144
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Current and emerging tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in young adults

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 1703-1713 | Received 19 Mar 2023, Accepted 21 Jul 2023, Published online: 27 Jul 2023

References

  • Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2022 update on diagnosis, therapy, and monitoring. Am J Hematol. 2022;97(9):1236–1256. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26642
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17–48. doi: 10.3322/caac.21763
  • Maru Y. Molecular biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci. 2012;103(9):1601–1610. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02346.x
  • Hochhaus A, Larson RA, Guilhot F, et al. Long-term outcomes of imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(10):917–927. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1609324
  • Vener C, Banzi R, Ambrogi F, et al. First-line imatinib vs second- and third-generation TKIs for chronic-phase CML: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Adv. 2020;4(12):2723–2735. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001329
  • Hochhaus A, Baccarani M, Silver RT, et al. European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2020;34(4):966–984. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-0776-2
  • Breccia M, Efficace F, Scalzulli E, et al. Measuring prognosis in chronic myeloid leukemia: what’s new? Expert Rev Hematol. 2021;14(6):577–585. doi: 10.1080/17474086.2021.1938534
  • United nations world population prospects 2019. 2020.
  • Jin Z, Griffith MA, Rosenthal AC. Identifying and meeting the needs of adolescents and young adults with cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(2):17. doi: 10.1007/s11912-020-01011-9
  • Barr RD, Ferrari A, Ries L, et al. Cancer in adolescents and young adults: a narrative review of the current status and a view of the future. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(5):495–501. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4689
  • Coccia PF, Pappo AS, Beaupin L, et al. Adolescent and young adult oncology, version 2.2018, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J National Compr Cancer Network. 2018;16(1):66–97.
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA. Cancer J Clinicians. 2022;72(1):7–33. doi: 10.3322/caac.21708
  • Smith AW, Seibel NL, Lewis DR, et al. Next steps for adolescent and young adult oncology workshop: An update on progress and recommendations for the future. Cancer. 2016;122(7):988–999.
  • Scalzulli E, Colafigli G, Pepe S, et al. Real-life evaluation of potential candidates for treatment discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia: the impact of age and long-term follow-up. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(4):1026–1027. doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1808205
  • Aben KK, van Gaal C, van Gils NA, et al. Cancer in adolescents and young adults (15–29 years): A population-based study in the Netherlands 1989–2009. Acta Oncol. 2012;51(7):922–933. doi: 10.3109/0284186X.2012.705891
  • Pollock BH, Birch JM. Registration and classification of adolescent and young adult cancer cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50(5 Suppl):1090–1093. doi: 10.1002/pbc.21462
  • Nishiyama-Fujita Y, Nakazato T, Iriyama N, et al. Outcomes of adolescents and young adults with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Ann Med. 2022;54(1):1244–1254. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2069280
  • Castagnetti F, Gugliotta G, Baccarani M, et al. Differences among young adults, adults and elderly chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(1):185–192. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu490
  • Pemmaraju N, Kantarjian H, Shan J, et al. Analysis of outcomes in adolescents and young adults with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with upfront tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Haematologica. 2012;97(7):1029–1035. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2011.056721
  • Sakurai M, Mori T, Karigane D, et al. Unfavorable outcome of chronic myelogenous leukemia in adolescent and young adults treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Int J Hematol. 2015;102(3):342–348. doi: 10.1007/s12185-015-1840-y
  • Pemmaraju N, Cortes J. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Adolescents and Young Adults: Patient Characteristics, Outcomes and Review of the Literature. Acta Haematol. 2014;132(3–4):298–306. doi: 10.1159/000363434
  • Peng N, Dou XL, Yu L, et al. [Clinical characteristics, treatment pattern, and outcomes in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase by age]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2021;42(2):101–108. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.02.003
  • Yanamandra U, Sahu KK, Karunakaran P, et al. Adolescent and young adult chronic myeloid leukemia in real-world settings: experience from a tertiary care institute in Northern India. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2019;8(1):94–97. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0007
  • Yassin MA, Abdulla MA, Chandra P, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia in adolescents and young adults: a single institute experience. Blood. 2019;134(Supplement_1):5915–5915. doi: 10.1182/blood-2019-126622
  • Nakata K, Okawa S, Fuji S, et al. Trends in survival of leukemia among children, adolescents, and young adults: A population-based study in Osaka, Japan. Cancer Sci. 2021;112(3):1150–1160. doi: 10.1111/cas.14808
  • Abdulla MA-J, Aldapt MB, Chandra P, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia in adolescents and young adults: clinicopathological variables and outcomes. Blood. 2022;140(Supplement 1):3911–3912.
  • Giles FJ, Rea D, Rosti G, et al. Impact of age on efficacy and toxicity of nilotinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENEST1st subanalysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(8):1585–1596. doi: 10.1007/s00432-017-2402-x
  • Ferrari A, Stark D, Peccatori FA, et al. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer: a position paper from the AYA Working Group of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOPE). ESMO Open. 2021;6(2):100096. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100096
  • Deininger MW, Shah NP, Altman JK, et al. Chronic myeloid leukemia, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2020;18(10):1385–1415. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2020.0047
  • Barr RD. Common cancers in adolescents. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;33(7):597–602. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.11.003
  • Coccia PF. Overview of adolescent and young adult oncology. J Oncol Pract. 2019;15(5):235–237. doi: 10.1200/JOP.19.00075
  • Höglund M, Sandin F, Simonsson B. Epidemiology of chronic myeloid leukaemia: an update. Ann Hematol. 2015;94(Suppl 2):S241–7. doi: 10.1007/s00277-015-2314-2
  • Rohrbacher M, Hasford J. Epidemiology of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2009;22(3):295–302. doi: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.07.007
  • Miranda-Filho A, Piñeros M, Ferlay J, et al. Epidemiological patterns of leukaemia in 184 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5(1):e14–e24. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30232-6
  • Lin Q, Mao L, Shao L, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic myeloid leukemia, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Front Oncol. 2020;10:580759. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.580759
  • Brunner AM, Campigotto F, Sadrzadeh H, et al. Trends in all-cause mortality among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database analysis. Cancer. 2013;119(14):2620–2629. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28106
  • Thomas DM, Albritton KH, Ferrari A. Adolescent and young adult oncology: an emerging field. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(32):4781–4782. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.5128
  • Hasford J, Baccarani M, Hoffmann V, et al. Predicting complete cytogenetic response and subsequent progression-free survival in 2060 patients with CML on imatinib treatment: the EUTOS score. Blood. 2011;118(3):686–692. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-319038
  • Pfirrmann M, Baccarani M, Saussele S, et al. Prognosis of long-term survival considering disease-specific death in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 2016;30(1):48–56. doi: 10.1038/leu.2015.261
  • Brandt L. Comparative studies of bone marrow and extramedullary haemopoietic tissue in chronic myeloid leukemia. Ser Haematol. 1975;8(4):75–80.
  • Baccarani M, Zaccaria A, Santucci AM, et al. A simultaneous study of bone marrow, spleen, and liver in chronic myeloid leukemia: evidence for differences in cell composition and karyotypes. Ser Haematol. 1975;8(4):81–112.
  • Sokal JE, Cox EB, Baccarani M, et al. Prognostic discrimination in “good-risk” chronic granulocytic leukemia. Blood. 1984;63(4):789–799. doi: 10.1182/blood.V63.4.789.789
  • Hasford J, Pfirrmann M, Hehlmann R, et al. A new prognostic score for survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon alpha. Writing committee for the collaborative CML Prognostic Factors Project Group. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(11):850–858. doi: 10.1093/jnci/90.11.850
  • Peteet JR. Cancer and the meaning of work. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2000;22(3):200–205. doi: 10.1016/S0163-8343(00)00076-1
  • Dahl AA, Fosså SD, Lie HC, et al. Employment status and work ability in long-term young adult cancer survivors. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2019;8(3):304–311. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2018.0109
  • Hanfstein B, Lauseker M, Hehlmann R, et al. Distinct characteristics of e13a2 versus e14a2 BCR-ABL1 driven chronic myeloid leukemia under first-line therapy with imatinib. Haematologica. 2014;99(9):1441–1447. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2013.096537
  • Owojuyigbe TO, Durosinmi MA, Bolarinwa RAA, et al. Distribution of BCR–ABL1 transcript variants in Nigerians with chronic myeloid leukemia. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus. 2020;36(4):646–651. doi: 10.1007/s12288-020-01264-1
  • Goranova-Marinova V, Linev A, Ivanov HJ, et al. Clinical characteristics, disease evolution and survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1 (+) and T315I mutation. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2021;63(5):670–675. doi: 10.3897/folmed.63.e63366
  • Vacarean-Trandafir IC, Ivanov IC, Dragos LM, et al. ABL1 tyrosine kinase domain mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment resistance. Mol Biol Rep. 2019;46(4):3747–3754. doi: 10.1007/s11033-019-04816-5
  • Baccarani M, Abruzzese E, Accurso V, et al. Managing chronic myeloid leukemia for treatment-free remission: a proposal from the GIMEMA CML WP. Blood Adv. 2019;3(24):4280–4290. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000865
  • Ono T. Which tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be selected as the first-line treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase? Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(20):5116. doi: 10.3390/cancers13205116
  • Latagliata R, Breccia M, Carmosino I, et al. Clinical results according to age in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving imatinib frontline: The younger, the later, the worse? Eur J Haematol. 2018;101(5):578–584. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13110
  • Cortes JE, Saglio G, Kantarjian HM, et al. Final 5-year study results of DASISION: the dasatinib versus imatinib study in treatment-naïve chronic myeloid leukemia patients trial. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(20):2333–2340. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2015.64.8899
  • Gambacorti-Passerini C, Cortes JE, Lipton JH, et al. Safety and efficacy of second-line bosutinib for chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia over a five-year period: final results of a phase I/II study. Haematologica. 2018;103(8):1298–1307. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2017.171249
  • Hochhaus A, Saglio G, Hughes TP, et al. Long-term benefits and risks of frontline nilotinib vs imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: 5-year update of the randomized ENESTnd trial. Leukemia. 2016;30(5):1044–1054. doi: 10.1038/leu.2016.5
  • Kantarjian HM, Hughes TP, Larson RA, et al. Long-term outcomes with frontline nilotinib versus imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase: ENESTnd 10-year analysis. Leukemia. 2021;35(2):440–453. doi: 10.1038/s41375-020-01111-2
  • Tiribelli M, Latagliata R, Breccia M, et al. Determinants of frontline tyrosine kinase inhibitor choice for patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia: A study from the Registro Italiano LMC and Campus CML. Cancer. 2023. doi: 10.1002/cncr.34923.
  • NCT04070443. NCT04070443, in A multicentre, open-label phase II trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of ponatinib induction followed by imatinib maintenance in adult patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) ≤ 65 years.
  • Kalmanti L, Saussele S, Lauseker M, et al. Younger patients with chronic myeloid leukemia do well in spite of poor prognostic indicators: results from the randomized CML study IV. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(1):71–80. doi: 10.1007/s00277-013-1937-4
  • Shaya J, Pettit K, Kandarpa M, et al. Late responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia initially refractory to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia. 2022;22(1):17–23. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2021.07.001
  • Tiribelli M, Eskazan AE. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor sequencing in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncol Ther. 2019;7(2):95–100. doi: 10.1007/s40487-019-00098-w
  • Anderson KR, Chambers CR, Lam N, et al. Medication adherence among adults prescribed imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2015;21(1):19–25. doi: 10.1177/1078155213520261
  • Geissler J, Sharf G, Bombaci F, et al. Factors influencing adherence in CML and ways to improvement: results of a patient-driven survey of 2546 patients in 63 countries. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143(7):1167–1176. doi: 10.1007/s00432-017-2372-z
  • Santoleri F, Lasala R, Ranucci E, et al. Medication adherence to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: 2-year analysis of medication adherence to imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia and correlation with the depth of molecular response. Acta Haematol. 2016;136(1):45–51. doi: 10.1159/000444626
  • Jiang Q, Liu Z-C, Zhang S-X, et al. Young age and high cost are associated with future preference for stopping tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in Chinese with chronic myeloid leukemia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016;142(7):1539–1547. doi: 10.1007/s00432-016-2159-7
  • Boons C, Hartog YM, Janssen JJWM, et al. Food-effect study of nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukaemia (NiFo study): enabling dose reduction and relief of treatment burden. Eur J Haematol. 2020;105(2):148–155. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13418
  • Yood MU, Oliveria SA, Cziraky M, et al. Adherence to treatment with second-line therapies, dasatinib and nilotinib, in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(2):213–219. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2011.649849
  • Latremouille-Viau D, Guerin A, Nitulescu R, et al. Treatment patterns and healthcare costs among newly-diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving dasatinib or nilotinib as first-line therapy in the United States. J Med Econ. 2017;20(1):63–71. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2016.1225578
  • Phuar HL, Begley CE, Chan W, et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the relationship with adherence, costs, and health care utilization in commercially insured patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia: a retrospective claims-based study. Am J Clin Oncol. 2020;43(7):517–525. doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000700
  • Skrabal Ross X, Gunn KM, Suppiah V, et al. A review of factors influencing non-adherence to oral antineoplastic drugs. Support Care Cancer. 2020;28(9):4043–4050. doi: 10.1007/s00520-020-05469-y
  • Bouwman L, Eeltink CM, Visser O, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of medication non-adherence in hematological-oncological patients in their home situation. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):739. doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3735-1
  • Algarroba GN, Sanfilippo JS, Valli-Pulaski H. Female fertility preservation in the pediatric and adolescent cancer patient population. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;48:147–157. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.10.009
  • Sugishita Y, Suzuki N. [Practice of fertility preservation for cancer patients in the AYA generation]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2017;44(1):12–18.
  • Michalczyk K, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. Fertility preservation and long-term monitoring of gonadotoxicity in girls, adolescents and young adults undergoing cancer treatment. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(2):202. doi: 10.3390/cancers13020202
  • Alizadeh H, Jaafar H, Rajnics P, et al. Outcome of pregnancy in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: short report from a single centre. Leuk Res. 2015;39(1):47–51. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.10.002
  • P P, Samal R, Ghose S. Chronic myeloid leukaemia in pregnancy: call for guidelines. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2019;39(4):582–583. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2018.1534815
  • Pye SM, Cortes J, Ault P, et al. The effects of imatinib on pregnancy outcome. Blood. 2008;111(12):5505–5508. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-114900
  • Mukhopadhyay A, Dasgupta S, Kanti Ray U, et al. Pregnancy outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia patients on imatinib therapy. Ir J Med Sci. 2015;184(1):183–188. doi: 10.1007/s11845-014-1084-5
  • Iqbal J, Ali Z, Khan AUN, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib mesylate: short report from a developing country. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55(9):2109–2113. doi: 10.3109/10428194.2013.866662
  • Santos FM, Ghelfond G, Seguro FS, et al. Impact of pregnancy on the outcomes of childbearing age women with chronic myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2022;97(2):E72–E74. doi: 10.1002/ajh.26424
  • Nicolini FE, Alcazer V, Huguet F, et al. CML patients show sperm alterations at diagnosis that are not improved with imatinib treatment. Leuk Res. 2016;48:80–83. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.07.008
  • Carlier P, Bernard N, Lagarce L, et al. Erratum to: pregnancy outcome among partners of male patients receiving imatinib, dasatinib or nilotinib in chronic myeloid leukemia: reports collected by the French network pharmacovigilance centers. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;295(4):1059. doi: 10.1007/s00404-017-4321-0
  • Chelysheva E, Aleshin S, Polushkina E, et al. Breastfeeding in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia: case series with measurements of drug concentrations in maternal milk and literature review. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2018;10(1):e2018027. doi: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.027
  • Dou X, Qin Y, Huang X, et al. Planned pregnancy in female patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Oncology. 2019;24(11):e1141–e1147. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0109
  • Ćojbašić I, Mačukanović-Golubović L, Vučić M, et al. Analyses of treatment outcome according to age in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving front-line imatinib therapy. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia. 2017;17(10):696–702. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2017.06.025
  • Tarafdar A, Hopcroft LE, Gallipoli P, et al. CML cells actively evade host immune surveillance through cytokine-mediated downregulation of MHC-II expression. Blood. 2017;129(2):199–208. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-742049
  • Hassan IB, Benedict S, Kristensen J. Cytokine syntheses by T-Cell subsets from chronic myeloid leukemia patients: relationship between pre-treatment levels and response to imatinib therapy. J Hematol. 2018;7(3):96–106. doi: 10.14740/jh410w
  • Ureshino H, Shindo T, Kimura S. Role of cancer immunology in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Res. 2020;88:106273. doi: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106273
  • Sender L, Zabokrtsky KB. Adolescent and young adult patients with cancer: a milieu of unique features. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12(8):465–480. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.92
  • Cortes JE, Kim D-W, Pinilla-Ibarz J, et al. Ponatinib efficacy and safety in Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia: final 5-year results of the phase 2 PACE trial. Blood. 2018;132(4):393–404. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-739086
  • Cortes JE, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Deininger MW, et al. Bosutinib versus imatinib for newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia: results from the randomized BFORE trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(3):231–237. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.74.7162
  • Sung-Hyun K, Menon H, Jootar S, et al. Efficacy and safety of radotinib in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients with resistance or intolerance to BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Haematologica. 2014;99(7):1191–1196. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2013.096776
  • Réa D, Mauro MJ, Boquimpani C, et al. A phase 3, open-label, randomized study of asciminib, a STAMP inhibitor, vs bosutinib in CML after 2 or more prior TKIs. Blood. 2021;138(21):2031–2041. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020009984
  • Kılıçaslan NA, Börekçi Ş, Özdemir GN, et al. Dasatinib-related pleural effusion and lymphocytosis rates are different between adult and pediatric patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: are age and comorbidities only to blame? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2022;16(8):849–852. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2022.2122445
  • Atallah E, Schiffer CA, Radich JP, et al. Assessment of outcomes after stopping tyrosine kinase inhibitors among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(1):42–50. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.5774
  • Shima H, Kada A, Tanizawa A, et al. Discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022;69(8):e29699. doi: 10.1002/pbc.29699
  • Zhao HF, Yang YF, Liu BC, et al. [Observational study of chronic myeloid leukemia Chinese patients who discontinued tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the real-world]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2022;43(8):636–643. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2022.08.004

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.