The pharmacological management of vertigo in Meniere disease

References

• Espinosa-Sanchez JM, Lopez-Escamez JA. Menière’s disease. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;137:257–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al., Clinical practice guideline: Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 162(2_suppl): S1–S55. 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requena T, Espinosa‐Sanchez JM, Cabrera S, et al. Familial clustering and genetic heterogeneity in Meniere’s disease. Clin Genet. 2014;85(3):245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frejo L, Requena T, Okawa S, et al. Regulation of Fn14 receptor and NF-κB underlies inflammation in Meniere’s disease. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frejo L, Gallego-Martinez A, Requena T, et al., Proinflammatory cytokines and response to molds in mononuclear cells of patients with Meniere disease. Sci Rep. 8(1): 5974. 2018.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paparella MM, Djalilian HR. Etiology, pathophysiology of symptoms, and pathogenesis of Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2002;35(3):529–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung W-H, et al., Diagnostic criteria for Menière’s disease. J Vestib Res. 25(1): 1–7. 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James AL, Burton MJ. Betahistine for Menière’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;1:CD001873.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thirlwall AS, Kundu S. Diuretics for Ménière’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD003599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips JS, Westerberg B. Intratympanic steroids for Meniere’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD008514.
   Google Scholar
• van Sonsbeek S, Pullens B, van Benthem PP. Positive pressure therapy for Ménière’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;3:CD008419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pullens B, van Benthem PP. Intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;3(3):CD008234.
   Google Scholar
• Pullens B, Verschuur HP, van Benthem PP. Surgery for Ménière’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD005395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdin L, Hussain K, Schilder AG. Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;6:CD010696.
   Google Scholar
• Hain TC, Uddin M. Pharmacological treatment of vertigo. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(2):85–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharon JD, Trevino C, Schubert MC, et al. Treatment of Menière’s disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2015;17(4):341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyde JW, Oberman BS, Isildak H. Current management practices in Ménièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(6):e159–e167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Carpena P, Lopez-Escamez JA. Current understanding and clinical management of Meniere’s disease: a systematic review. Semin Neurol. 2020;40(1):138–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seemungal B, Kaski D, Lopez-Escamez JA. Early diagnosis and management of acute vertigo from vestibular migraine and Ménière’s disease. Neurologic Clin. 2015;33(3):619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotný M, Kostrica R. Fixed combination of cinnarizine and dimenhydrinate versus betahistine dimesylate in the treatment of Ménière’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, parallel group clinical study. Int Tinnitus J. 2002;8:115–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morales-Luckie E, Cornejo-Suarez A, Zaragoza-Contreras MA, et al. Oral administration of prednisone to control refractory vertigo in Menière’s disease: a pilot study. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26(5):1022–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaranta N, Picciotti P, Porro G, et al. Therapeutic strategies in the treatment of Menière’s disease: the Italian experience. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(7):1943–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnan J, Özgirgin ON, Trabalzini F, et al., European position statement on diagnosis, and treatment of Meniere’s disease. J Int Adv Otol. 14(2): 317–321. 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxford E, Berliner KI, Lee J, et al. Dietary modification as adjunct treatment in Ménière’s disease: patient willingness and ability to comply. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(8):1438–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain K, Murdin L, Schilder AG. Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of Ménière’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;12:CD012173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naganuma H, Kawahara K, Tokumasu K, et al. Water may cure patients with Meniere disease. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(8):1455–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Sellero I, San-Román-Rodríguez E, Santos-Pérez S, et al. Caffeine intake and Menière’s disease: is there relationship? Nutr Neurosci. 2018;21(9):624–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittar RSM, Santos MD, Mezzalira R. Glucose metabolism disorders and vestibular manifestations: evaluation through computerized dynamic posturography. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;82(4):372–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioacchini FM, Albera R, Re M, et al. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus are related to vestibular organs dysfunction: truth or suggestion? A literature review. Acta Diabetol. 2018;55(12):1201–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbahou F, Davenas E, Morisset S, et al. Effects of betahistine at histamine H3 receptors: mixed inverse agonism/agonism in vitro and partial inverse agonism in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010;334(3):945–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller MN, Kirkeby S, Vikesa J, et al. Gene expression in the human endolymphatic sac: the solute carrier molecules in endolymphatic fluid homeostasis. Otol Neurotol. 2015;36(5):915–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihler F, Bertlich M, Sharaf K, et al. Betahistine exerts a dose-dependent effect on cochlear stria vascularis blood flow in guinea pigs in vivo. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertlich M, Ihler F, Freytag S, et al. Histaminergic H3-heteroreceptors as a potential mediator of betahistine-induced increase in cochlear blood flow. Audiol Neurotol. 2015;20(5):283–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertlich M, Ihler F, Sharaf K, et al. Betahistine metabolites, aminoethylpyridine, and hydroxyethylpyridine increase cochlear blood flow in guinea pigs in vivo. Int J Audiol. 2014;53(10):753–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacour M. Betahistine treatment in managing vertigo and improving vestibular compensation: clarification. J Vestib Res. 2013;23(3):139–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergquist F, Ruthven A, Ludwig M, et al. Histaminergic and glycinergic modulation of GABA release in the vestibular nuclei of normal and labyrinthectomised rats. J Physiol. 2006;577(3):857–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chávez H, Vega R, Soto E. Histamine (H3) receptors modulate the excitatory amino acid receptor response of the vestibular afferents. Brain Res. 2005;1064(1–2):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmadryl G, Gaboyard-Niay S, Brugeaud A, et al. Histamine H 4 receptor antagonists as potent modulators of mammalian vestibular primary neuron excitability. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(4):905–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tighilet B, Mourre C, Trottier S, et al. Histaminergic ligands improve vestibular compensation in the cat: behavioural, neurochemical and molecular evidence. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007;568(1–3):149–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J-S, Sakai K, Vanni-Mercier G, et al. Involvement of histaminergic neurons in arousal mechanisms demonstrated with H3-receptor ligands in the cat. Brain Res. 1990;523(2):325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeck-Thole S, Wagner W. Betahistine: a retrospective synopsis of safety data. Drug Saf. 2006;29(11):1049–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benecke H, Pérez-Garrigues H, Bin Sidek D, et al. Effects of betahistine on patient reported outcomes in routine practice in patients with vestibular vertigo and appraisal of tolerability: experience in the OSVaLD study. Int Tinnitus J. 2010;16(1):14–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nauta JJP. Meta-analysis of clinical studies with betahistine in Ménière’s disease and vestibular vertigo. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(5):887–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum A, Winter M. Is betahistine effective for Ménière’s disease? Medwave. 2017;17(8):e7068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrion C, Fischer CS, Wagner J, et al. Efficacy and safety of betahistine treatment in patients with Meniere’s disease: primary results of a long term, multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, dose defining trial (BEMED trial). BMJ. 2016;352:h6816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner I, Hall DA, Smit AL, et al. Betahistine for tinnitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;12:CD013093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tighilet B, Trottier S, Lacour M. Dose- and duration-dependent effects of betahistine dihydrochloride treatment on histamine turnover in the cat. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;523(1–3):54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strupp M, Hupert D, Frenzel C, et al. Long-term prophylactic treatment of attacks of vertigo in Menière’s disease – comparison of a high with a low dosage of betahistine in an open trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128(5):520–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezius F, Adrion C, Mansmann U, et al. High-dosage betahistine dihydrochloride between 288 and 480 mg/day in patients with severe Menière’s disease: a case series. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;268(8):1237–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strupp M, Kraus L, Schautzer F, et al. Retracted article: Menière’s disease: combined pharmacotherapy with betahistine and the MAO-B inhibitor selegiline—an observational study. J Neurol. 2018;265(Suppl S1):80–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tighilet B, Léonard J, Watabe I, et al. Betahistine treatment in a cat model of vestibular pathology: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches. Front Neurol. 2018;9:431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern Shavit S, Lalwani AK. Are diuretics useful in the treatment of Meniere disease? Laryngoscope. 2019;129(10):2206–2207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowson MG, Patki A, Tucci DL. A systematic review of diuretics in the medical management of Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(5):824–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum A, Winter M. Are diuretics effective for Ménière`s disease? Medwave. 2018;18(2):e7188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basel T, Lütkenhöner B. Auditory threshold shifts after glycerol administration to patients with suspected Menière’s disease: a retrospective analysis. Ear Hear. 2013;34(3):370–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazquez I, Soto-Varela A, Aran I, et al. High prevalence of systemic autoimmune diseases in patients with Menière’s disease. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e26759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flook M, Lopez Escamez JA. Meniere’s disease: genetics and the immune system. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2018;6(1):24.
   Google Scholar
• Froehlich MH, Lambert PR. The physiologic role of corticosteroids in Menière’s disease: an update on glucocorticoid-mediated pathophysiology and corticosteroid inner ear distribution. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(2):271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong SH, Kim SS, Kim SH, et al. Expression of aquaporins in inner ear disease. Laryngoscope. 2019 Oct 8 in press. DOI:10.1002/lary.28334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevoux J, Viengchareun S, Lema I, et al., Glucocorticoids stimulate endolymphatic water reabsorption in inner ear through aquaporin 3 regulation. Pflugers Arch. 467(9): 1931–1943. 2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher LM, Derebery MJ, Friedman RA. Oral steroid treatment for hearing improvement in Ménière’s disease and endolymphatic hydrops. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(9):1685–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salt AN, Hirose K. Communication pathways to and from the inner ear and their contributions to drug delivery. Hear Res. 2018;362:25–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird PA, Murray DP, Zhang M, et al. Intratympanic versus intravenous delivery of dexamethasone and dexamethasone sodium phosphate to cochlear perilymph. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32(6):933–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JJ, Jang JH, Choo O-S, et al. Steroid intracochlear distribution differs by administration method: systemic versus intratympanic injection. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(1):189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salt AN, Plontke SK. Pharmacokinetic principles in the inner ear: influence of drug properties on intratympanic applications. Hear Res. 2018;368:28–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jumaily M, Faraji F, Mikulec AA. Intratympanic triamcinolone and dexamethasone in the treatment of Ménièreʼs syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(3):386–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salt AN, Hartsock JJ, Hou J, et al. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of triamcinolone and dexamethasone for local therapy of the inner ear. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnes LS, Sun A-H, Freeman DJ. Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in the inner ear fluids: an animal study followed by clinical application. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(S91):1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamid M, Trune D. Issues, indications, and controversies regarding intratympanic steroid perfusion. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;16(5):434–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoumi E, Dabiri S, Khorsandi Ashtiani MT, et al. Methylprednisolone versus dexamethasone for control of vertigo in patients with definite Meniere’s disease. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;29(95):341–346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boleas-Aguirre MS, Lin FR, Della Santina CC, et al. Longitudinal results with intratympanic dexamethasone in the treatment of Ménière’s disease. Otol Neurotol. 2008;29(1):33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• She W, Lv L, Du X, et al. Long-term effects of intratympanic methylprednisolone perfusion treatment on intractable Ménière’s disease. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129(3):232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Attrache NA, Krstulovic C, Pérez Guillen V, et al. Response over time of vertigo spells to intratympanic dexamethasone treatment in Meniere’s disease patients. J Int Adv Otol. 2016;12(1):92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyea JA, Instrum RS, Agrawal SK, et al. Intratympanic dexamethasone in the treatment of Ménièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(6):e173–e178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRackan TR, Best J, Pearce EC, et al. Intratympanic dexamethasone as a symptomatic treatment for Ménière’s disease. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(9):1638–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel M. Intratympanic corticosteroids in Ménière’s disease: a mini-review. J Otol. 2017;12(3):117–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naples JG, Henry L, Brant JA, et al. Intratympanic therapies in Ménière disease: evaluation of outcomes and early vertigo control. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(1):216–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein H, Smouha E, Jones R. Natural history vs. surgery for Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;100(1):6–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Garrigues H, Lopez-Escamez JA, Perez P, et al. Time course of episodes of definitive vertigo in Ménière’s disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 134(11): 1149–1154. 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pradhan P, Lal P, Sen K. Long term outcomes of intratympanic dexamethasone in intractable unilateral Meniere’s disease. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery. 2019;71(S2):1369–1373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garduño-Anaya MA, Couthino De Toledo H, Hinojosa-González R, et al. Dexamethasone inner ear perfusion by intratympanic injection in unilateral Ménière’s disease: a two-year prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133(2):285–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed MI, Ilan O, Nassar J, et al. Intratympanic therapy in Meniere’s syndrome or disease: up to date evidence for clinical practice. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015;40(6):682–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright T. Menière’s disease. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;11:0505.
   Google Scholar
• Lavigne P, Lavigne F, Saliba I. Intratympanic corticosteroids injections: a systematic review of literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;273(9):2271–2278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang-Chuang Á, Baeza MA. Are intratympanic corticosteroids effective for Ménière’s disease? Medwave. 2017;17(Suppl1):e6863.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lambert PR, Nguyen S, Maxwell KS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to assess safety and clinical activity of OTO-104 given as a single intratympanic injection in patients with unilateral Ménière’s disease. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1257–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert PR, Carey J, Mikulec AA, et al. Intratympanic sustained-exposure dexamethasone thermosensitive gel for symptoms of Ménièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(10):1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devantier L, Djurhuus BD, Hougaard DD, et al., Intratympanic steroid for Menièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 40(6): 806–812. 2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevoux J, Franco-Vidal V, Bouccara D, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in Menière’s disease. Guidelines of the French otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery society (SFORL). Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017;134(6):441–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nevoux J, Barbara M, Dornhoffer J, et al. International consensus (ICON) on treatment of Ménière’s disease. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2018;135(1):S29–S32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu B, Leng Y, Zhou R, et al. Intratympanic steroids injection is effective for the treatment of drop attacks with Ménièreʼs disease and delayed endolymphatic hydrops. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(52):e5767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler EP. Streptomycin treatment of vertigo. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1948;52:239–301.
   Google Scholar
• Choung YH, Taura A, Pak K, et al. Generation of highly-reactive oxygen species is closely related to hair cell damage in rat organ of corti treated with gentamicin. Neuroscience. 2009;161(1):214–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutka J. Aminoglycoside vestibulotoxicity. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;82:101–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marques P, Manrique-Huarte R, Perez-Fernandez N. Single intratympanic gentamicin injection in Ménière’s disease: VOR change and prognostic usefulness. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(8):1915–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manrique-Huarte R, Guillén-Grima F, Perez-Fernandez N. Treatment of Ménière’s disease with “on-demand” intratympanic gentamicin injections. Otol Neurotol. 2011;32(3):461–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casani AP, Cerchiai N, Navari E, et al. Intratympanic gentamicin for Ménière’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(5):847–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaglieri S, Gatti O, Rebecchi E, et al. Intratympanic gentamicin treatment ‘as needed’ for Meniere’s disease. Long-term analysis using the Kaplan–Meier method. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2014;271(6):1443–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huon L-K, Fang T-Y, Wang P-C. Outcomes of intratympanic gentamicin injection to treat Ménière’s disease. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(5):706–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postema RJ, Kingma CM, Wit HP, et al. Intratympanic gentamicin therapy for control of vertigo in unilateral Menière’s disease: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2008;128(8):876–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokroos R, Kingma H. Selective vestibular ablation by intratympanic gentamicin in patients with unilateral active ménière’s disease: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Acta Otolaryngol. 2004;124(2):172–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Fu J, Lin H, et al. The clinical outcomes after intratympanic gentamicin injection to treat Menièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(4):419–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas S, Kmeid M, Mansour C, et al. Long-term vertigo control and vestibular function after low-dose on-demand transtympanic gentamicin for refractory Menièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(2):218–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane BT, Minor LB, Della Santina CC, et al. Middle ear exploration in patients with Ménière’s disease who have failed outpatient intratympanic gentamicin therapy. Otol Neurotol. 2009;30(5):619–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlastarakos PV, Iacovou E, Nikolopoulos TP. Is gentamycin delivery via sustained-release vehicles a safe and effective treatment for refractory Meniere’s disease? A critical analysis of published interventional studies. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;274(3):1309–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casani AP, Piaggi P, Cerchiai N, et al. Intratympanic treatment of intractable unilateral Ménière disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;146(3):430–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel M, Agarwal K, Arshad Q, et al., Intratympanic methylprednisolone versus gentamicin in patients with unilateral Ménière’s disease: a randomised, double-blind, comparative effectiveness trial. Lancet. 388(10061): 2753–2762. 2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt JP, Lambert A, Wong PY, et al. Long-term follow-up of intratympanic methylprednisolone versus gentamicin in patients with unilateral Menièreʼs disease. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(4):491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Z, Yue F, Huang W, et al. Different medications for the treatment of Ménière’s disease by intratympanic injection: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2019;44(4):619–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaz F, Ziylan F, Smeeing DPJ, et al. Intratympanic treatment in Menièreʼs disease, efficacy of aminoglycosides versus corticosteroids in comparison studies. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya I, Eraslan S, Tarhan C, et al. Can verapamil be effective in controlling vertigo and headache attacks in vestibular migraine accompanied with Meniere’s disease? A preliminary study. J Neurol. 2019;266(Suppl S1):62–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rask-Andersen H, Friberg U, Johansson M, et al. Effects of intratympanic injection of latanoprost in Meniere’s disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;133(3):441–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gacek RR. Ménière’s disease is a viral neuropathy. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2009;71(2):78–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gacek RR. Recovery of hearing in Meniere’s disease after antiviral treatment. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015;36(3):315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derebery MJ, Fisher LM, Iqbal Z. Randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of famciclovir for reduction of Ménière’s disease symptoms. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;131(6):877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyot J-P, Maire R, Delaspre O. Intratympanic application of an antiviral agent for the treatment of Ménière’s disease. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2008;70(1):21–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean NJ, Pastras C, Brown D, et al. Are viral-infections associated with Ménière’s disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular-markers of viral-infection in case-controlled observational studies of MD. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0225650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kil J, Lobarinas E, Spankovich C, et al. Safety and efficacy of ebselen for the prevention of noise-induced hearing loss: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10098):969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayyali MN, Wooltorton JRA, Ramsey AJ, et al. A novel nanoparticle delivery system for targeted therapy of noise-induced hearing loss. J Control Release. 2018;279:243–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CR, Xie C, Su MP, et al. Local delivery of therapeutics to the inner ear: the state of the science. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Martinez A, Lopez-Escamez JA. Genetic architecture of Meniere’s disease. Hear Res. 2019 Dec 13: 107872. DOI:10.1016/j.heares.2019.107872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Martinez A, Requena T, Roman-Naranjo P, et al. Excess of rare missense variants in hearing loss genes in sporadic Meniere disease. Front Genet. 2019;10:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallego-Martinez A, Requena T, Roman-Naranjo P, et al. Enrichment of damaging missense variants in genes related with axonal guidance signalling in sporadic Meniere’s disease. J Med Genet. 2020;57(2):82–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Requena T, Cabrera S, Martín-Sierra C, et al. Identification of two novel mutations in FAM136A and DTNA genes in autosomal-dominant familial Meniere’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24(4):1119–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Sierra C, Requena T, Frejo L, et al. A novel missense variant in PRKCB segregates low-frequency hearing loss in an autosomal dominant family with Meniere’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2016;25(16):3407–3415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Sierra C, Gallego-Martinez A, Requena T, et al. Variable expressivity and genetic heterogeneity involving DPT and SEMA3D genes in autosomal dominant familial Meniere’s disease. Eur J Hum Genet. 2017;25(2):200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Naranjo P, Gallego-Martinez A, Soto-Varela A, et al. Burden of rare variants in the OTOG gene in familial Meniere’s disease. Ear Hear. 2020 in press. 1. DOI:10.1097/AUD.0000000000000878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh EH, Shin J-H, Kim H-S, et al. Rare variants of putative candidate genes associated with sporadic Meniere’s disease in East Asian population. Front Neurol. 2020;10:1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar