References
- AIHW (2018) National opioid pharmacotherapy statistics (NOPSAD). 2017. AIHW. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol-other-drug-treatment-services/nopsad-2017/contents/summary.
- Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. (no date) Opioid calculator. ( Accessed: 13 February 2019). FPM ANZCA. Available at: http://www.opioidcalculator.com.au/
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Consumer Price Index, Australia, Sep 2019. ( Accessed: 27 January 2020). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/6401.0Sep2019?OpenDocument
- Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission. (2018). ‘National wastewater drug monitoring program—report 5ʹ. ACIC. Available at: https://www.acic.gov.au/sites/g/files/net3726/f/nwdmp5.pdf?v=1538721816.
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). ‘National drug strategy household survey 2016: Detailed findings’. AIHW. Available at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/behaviours-risk-factors/illicit-use-of-drugs/overview
- Brennan, R. (2015, December). ‘Battling new jail drug a hard cell’. The Daily Telegraph. Available at: https://www.pressreader.com/australia/the-daily-telegraph-sydney/20181224/281694025891955
- Caulkins, J. P., Gurga, B., & Little, C. (2009). ‘Economic analysis of drug transaction “cycles” described by incarcerated UK drug dealers’. Global Crime, 10(1–2), pp. 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570902783889.
- Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. (1998). ‘What price data tell us about drug markets’. Journal of Drug Issues, 28(3), pp. 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800302
- Cone, E. J. (2006). ‘Ephemeral profiles of prescription drug and formulation tampering: Evolving pseudoscience on the Internet’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83 (Supplement 1), pp. S31–S39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.027
- Deering, K. N., Shoveller, J., Tyndall, M. W., Montaner, J. S., & Shannon, K. (2011). ‘The street cost of drugs and drug use patterns: Relationships with sex work income in an urban Canadian setting’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118(2–3), pp. 430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.005
- Degenhardt, L., & Dietze, P. (2005). Data sources on illicit drug use and harm in Australia. Fitzroy: Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Center.
- Degenhardt, L., Gisev, N., Cama, E., Nielsen, S., Larance, B., & Bruno, R. (2016). ‘The extent and correlates of community‐based pharmaceutical opioid utilisation in Australia’. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 25(5), pp. 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3931
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority. (2018). ‘RADARS® System StreetRx Program, 2014–2018 Australian data [Data file]’. Available at: http://streetrx.com
- Gisev, N., Pearson, S.-A., Karanges, E. A., Larance, B., Buckley, N. A., Larney, S., Dobbins, T., Blanch, B., & Degenhardt, L. (2018). ‘To what extent do data from pharmaceutical claims under-estimate opioid analgesic utilisation in Australia?’. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 27(5), pp. 550–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4329.
- Goldman, B. 1998. The news on the street: Prescription drugs on the black market’. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 159(2): pp. 149–150. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/159/2/139.short
- Hswen, Y., Ph, M., & Brownstein, J. (2019) ‘Density buprenorphine providers and black market drug pricing for buprenorphine’, In American Public Health Association 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo. Philadelphia.
- Hulme, S., Hughes, C. E., & Nielsen, S. (2020). ‘The price and mark up of pharmaceutical drugs supplied on the black market’. International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, 102626. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102626.
- Hyde, B. (2019) ‘Corrections Department drug detection dogs trained to sniff out opioids increasingly being smuggled into state’s prisons’, Perth now, 18 January. Available at: https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/crime/corrections-department-drug-detection-dogs-trained-to-sniff-out-opioids-increasingly-being-smuggled-into-states-prisons-ng-9790828e13e6d73598a243be85fcd9c5.
- Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., & Cicero, T. J. (2007). ‘Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club-and street-based populations’. Pain Medicine, 8(2), pp. 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00255.x
- Inman, M., & Tahila, R. (2019) ‘Canberra prisoners are using drugs to “pass the time”, coronial inquest hears’, ABC News, 24 January.
- Islam, M. M., Conigrave, K. M., Day, C. A., Nguyen, Y., & Haber, P. S. (2014). ‘Twenty-year trends in benzodiazepine dispensing in the Australian population’. Internal Medicine Journal, 44(1), pp. 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12315.
- Karanges, E. A., Blanch, B., Buckley, N. A., & Pearson, S.-A. (2016). ‘Twenty‐five years of prescription opioid use in Australia: A whole‐of‐population analysis using pharmaceutical claims’. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 82(1), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12937
- Lebin, J. A., Murphy, D. L., Severtson, S. G., Bau, G. E., Dasgupta, N., & Dart, R. C. (2019). ‘Scoring the best deal: Quantity discounts and street price variation of diverted oxycodone and oxymorphone’. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 28(1), pp. 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4558. John Wiley and Sons Ltd
- Marquardt, K. A., Tharratt, R. S., & Musallam, N. A. (1995). ‘Fentanyl remaining in a transdermal system following three days of continuous use’. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 29(10), pp. 969–971. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809502901001
- Maxwell, J. C. (2011). ‘The prescription drug epidemic in the United States: A perfect storm’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30(3), pp. 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00291.x
- McGowan, M. (2018) ‘Australian opioid inquest told pensioners selling fentanyl on black market’, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/may/08/australian-opioid-inquest-told-pensioners-selling-fentanyl-on-black-market
- McHugh, R. K., Nielsen, S., & Weiss, R. D. (2015). ‘Prescription drug abuse: From epidemiology to public policy’. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 48(1), pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2014.08.004
- McLean, K., & Kavanaugh, P. R. (2019). “They’re making it so hard for people to get help:” Motivations for non-prescribed buprenorphine use in a time of treatment expansion’. International Journal of Drug Policy, 71, 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.06.019.
- Nielsen, S., Bruno, R., Degenhardt, L., Stoove, M. A., Fischer, J. A., Carruthers, S. J., & Lintzeris, N. (2013). ‘The sources of pharmaceuticals for problematic users of benzodiazepines and prescription opioids’. Medical Journal of Australia, 199(10), pp. 696–699. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja12.11331
- Office of Parliamentary Counsel. (2016). ‘National health (pharmaceuticals and vaccines—cost recovery) regulations 2009ʹ. Canberra. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00622.
- Paige, E., Kemp-Casey, A., Korda, R., & Banks, E. (2015). ‘Using Australian pharmaceutical benefits scheme data for pharmacoepidemiological research: Challenges and approaches’. Public Health Research & Practice, 25(4), p. e2541546. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2541546.
- Peacock, A., Gibbs, D., Karlsson, A., Uporova, J., Sutherland, R., Bruno, R., Dietze, P., Lenton, S., Alati, R., & Degenhardt, L. (2018). Australian drug trends 2018: Key findings from the national ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS) interviews. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney. Available at: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/National%20IDRS%20Interview%20Report%202018.pdf
- Raubenheimer, J. E., & Barratt, M. J. (2018). ‘Digital era drug surveillance: Quo vadis, Australia?’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(6), pp. 693–696. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12853
- Rintoul, A. C., Dobbin, M. D. H., Drummer, O. H., & Ozanne-Smith, J. (2011). ‘Increasing deaths involving oxycodone, Victoria, Australia, 2000-09ʹ. Injury Prevention, 17(4), pp. 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029611.
- Roxburgh, A., Hall, W. D., Dobbins, T., Gisev, N., Burns, L., Pearson, S., & Degenhardt, L. (2017). ‘Trends in heroin and pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths in Australia’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, pp. 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.018
- Sajan, A., Corneil, T., & Grzybowski, S. (1998). ‘The street value of prescription drugs’. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 159(2), pp. 139–142. https://www.cmaj.ca/content/159/2/139
- Schnell, M. (2017). Physician behavior in the presence of a secondary market: The case of prescription Opioids. https://www.stern.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/Schnell_JMP_042019.pdf
- Suzuki, J., & El-Haddad, S. (2017). ‘A review: Fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls’. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 171, pp. 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.033
- Uporova, J., Karlsson, T., Sutherland, R., & Burns, L. (2017) ‘Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2017: Findings from the ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS)’, Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/ecstasy-and-related-drugs-reporting-system-edrs-national-report-2016-0
- Williams, J., Pacula, R. L., Chaloupka, F. J., & Wechsler, H. (2006). College students’ use of cocaine’. Substance Use & Misuse, 41(4), 489–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080500521755. Taylor & Francis
- Winstock, A. R., & Lea, T. (2010). ‘Diversion and Injection of Methadone and Buprenorphine among clients in public opioid treatment clinics in New South Wales, Australia’. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(1–2), 240–252. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080903080664