culture of high crime societies. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 347–375.10.1093/bjc/40.3.347
  • Gjersing, L., & Sandøy, T. A. (2014). Narkotikabruk på gateplan i syv norske byer [Street level drug use in seven Norwegian cities] (8271714139). Retrieved from https://www.fhi.no/publ/2014/narkotikabruk-pa-gateplan-i-7-norske-byer/
  • Grob, P. J. (1993). The needle park in Zürich. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1(2), 48–60.10.1007/BF02249228
  • Grytnes, R. (2003). Policing a drug scene-Strategies, practices and dilemmas. In E. H. Pedersen & C. Tigerstedt (Ed.). Nad Publication (pp. 85–100). NAD (Nordic Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research).
  • Grønnestad, T. E., & Lalander, P. (2015). The Bench: An open drug scene and its people. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 32(2), 165–182.
  • Gundhus, H. I. (2012). Experience or knowledge? Perspectives on new knowledge regimes and control of police professionalism. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 7(2), 178–194.
  • Gundhus, H. I. (2017). Discretion as an obstacle: Police culture, change, and governance in a Norwegian context. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 11(3), 258–272.
  • Hakkarainen, P., Tigerstedt, C., & Tammi, T. (2007). Dual-track drug policy: Normalization of the drug problem in Finland. Drugs: Education, prevention and policy, 14(6), 543–558.
  • Hauge, R. (2004). Public nuisance: Definitions, trends in policies, legal-issues and intervention strategies. In O. Hordvin (Ed.), The drug situation in Norway. National report to the EMCDDA (pp. 61–66). SIRUS - Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research.
  • Herzig, M. (2004). How to prevent an open drug scene. The Zurich experience. Paper presented at the Pompidou Group Expert Forum on Criminal Justice, Strasbourg.
  • Houborg, E., Frank, V. A., & Bjerge, B. (2014). From zero tolerance to non-enforcement: Creating a new space for drug policing in Copenhagen, Denmark. Contemporary Drug Problems, 41(2), 261–291.10.1177/009145091404100206
  • Huber, C. (1994). Needle Park: What can we learn from the Zürich experience? Addiction, 89(5), 513–516.10.1111/add.1994.89.issue-5
  • Huo, D., & Ouellet, L. J. (2007). Needle exchange and injection-related risk behaviors in Chicago: A longitudinal study. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45(1), 108–114.10.1097/QAI.0b013e318050d260
  • Høigård, C. (2011). Policing the north. Crime and Justice, 40(1), 265–348.10.1086/659840
  • Kimber, J., Palmateer, N., Hutchinson, S., Hickman, M., Goldberg, D., & Rhodes, T. (2010). Harm reduction among injecting drug users-evidence of effectiveness. Harm reduction: Evidence, impacts and challenges. Retrieved from http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/25573/. EMCDDA.
  • Kirkebøen, S. E., Thorgrimsen, T. C., & Sødal, H. (May 19, 2009). Knallhard straff for hasjrøykerne [Tough punishment for hashish smokers]. Aftenposten. Retrieved from http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Knallhard-straff-for-hasjroykerne-256122b.html
  • Klingemann, H. K. (1996). Drug treatment in Switzerland: Harm reduction, decentralization and community response. Addiction, 91(5), 723–736.10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.9157238.x
  • Lomell, H. M. (2002). Targeting the unwanted: Video surveillance and categorical exclusion in Oslo, Norway. Surveillance & Society, 2(2/3), 346–360.
  • McNeil, R., Shannon, K., Shaver, L., Kerr, T., & Small, W. (2014). Negotiating place and gendered violence in Canada’s largest open drug scene. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(3), 608–615.10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.11.006
  • Ministry of Social Affairs. (2003). Tiltaksplan for alternativer til rusmiljøene i Oslo sentrum 20032005 [Action plan for alternatives to drug scenes in Oslo city center 2003–2005]. Oslo.
  • Municipality of Oslo. (2011). Den åpne narkotikaomsetningen i Oslo sentrum. Oslo kommunes handlingsplan for sentrumsarbeidet 20122015 [The open drug trade in the centre of Oslo. Action Plan for the Municipality of Oslo, on city centre efforts 2012–2015]. Retrieved from http://www.ivarjohansen.no/images/stories/pdf/VedtatthandlingsplanforsentrumOslokommune2011.pdf
  • Municipality of Oslo. (2013). Den åpne narkotikaomsetningen i Oslo sentrum. Status for Oslo kommunes handlingsplan for sentrumsarbeidet pr 1. mai 2013 [The open drug trade in the centre of Oslo. Status for the Action Plan for the Municipality of Oslo, on city centre efforts. Report 1. May 2013]. Unpublished manuscript. Oslo: Municipality of Oslo.
  • Næss Larsen, K. (April 8, 2016). Narkomane bøtelagt for 48 millioner kroner [Addicts fined NOK 48 million]. Retrieved from https://www.nrk.no/norge/narkomane-botelagt-for-naer-50-millioner-kroner-1.12887103
  • Ødegård, E., Bretteville-Jensen, A. L., & Skretting, A. (2002). Utviklingen av narkotikamisbruket i Norge på 1990-tallet [The development of drug abuse in Norway in the 1990s]. Nordisk Alkohol och Narkotikatidsskrift [Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs], 19(2), 106–122.
  • Olsen, H., & Skretting, A. (2006). Ingen enkle løsninger. Evaluering av Tiltaksplan for alternativer til rusmiljøene i Oslo sentrum [No simple solutions. Evaluation of the Action Plan to combat drug scenes in Oslo city centre]. Retrieved from https://www.fhi.no/publ/eldre/ingen-enkle-losninger/
  • Olsen, I.A. (January 17, 2003). Regjeringen instruerer politiet: Ligg unna narkomane. [The government instructs the police: Keep away from drug addicts]. Aftenposten, p. 7.
  • Oslo Police District (2007). Trygghet for alle i Skippergata og områden rundt - et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom Oslo Kommune og Oslo Politidistrikt [Security for all in Skippergata and surrounding areas – a collaborative project with Oslo Municipality and Oslo Police District]. Oslo: Oslo Police District.
  • Ritter, A., & Cameron, J. (2006). A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(6), 611–624.10.1080/09595230600944529
  • Sandberg, S., & Pedersen, W. (2008). ‘A magnet for curious adolescents’: The perceived dangers of an open drug scene. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(6), 459–466.10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.02.001
  • Shiner, M. (2013). British drug policy and the modern state: Reconsidering the criminalisation thesis. Journal of Social Policy, 42(03), 623–643.10.1017/S0047279413000226
  • Shirin Jafari, R. (August 9, 2010). Politiet kjeppjager hjelpetjenester [The police chases aid services away]. Dagsavisen. Retrieved from http://www.dagsavisen.no/innenriks/politiet-kjeppjager-hjelpetjenester-1.832853
  • Skretting, A. (2014). Governmental conceptions of the drug problem: A review of Norwegian governmental papers 1965–2012. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 31(5–6), 569–584.
  • Skretting, A., & Olsen, H. (2006). Ingen enkle losninger. Tiltaksplanen for alternativer til ‘Plata’ i Oslo [No simple solutions. Evaluation of the Action Plan for alternatives to ‘Plata’ in Oslo]. Nordisk Alkohol och Narkotikatidskrift (Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs), 23(4), 245.
  • Skrinjar, M., & Johansson, P. (2001). Kontrollanten som hjälpare och hjälparen som kontrollant: Polisers och socialarbetares yrkesroller i arbetet med narkotikamissbrukare [The controller as aid worker and the aid worker as controller: Police and social workers’ occupational roles in their work with drug abusers]. In: Skyldig eller sjuk?: Om valet av påföljd för narkotikabruk, Ólafsdóttir, H.[ed]. Helsinki: Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research (NAD) , 2001, 203–218.
  • Small, W., Kerr, T., Charette, J., Schechter, M. T., & Spittal, P. M. (2006). Impacts of intensified police activity on injection drug users: Evidence from an ethnographic investigation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 17(2), 85–95.10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.12.005
  • Smáre Hanssen, S., & Andreassen, T. (November 15, 2008). Stortinget kan bli den nye Plata [The parliament can be the new ‘Plata’]. Dagsavisen, p.6.
  • Stevens, A., Bewley-Taylor, D., & Dreyfus, P. (2009). Drug markets and urban violence: Can tackling one reduce the other. Retrieved from: http://beckleyfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/BF_Report_15.pdf
  • Storeng, K. T. (August 13, 2008). Narkomane trenger hjelp ikke fengsel[Drug addicts need help not prison]. Dagsavisen, p.6.
  • Tammi, T. (2007). Medicalising prohibition: Harm reduction in Finnish and international drug policy (1236-0732). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tuukka_Tammi/publication/47934958_Medicalising_Prohibition_Harm_reduction_in_Finnish_and_International_Drug_Policy/links/53f716340cf22be01c453135.pdf
  • Waal, H. (2004). Comparative overview of public nuisance features with regard to open drug scenes and different approaches taken by European Countries to address them. Paper prepared to Pomidou group meeting, Strasbourg.
  • Waal, H., Clausen, T., Gjersing, L., & Gossop, M. (2014). Open drug scenes: Responses of five European cities. BMC public health, 14(1), 1.
  • Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (2006). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Willersrud, A. B., & Olsen, H. (2006). Democracy or closer control? Emergence of drug user participation in Norway. Nad Publication, 49, 85.
  • Wood, E., Tyndall, M. W., Montaner, J. S., & Kerr, T. (2006). Summary of findings from the evaluation of a pilot medically supervised safer injecting facility. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(11), 1399–1404.10.1503/cmaj.060863
  • www.newsinenglish.no (July 20, 2009). Drugs flow around central station newsarticle. Retrieved from http://www.newsinenglish.no/2009/07/20/drugs-flow-around-central-station/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.