152
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The prevalence of use, dependency and harms of legal ‘party pills’ containing benzylpiperazine (BZP) and trifluorophenylmethylpiperazine (TFMPP) in New Zealand

, &
Pages 213-224 | Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Aitchison L., Hughes R. Treatment of adolescent rats with 1‐benzylpiperazine: a preliminary study of subsequent behavioral effects. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 2006; 28: 453–458
  • Alansari M., Hamilton D. Nephrotoxicity of BZP‐based herbal party pills: a New Zealand case report. New Zealand Medical Journal 2006; 119: 1959
  • Austin H., Monasterio E. Acute psychosis following ingestion of ‘Rapture’. Australasian Psychiatry 2004; 12: 406–408
  • Baumann M., Clark R., Budzynski A., Partilla J., Blough B., Rothman K. Effects of ‘Legal X’ piperazine analogs on dopamine and serotonin release in rat brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004; 1025: 189–197
  • Baumann M., Clark R., Budzynski A., Partilla J., Blough B., Rothman K. N‐substituted piperazines abused by humans mimic the molecular mechanism of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or ‘Ecstasy’). Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 550–560
  • Blundell S. Pop until you drop. New Zealand Listener 2005; 199, June 11–17
  • Bye C., Munro‐Faure A., Peck A., Young P. A comparison of the effects of l‐benzylpiperazine on human performance tests. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1973; 6: 163–169
  • Campbell H., Cline W., Evans M., et al. Comparison of the effects of dexamethamphetamine and l‐benzylpiperazine in former addicts. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1973; 6: 170–176
  • de Boer D., Bosman I., Hidvegi E., Manzoni C., Benko A., dos Reys J., Maes R. Piperazine‐like compounds: a new group of designer drugs of abuse on the European market. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 550–560
  • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Department of Justice. Schedules of controlled substances; placement of 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐(n)‐propylthiophenethylamine and N‐benzylpiperazine into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Final rune., Federal Register. 69. 12794–12797
  • Expert Advisory Committee on Drugs. The Expert Advisory Committee on Drugs (EACD) Advice to the Minister on: benzylpiperazibe (BZP). Wellington, EACD
  • Fantegrossi W., Winger G., Woods J., Woolverton W., Coop A. Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of 1‐benzylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine in rhesus monkeys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005; 77: 161–168
  • Gee P., Richardson S., Woltersdorf W., Moore G. Toxic effects of BZP‐based herbal party pills in humans: a prospective study in Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal 2005; 118: 1784
  • Gossop M., Darke S., Griffiths P., Hando J., Powis B., Hall W., Strang J. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction 1995; 90: 607–614
  • Hall W., Hando J. Route of administration and adverse effects of amphetamine use among young adults in Sydney, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 1994; 13: 277–284
  • Hando J., Topp L., Hall W. Amphetamine‐related harms and treatment preferences of regular amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1997; 46: 105–113
  • Herndon J., Pierson M., Glennon R. Mechanistic investigation of the stimulus properties of 1‐(3‐trifluoromethylyphenyl)piperazine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 1992; 43: 739–748
  • Janes A. Party pills. New Zealand Listener 2004, 23–29 October
  • Kirby T. Funk pills: getting on a ‘legal high’. Independent 2006, 30 May
  • Klee H. A typology of amphetamine users in the United Kingdom. Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends, H Klee. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1997; 35–68
  • Maurer H., Kraemer T., Springer D., Staack R. Chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and hepatic metabolism of designer drugs of the amphetamine (Ecstasy), piperazine, and pyrrolidinophene types: a synposis. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 2004; 26: 127–131
  • McCandless D. Clubbers snap up new legal high. Guardian 2005, 13 December
  • McKetin R., McLaren J., Lubman D., Hides L. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction 2006; 101: 1473–1478
  • Meririnne E., Kajos M., Kankaanpaa A., Seppala T. Rewarding properties of 1‐benzylpiperazine, a new drug of abuse, in rats. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 2006; 98: 346–350
  • Morgan P., Beck J. The legacy and the paradox: hidden contexts of methamphetamine misuse in the United States. Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends, H Klee. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1997; 135–162
  • Nicholson T. Prevalence of use, epidemillogy and toxicity of ‘herbal party pills’ among those presenting to the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Australasia 2006; 18: 180–184
  • Sato M., Chen C., Akiyama K., Otsuki S. Acute exacerbation of paranoid psychotic state after long‐term abstinence in patients with previous methamphetamine psychosis. Biological Psychiatry 1983; 18: 429–440
  • Saunders A. Party pill user set room on fire. Dominion Post 2005, 22 April
  • Social Tonics Association New Zealand (STANZ). 2004. EACD decision based on evidence and harm minimisation. Press Release, 8 April. Available at: http://www.stanz.org.nz/images/EACD%20decision%20based%20on%20evidence.pdf
  • Topp L., Hando J., Dillon P., Roche A., Solowij N. Ecstasy use in Australia: patterns of use and associated harm. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1999; 55: 105–115
  • Topp L., Mattick R. Choosing a cut‐off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for amphetamine users. Addiction 1997; 92: 839–845
  • Tsutsumi H., Katagi M., Miki A., Shima N., Kamata T., Nakajima K., Inoue H., Kishi T., Tsuchihashi H. Metabolism and the urinary excretion profile of the recently scheduled designer drug N‐benzlypiperazine (BZP) in the rat. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2006; 30: 38–43
  • Vince G. Legally high. New Scientist 2006; 191((2571))40–45
  • Wikstrom M., Holmgren P., Ahlner J. A2 (N‐benzylpiperazine) a new drug of abuse in Sweden. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2004; 28: 67–70
  • Yates K., O'Connor A., Horlsey C. ‘Herbal Ecstasy’: a case series of adverse reactions. New Zealand Medical Journal 2000; 113: 315–317
  • Yui K., Goto K., Ikemoto S., Nishijima K., Yoshino T., Ishiguro T. Susceptibility to subsequent episodes of spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2001; 64: 133–142

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.