241
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The pharmacological treatment and management of hyperhidrosis

, ORCID Icon, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 1217-1231 | Received 13 Dec 2021, Accepted 25 May 2022, Published online: 10 Jul 2022

References

  • Strutton DR, Kowalski JW, Glaser DA, et al. US prevalence of hyperhidrosis and impact on individuals with axillary hyperhidrosis: results from a national survey.J Am Acad Dermatol.2004;51(2):241–248. Epub 2004/07/29. PubMed PMID: 15280843 .
  • Campanati A, Penna L, Guzzo T, et al. Quality-of-life assessment in patients with hyperhidrosis before and after treatment with botulinum toxin: results of an open-label study. Clin Ther. 2003;25(1):298–308. Epub 2003/03/15. PubMed PMID: 12637128
  • Wolosker N, de Campos JRM, Kauffman P, et al. Cohort study on 20 years’ experience of bilateral video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy (VATS) for treatment of hyperhidrosis in 2431 patients. Sao Paulo Med J. 2022;140(2):284–289. PubMed PMID: 35195234.
  • Lonsdale-Eccles A, Leonard N, Lawrence C.Axillary hyperhidrosis: eccrine or apocrine? Clin Exp Dermatol.2003;28(1):2–7. Epub 2003/02/01. PubMed PMID: 12558618 .
  • Hamm H, Naumann MK, Kowalski JW, et al. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: disease characteristics and functional impairment.Dermatology.2006;212(4):343–353. Epub 2006/05/19. PubMed PMID: 16707884 .
  • Leung AK, Chan PY, Choi MC.Hyperhidrosis.Int J Dermatol.1999;38(8):561–567. Epub 1999/09/16. PubMed PMID: 10487442 .
  • Walling HW.Primary hyperhidrosis increases the risk of cutaneous infection: a case-control study of 387 patients.J Am Acad Dermatol.2009;61(2):242–246. Epub 2009/04/28. PubMed PMID: 19395123 .
  • Hornberger J, Grimes K, Naumann M, et al. Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(2):274–286. Epub 2004/07/29. PubMed PMID: 15280848
  • Hamm H.Impact of hyperhidrosis on quality of life and its assessment.Dermatol Clin.2014;32(4):467–476. Epub 2014/08/26. PubMed PMID: 25152339 .
  • Higashimoto I, Yoshiura K, Hirakawa N, et al. Primary palmar hyperhidrosis locus maps to 14q11.2-q13. Am J Med Genet A. 2006;140(6):567–572. Epub 2006/02/14. PubMed PMID: 16470694
  • Herbst F, Plas EG, Függer R, et al. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis of the upper limbs. A critical analysis and long-term results of 480 operations.Ann Surg.1994;220(1):86–90. Epub 1994/07/01. PubMed PMID: 8024363; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1234291 .
  • Beer K, Oakley H.Axillary chromhidrosis: report of a case, review of the literature and treatment considerations.J Cosmet Dermatol.2010;9(4):318–320. Epub 2010/12/03. PubMed PMID: 21122052 .
  • Glaser DA, Hebert AA, Nast A, et al. Topical glycopyrronium tosylate for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: results from the ATMOS-1 and ATMOS-2 phase 3 randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):128–38.e2. Epub 2018/07/14. PubMed PMID: 30003988 .
  • Scholes KT, Crow KD, Ellis JP, et al. Axillary hyperhidrosis treated with alcoholic solution of aluminium chloride hexahydrate.Br Med J.1978;2(6130):84–85. Epub 1978/07/08. PubMed PMID: 667571; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1605859 .
  • Pariser DM, Ballard A.Topical therapies in hyperhidrosis care.Dermatol Clin.2014;32(4):485–490. Epub 2014/08/26. PubMed PMID: 25152341 .
  • Goh CL.Aluminum chloride hexahydrate versus palmar hyperhidrosis. Evaporimeter assessment.Int J Dermatol.1990;29(5):368–370. Epub 1990/06/01. PubMed PMID: 2361796 .
  • Arndt KAHJTSOTI. Manual of dermatologic therapeutics. 2007.
  • Casey BJ, Kofinas P, Behrens A, et al. inventorBlood Coagulation Inducing Polymer Hydrogel 2016 3 June 2010.
  • Stolman LP.Hyperhidrosis: medical and surgical treatment. Eplasty. 2008;8:e22. Epub 2008/05/20. PubMed PMID: 18488053; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2344132.
  • Innocenzi D, Ruggero A, Francesconi L, et al. An open-label tolerability and efficacy study of an aluminum sesquichlorohydrate topical foam in axillary and palmar primary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Ther. 2008;21 Suppl 1:S27–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00199.x. Epub 2008/09/09. PubMed PMID: 18727813.
  • Innocenzi D, Lupi F, Bruni F, et al. Efficacy of a new aluminium salt thermophobic foam in the treatment of axillary and palmar primary hyperhidrosis: a pilot exploratory trial.Curr Med Res Opin.2005;21(12):1949–1953. Epub 2005/12/22. PubMed PMID: 16368045 .
  • Baker DM.Topical glycopyrrolate reduces axillary hyperhidrosis.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2016;30(12):2131–2136. Epub 2016/07/14. PubMed PMID: 27406319.
  • Lowe N, Campanati A, Bodokh I, et al. The place of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(6):1115–1122. Epub 2004/12/21. PubMed PMID: 15606505
  • Martina E, Diotallevi F, Radi G, et al. Therapeutic use of botulinum neurotoxins in dermatology: systematic review.Toxins (Basel).2021;13(2):120. Epub 2021/02/11. PubMed PMID: 33562846; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7915854 .
  • Campanati A, Martina E, Giuliodori K, et al. Botulinum toxin off-label use in dermatology: a review.Skin Appendage Disord.2017;3(1):39–56. Epub 2017/06/15. PubMed PMID: 28612001; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5465664 .
  • Campanati A, Sandroni L, Gesuita R, et al. Treatment of focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis with Botulinum Toxin Type A: clinical predictive factors of relapse-free survival. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(8):917–921. Epub 2010/11/09. PubMed PMID: 21054569.
  • Bushara KO, Park DM, Jones JC, et al. Botulinum toxin–a possible new treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis.Clin Exp Dermatol.1996;21(4):276–278. Epub 1996/07/01. PubMed PMID: 8959898 .
  • Hoorens I, Ongenae K.Primary focal hyperhidrosis: current treatment options and a step-by-step approach.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2012;26(1):1–8. Epub 2011/07/14. PubMed PMID: 21749468 .
  • Rosell K, Hymnelius K, Swartling C.Botulinum toxin type A and B improve quality of life in patients with axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis.Acta Derm Venereol.2013;93(3):335–339. Epub 2012/10/12. PubMed PMID: 23053164 .
  • Skiveren J, Nordahl Larsen H, Kjaerby E, et al. The influence of needle size on pain perception in patients treated with botulinum toxin A injections for axillary hyperhidrosis.Acta Derm Venereol.2011;91(1):72–74. Epub 2010/10/30. PubMed PMID: 21031272 .
  • Iannitti T, Palmieri B, Aspiro A, et al. A preliminary study of painless and effective transdermal botulinum toxin A delivery by jet nebulization for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:931–935. Epub 2014/07/31. PubMed PMID: 25075176; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4106921.
  • Marcella S, Goodman G, Cumming S, et al. Thirty-five units of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis in female patients.Australas J Dermatol.2011;52(2):123–126. Epub 2011/05/25. PubMed PMID: 21605096 .
  • Lakraj AA, Moghimi N, Jabbari B.Hyperhidrosis: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatment with emphasis on the role of botulinum toxins.Toxins (Basel).2013;5(4):821–840. Epub 2013/04/25. PubMed PMID: 23612753; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3705293 .
  • Scamoni S, Valdatta L, Frigo C, et al. Treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type a: our experience in 50 patients from 2007 to 2010. ISRN Dermatol. 2012;2012:702714. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/702714. Epub 2012/11/03. PubMed PMID: 23119179; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3483720 . .
  • D’Epiro S, Macaluso L, Salvi M, et al. Safety and prolonged efficacy of Botulin Toxin A in primary hyperhidrosis. Clin Ter. 2014;165(6):e395–400. Epub 2014/12/20. PubMed PMID: 25524193
  • Lecouflet M, Leux C, Fenot M, et al. Duration of efficacy increases with the repetition of botulinum toxin A injections in primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a study in 83 patients.J Am Acad Dermatol.2013;69(6):960–964. Epub 2013/09/17. PubMed PMID: 24035554 .
  • O’Riordan JM, Fitzgerald E, Gowing C, et al. Topical local anaesthetic (tetracaine) reduces pain from botulinum toxin injections for axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Surg. 2006;93(6):713–714. PubMed PMID: 16671065.
  • Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G.Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).N Engl J Med.2001;344(7):488–493. Epub 2001/02/15. PubMed PMID: 11172190.
  • Naumann M, Lowe NJ.Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial.Bmj.2001;323(7313):596–599. Epub 2001/09/15. PubMed PMID: 11557704; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC55572 .
  • Hosp C, Hamm H.Safety of available and emerging drug therapies for hyperhidrosis.Expert Opin Drug Saf.2017;16(9):1039–1049. Epub 2017/07/13. PubMed PMID: 28699790 .
  • Grabell DA, Hebert AA.Current and emerging medical therapies for primary hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Ther (Heidelb).2017;7(1):25–36. Epub 2016/10/28. PubMed PMID: 27787745; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5336423 .
  • Zur E.Topical treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis, Part 2. Int J Pharm Compd. 2019;23(2):94–104. Epub 2019/05/16. PubMed PMID: 31085774.
  • Gregoriou S, Campanati A, Rigopoulos D, et al. Investigational topical anticholinergics in clinical development for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2021; 30(5):479–482. Epub 2021/03/12. PubMed PMID: 33691553.
  • Gregoriou S, Markantoni V, Campanati A, et al. Treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with topical 2% glycopyrronium bromide cream: a prospective, non-randomized, open-label study. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2021;14(11):E61–e3. PubMed PMID: 34980961; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8675343.
  • Artzi O, Loizides C, Zur E, et al. Topical Oxybutynin 10% Gel for the treatment of primary focal hyperhidrosis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled split area study.Acta Derm Venereol.2017;97(9):1120–1124. Epub 2017/06/28. PubMed PMID: 28654131 .
  • Kontochristopoulos G, Markantoni V, Agiasofitou E, et al. Treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis with a cream formulation of oxybutynin chloride 10. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(8):e524–e6. Epub 2021/04/25. PubMed PMID: 33893675
  • Campanati A, Gregoriou S, Kontochristopoulos G, et al. Oxybutynin for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis: current state of the art.Skin Appendage Disord.2015;1(1):6–13. Epub 2015/03/01. PubMed PMID: 27172124; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4857824 .
  • Cruddas L, Baker DM.Treatment of primary hyperhidrosis with oral anticholinergic medications: a systematic review.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2017;31(6):952–963. Epub 2016/12/16. PubMed PMID: 27976476 .
  • Walling HW.Systemic therapy for primary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective study of 59 patients treated with glycopyrrolate or clonidine.J Am Acad Dermatol.2012;66(3):387–392. Epub 2011/08/09. PubMed PMID: 21820204 .
  • Glaser DA.Oral medications.Dermatol Clin.2014;32(4):527–532. Epub 2014/08/26. PubMed PMID: 25152346 .
  • Teivelis MP, Wolosker N, Krutman M, et al. Treatment of uncommon sites of focal primary hyperhidrosis: experience with pharmacological therapy using oxybutynin.Clinics (Sao Paulo).2014;69(9):608–614. Epub 2014/10/16. PubMed PMID: 25318092; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4192402 .
  • Schollhammer M, Brenaut E, Menard-Andivot N, et al. Oxybutynin as a treatment for generalized hyperhidrosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(5):1163–1168. Epub 2015/06/27. PubMed PMID: 26114588
  • Wolosker N, de Campos JR, Kauffman P, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of oxybutynin for the initial treatment of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis.J Vasc Surg.2012;55(6):1696–1700. Epub 2012/02/22. PubMed PMID: 22341836 .
  • Jacob C.Treatment of hyperhidrosis with microwave technology. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2013;32(1):2–8. PubMed PMID: 24049923.
  • Hong HC, Lupin M, O’Shaughnessy KF.Clinical evaluation of a microwave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Surg.2012;38(5):728–735. Epub 20120327. PubMed PMID: 22452511; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3489040 .
  • Ruchinskas RA, Narayan RK, Meagher RJ, et al. The relationship of psychopathology and hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(4):733–735. PubMed PMID: 12366420.
  • Christopher Griffiths DC, Barker J, and Chalmers R, et al. Rook΄s textbook of dermatology. 9th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2016.
  • Gerd Plewig TR, Kaufmann R, Hertl M.Braun Falco’s Dermatologie. Venerologie und Allergologie. 2018.
  • Doolittle J, Walker P, Mills T, et al. Hyperhidrosis: an update on prevalence and severity in the United States.Arch Dermatol Res.2016;308(10):743–749. Epub 2016/10/17. PubMed PMID: 27744497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5099353 .
  • Romero FR, Haddad GR, Miot HA, et al. Palmar hyperhidrosis: clinical, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.An Bras Dermatol.2016;91(6):716–725. Epub 2017/01/19. PubMed PMID: 28099590; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5193180 .
  • Kamudoni P, Mueller B, Halford J, et al. The impact of hyperhidrosis on patients’ daily life and quality of life: a qualitative investigation.Health Qual Life Outcomes.2017;15(1):121. Epub 2017/06/10. PubMed PMID: 28595584; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5465471 .
  • Kristensen JK, Nielsen C.Progress and lack of progress in hyperhidrosis research 2015-2020. A concise systematic review.Int J Dermatol.2021;61(2):148–157. Epub 2021/06/04. PubMed PMID: 34080686 .
  • Gregoriou S, Sidiropoulou P, Kontochristopoulos G, et al. Management strategies of palmar hyperhidrosis: challenges and solutions. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12:733–744. Epub 2019/10/22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/ccid.S210973. PubMed PMID: 31632121; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6781850.
  • McConaghy JR, Fosselman D.Hyperhidrosis: management Options. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97(11):729–734. Epub 2018/09/15. PubMed PMID: 30215934.
  • Nawrocki S, Cha J.The etiology, diagnosis, and management of hyperhidrosis: a comprehensive review: therapeutic options.J Am Acad Dermatol.2019;81(3):669–680. Epub 2019/02/03. PubMed PMID: 30710603 .
  • Benohanian A, Dansereau A, Bolduc C, et al. Localized hyperhidrosis treated with aluminum chloride in a salicylic acid gel base.Int J Dermatol.1998;37(9):701–703. Epub 1998/10/08. PubMed PMID: 9762825 .
  • Solish N, Bertucci V, Dansereau A, et al. A comprehensive approach to the recognition, diagnosis, and severity-based treatment of focal hyperhidrosis: recommendations of the Canadian hyperhidrosis advisory committee. Dermatol Surg. 2007;33(8):908–923. Epub 2007/07/31. PubMed PMID: 17661933
  • Oliver B, Free R, Aires D.Preapplication of white petroleum jelly to adjacent skin to prevent aluminum chloride-induced irritant dermatitis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2017;77(1):e7. Epub 2017/06/18. PubMed PMID: 28619576 .
  • Kim DH, Kim TH, Lee SH, et al. Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with tap water iontophoresis: a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind, and parallel-designed clinical trial.Ann Dermatol.2017;29(6):728–734. Epub 2017/12/05. PubMed PMID: 29200761; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5705354 .
  • Pariser DM, Ballard A.Iontophoresis for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Clin.2014;32(4):491–494. Epub 2014/08/26. PubMed PMID: 25152342 .
  • Management of palmar hyperhidrosis with hydrogel-based iontophoresis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier. NCT02854540: US National Library of Medicine; 2021. last updated Nov19
  • Khademi Kalantari K, Zeinalzade A, Kobarfard F, et al. The effect and persistency of 1% aluminum chloride hexahydrate iontophoresis in the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Iran J Pharm Res. 2011;10(3):641–645. Epub 2011/07/01. PubMed PMID: 24250398; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3813027.
  • Andrade PC, Flores GP, Uscello Jde F, et al. Use of iontophoresis or phonophoresis for delivering onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of palmar hyperidrosis: a report on four cases.An Bras Dermatol.2011;86(6):1243–1246. Epub 2012/01/28. PubMed PMID: 22281927 .
  • Davarian S, Kalantari KK, Rezasoltani A, et al. Effect and persistency of botulinum toxin iontophoresis in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.Australas J Dermatol.2008;49(2):75–79. Epub 2008/04/17. PubMed PMID: 18412805.
  • Shen JL, Lin GS, Li WM.A new strategy of iontophoresis for hyperhidrosis.J Am Acad Dermatol.1990;22(2 Pt 1):239–241. Epub 1990/02/01. PubMed PMID: 2312804 .
  • Leow MQH, Tey HL.Treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis using glycopyrrolate iontophoresis: intensity of electrical current used, efficacy and side effects.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol.2017;83(3):387–388. Epub 2017/03/09. PubMed PMID: 28272059 .
  • Chia HY, Tan AS, Chong WS, et al. Efficacy of iontophoresis with glycopyrronium bromide for treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2012;26(9):1167–1170. Epub 2011/08/05. PubMed PMID: 21812834 .
  • Dolianitis C, Scarff CE, Kelly J, et al. Iontophoresis with glycopyrrolate for the treatment of palmoplantar hyperhidrosis.Australas J Dermatol.2004;45(4):208–212. Epub 2004/11/06. PubMed PMID: 15527429 .
  • Choi YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW, et al. Open clinical trial for evaluation of efficacy and safety of a portable “dry-type” iontophoretic device in treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Surg.2013;39(4):578–583. Epub 2013/02/06. PubMed PMID: 23379993 .
  • Weinberg T, Solish N, Murray C.Botulinum neurotoxin treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Clin.2014;32(4):505–515. Epub 2014/08/26. PubMed PMID: 25152344 .
  • Mannava S, Mannava KA, Nazir OF, et al. Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum neurotoxin a. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(2):398–400. Epub 2012/12/27. PubMed PMID: 23267759
  • Campanati A, Bernardini ML, Gesuita R, et al. Plantar focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin: a pilot study.Eur J Dermatol.2007;17(1):52–54. Epub 2007/02/28. PubMed PMID: 17324828 .
  • Samizadeh S, De Boulle K.Botulinum neurotoxin formulations: overcoming the confusion. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2018;11:273–287. Epub 2018/06/19. PubMed PMID: 29910630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5988049.
  • Basciani M, Di Rienzo F, Bizzarrini M, et al. Efficacy of botulinum toxin type B for the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis: a prospective, open, single-blind, multi-centre study.Arch Dermatol Res.2014;306(5):497–503. Epub 2014/02/14. PubMed PMID: 24522897 .
  • Rajagopal R, Mallya NB.Comparative evaluation of botulinum toxin versus iontophoresis with topical aluminium chloride hexahydrate in treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.Med J Armed Forces India.2014;70(3):247–252. Epub 2014/11/08. PubMed PMID: 25378778; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4213906 .
  • Campanati A, Giuliodori K, Martina E, et al. Onabotulinumtoxin type A (Botox(®)) versus Incobotulinumtoxin type A (Xeomin(®)) in the treatment of focal idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis: results of a comparative double-blind clinical trial.J Neural Transm (Vienna).2014;121(1):21–26. Epub 2013/09/21. PubMed PMID: 24052109 .
  • Campanati A, Giuliodori K, Giuliano A, et al. Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: results of a pilot study based on a novel injective approach. Arch Dermatol Res. 2013;305(8):691–697. Epub 2013/06/27. PubMed PMID: 23800969
  • Campanati A, Lagalla G, Penna L, et al. Local neural block at the wrist for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: technical improvements.J Am Acad Dermatol.2004;51(3):345–348. Epub 2004/09/01. PubMed PMID: 15337974 .
  • Baumann L, Slezinger A, Halem M, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(3):263–270. Epub 2005/04/22. PubMed PMID: 15841624
  • Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS, Lask GP, et al. Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.Dermatol Surg.2002;28(9):822–827. Epub 2002/09/25. PubMed PMID: 12269876 .
  • Kalava A, Colon BC.Ultrasound-guided median and ulnar nerve blocks in the forearm to facilitate onabotulinum toxin A injection for palmar hyperhidrosis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2020;83(4):e277–e8. Epub 2020/01/29. PubMed PMID: 31987789 .
  • Junsuwan N, Manuskiatti W, Phothong W, et al. Fractional CO(2) laser-assisted Botulinum toxin type A delivery for the treatment of primary palmar hyperhidrosis.Lasers Med Sci.2021;36(1):233–236. Epub 2020/06/20. PubMed PMID: 32557001 .
  • Shim DH, Nguyen TT, Park PG, et al. Development of botulinum toxin A-coated microneedles for treating palmar hyperhidrosis. Mol Pharm. 2019;16(12):4913–4919. Epub 2019/10/16. PubMed PMID: 31613636
  • Remington C, Ruth J, Hebert AA.Primary hyperhidrosis in children: a review of therapeutics.Pediatr Dermatol.2021;38(3):561–567. Epub 2021/03/05. PubMed PMID: 33660889 .
  • Campanati A, Gregoriou S, Consales V, et al. Combined treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A and oxybutynin chloride: results of a clinical, multicenter, prospective study. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14039. Epub 2020/07/22. PubMed PMID: 32691938
  • Pariser DM, Krishnaraja J, Tremblay TM, et al. Randomized, placebo- and active-controlled crossover study of the safety and efficacy of THVD-102, a fixed-dose combination of oxybutynin and pilocarpine, in subjects with primary focal hyperhidrosis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(2):127–132. Epub 2017/03/17. PubMed PMID: 28300854.
  • Wolosker N, Schvartsman C, Krutman M, et al. Efficacy and quality of life outcomes of oxybutynin for treating palmar hyperhidrosis in children younger than 14 years old. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014;31(1):48–53. Epub 2013/05/01. PubMed PMID: 23627681
  • Wolosker N, Teivelis MP, Krutman M, et al. Long-term efficacy of oxybutynin for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis in children younger than 14 years. Pediatr Dermatol. 2015;32(5):663–667. Epub 2014/12/11. PubMed PMID: 25490865
  • Wolosker N, de Campos JR, Kauffman P, et al. An alternative to treat palmar hyperhidrosis: use of oxybutynin. Clin Auton Res. 2011;21(6):389–393. Epub 2011/06/21. PubMed PMID: 21688168
  • Kumar MG, Foreman RS, Berk DR, et al. Oral glycopyrrolate for refractory pediatric and adolescent hyperhidrosis.Pediatr Dermatol.2014;31(1):e28–30. Epub 2013/11/26. PubMed PMID: 24266878 .
  • Delort S, Marchi E, Corrêa MA.Oxybutynin as an alternative treatment for hyperhidrosis.An Bras Dermatol.2017;92(2):217–220. Epub 2017/05/26. PubMed PMID: 28538882; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5429108 .
  • Wolosker N, de Campos JR, Kauffman P, et al. Use of oxybutynin for treating plantar hyperhidrosis.Int J Dermatol.2013;52(5):620–623. Epub 2013/04/18. PubMed PMID: 23590378 .
  • Wolosker N, Teivelis MP, Krutman M, et al. Long-term results of oxybutynin treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. Clin Auton Res. 2014;24(6):297–303. Epub 2014/11/28. PubMed PMID: 25427685
  • Paller AS, Shah PR, Silverio AM, et al. Oral glycopyrrolate as second-line treatment for primary pediatric hyperhidrosis.J Am Acad Dermatol.2012;67(5):918–923. Epub 2012/03/13. PubMed PMID: 22405644 .
  • Lee HH, Kim DW, Kim DW, et al. Efficacy of glycopyrrolate in primary hyperhidrosis patients.Korean J Pain.2012;25(1):28–32. Epub 2012/01/20. PubMed PMID: 22259713; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3259134 .
  • Bajaj V, Langtry JA.Use of oral glycopyrronium bromide in hyperhidrosis.Br J Dermatol.2007;157(1):118–121. Epub 2007/04/27. PubMed PMID: 17459043 .
  • Del Boz J, Millán-Cayetano JF, Rivas-Ruiz F, et al. Oral glycopyrrolate after the failure of oral oxybutynin in the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis.Br J Dermatol.2017;176(3):821–823. Epub 2016/07/21. PubMed PMID: 27436700 .
  • Glaser DA, Hebert AA, Pariser DM, et al. Facial hyperhidrosis: best practice recommendations and special considerations. Cutis. 2007;79(5 Suppl):29–32. Epub 2007/06/29. PubMed PMID: 17596098.
  • Bovell DL, Clunes MT, Elder HY, et al. Ultrastructure of the hyperhidrotic eccrine sweat gland.Br J Dermatol.2001;145(2):298–301. Epub 2001/09/05. PubMed PMID: 11531796.
  • Lear W, Kessler E, Solish N, et al. An epidemiological study of hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Surg.2007;33(s1):S69–75. Epub 2007/01/24. PubMed PMID: 17241417 .
  • Nicholas R, Quddus A, Baker DM.Treatment of primary craniofacial hyperhidrosis: a systematic review.Am J Clin Dermatol.2015;16(5):361–370. Epub 2015/06/10. PubMed PMID: 26055729 .
  • Kim WO, Kil HK, Yoon KB, et al. Topical glycopyrrolate for patients with facial hyperhidrosis.Br J Dermatol.2008;158(5):1094–1097. Epub 2008/02/26. PubMed PMID: 18294315 .
  • Hyun MY, Son IP, Lee Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical glycopyrrolate in patients with facial hyperhidrosis: a randomized, multicentre, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, split-face study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(2):278–282. Epub 2014/06/10. PubMed PMID: 24909188
  • Callejas MA, Grimalt R.Topical glycopyrrolate in craniofacial hyperhidrosis.Med Clin (Barc).2008;131(4):157. Epub 2008/07/08. PubMed PMID: 18601830 .
  • Garnacho Saucedo GM, Moreno Jiménez JC, Jiménez Puya R, et al. Therapeutic Hotline: topical glycopyrrolate: a successful treatment for craniofacial hyperhidrosis and eccrine hidrocystomas.Dermatol Ther.2010;23(1):94–97. Epub 2010/02/09. PubMed PMID: 20136914 .
  • Trindade de de Almeida AR, Marques E, de Almeida J, et al. Pilot study comparing the diffusion of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A in patients with forehead hyperhidrosis.Dermatol Surg.2007;33(1):S37–43. Epub 2007/01/24. PubMed PMID: 17241413.
  • Kinkelin I, Hund M, Naumann M, et al. Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A.Br J Dermatol.2000;143(4):824–827. Epub 2000/11/09. PubMed PMID: 11069464 .
  • Karlqvist M, Rosell K, Rystedt A, et al. Botulinum toxin B in the treatment of craniofacial hyperhidrosis.J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol.2014;28(10):1313–1317. Epub 2013/10/15. PubMed PMID: 24118460 .
  • Wolosker N, Campos JR, Kauffman P, et al. The use of oxybutynin for treating facial hyperhidrosis. An Bras Dermatol. 2011;86(3):451–456. Epub 2011/07/09. PubMed PMID: 21738960
  • Wolosker N, Teivelis MP, Krutman M, et al. Long-term results of oxybutynin use in treating facial hyperhidrosis. An Bras Dermatol. 2014;89(6):912–916. Epub 2014/11/13. PubMed PMID: 25387496; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4230660
  • Campanati A, De Blasio S, Giuliano A, et al. Topical ozonated oil versus hyaluronic gel for the treatment of partial- to full-thickness second-degree burns: a prospective, comparative, single-blind, non-randomised, controlled clinical trial. Burns. 2013;39(6):1178–1183. Epub 20130408. PubMed PMID: 23579036
  • Gregoriou S, Tsiogka A, Kontochristopoulos G, et al. Sofpironium bromide: an investigational agent for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis.Expert Opin Investig Drugs.2022;31(1):15–21. Epub 20211222. PubMed PMID: 34890517.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.