The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer

References

• Tzimagiorgis G, Michailidou EZ, Kritis A, et al. Recovering circulating extracellular or cell-free RNA from bodily fluids. Cancer Epidemiol. 2011;35(6):580–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch HG, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S. Are increasing 5-year survival rates evidence of success against cancer? JAMA. 2000;283(22):2975–2978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison LF, Wilkins K. Cancer prevalence in the Canadian population. Health Rep. 2009;20(1):7–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Hefnawy T, Raja S, Kelly L, et al. Characterization of amplifiable, circulating RNA in plasma and its potential as a tool for cancer diagnostics. Clin Chem. 2004;50(3):564–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goessl C. Diagnostic potential of circulating nucleic acids for oncology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2003;3(4):431–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamm RC, Smith AG. Nucleic acid concentrations in normal human plasma. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):519–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goebel G, Zitt M, Zitt M, et al. Circulating nucleic acids in plasma or serum (CNAPS) as prognostic and predictive markers in patients with solid neoplasias. Dis Markers. 2005;21(3):105–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AK, Chiu RW, Lo YM. Clinical Sciences Reviews Committee of the Association of Clinical B. Cell-free nucleic acids in plasma, serum and urine: a new tool in molecular diagnosis. Ann Clin Biochem. 2003;40(Pt 2):122–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Driscoll L, Kenny E, Mehta JP, et al. Feasibility and relevance of global expression profiling of gene transcripts in serum from breast cancer patients using whole genome microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. Cancer Genomics Proteomics. 2008;5(2):94–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haas C, Klesser B, Maake C, et al. mRNA profiling for body fluid identification by reverse transcription endpoint PCR and realtime PCR. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2009;3(2):80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon SA, Shapiro B, Sklaroff DM, et al. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Res. 1977;37(3):646–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroun M, Anker P, Maurice P, et al. Neoplastic characteristics of the DNA found in the plasma of cancer patients. Oncology. 1989;46(5):318–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroun M, Anker P, Lyautey J, et al. Isolation and characterization of DNA from the plasma of cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1987;23(6):707–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson PW, Burchill SA, Selby PJ. The molecular detection of circulating tumour cells. Br J Cancer. 1995;72(2):268–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CN, Hsu HL, Wu TL, et al. Cell-free DNA is released from tumor cells upon cell death: a study of tissue cultures of tumor cell lines. J Clin Lab Anal. 2003;17(4):103–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratajczak J, Wysoczynski M, Hayek F, et al. Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Leukemia. 2006;20(9):1487–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skog J, Wurdinger T, van Rijn S, et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol. 2008;10(12):1470–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan T, Huang X, Woodcock M, et al. Plasma extracellular RNA profiles in healthy and cancer patients. Sci Rep. 2016;6:19413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Xu W, Qian H, et al. Circulating RNA as a novel tumor marker: an in vitro study of the origins and characteristics of extracellular RNA. Cancer Lett. 2008;259(1):50–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodde M, Fradet Y. The detection of genetic markers of bladder cancer in urine and serum. CurrOpin Urol. 2008;18(5):499–503.
   Google Scholar
• Taback B, Hoon DS. Circulating nucleic acids and proteomics of plasma/serum: clinical utility. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1022:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Farrell JJ, Zhou H, et al. Salivary transcriptomic biomarkers for detection of resectable pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):949–57 e1-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SC, Lo ES, Cheung MT. An optimized protocol for extraction of non-viral mRNA from human plasma frozen for three years. J Clin Pathol. 2004;57(7):766–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournie GJ, Courtin JP, Laval F, et al. Plasma DNA as a marker of cancerous cell death. Investigations in patients suffering from lung cancer and in nude mice bearing human tumours. Cancer Lett. 1995;91(2):221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacona MB, Ruben GC, Iczkowski KA, et al. Cell-free DNA in human blood plasma: length measurements in patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy controls. Pancreas. 1998;17(1):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halicka HD, Bedner E, Darzynkiewicz Z. Segregation of RNA and separate packaging of DNA and RNA in apoptotic bodies during apoptosis. Exp Cell Res. 2000;260(2):248–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroun M, Anker P. Nucleic acids spontaneously released by living frog auricles. Biochem J. 1972;128(3):100P–1P.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker P, Stroun M, Maurice PA. Spontaneous release of DNA by human blood lymphocytes as shown in an in vitro system. Cancer Res. 1975;35(9):2375–2382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker P, Stroun M, Maurice PA. Spontaneous extracellular synthesis of DNA released by human blood lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 1976;36(8):2832–2839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroun M, Anker P, Maurice P, et al. Circulating nucleic acids in higher organisms. Int Rev Cytol. 1977;51:1–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ratajczak J, Miekus K, Kucia M, et al. Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles reprogram hematopoietic progenitors: evidence for horizontal transfer of mRNA and protein delivery. Leukemia. 2006;20(5):847–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowska-Wieczorek A, Wysoczynski M, Kijowski J, et al. Microvesicles derived from activated platelets induce metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Int J Cancer. 2005;113(5):752–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Weglarczyk K, et al. Tumour-derived microvesicles modulate biological activity of human monocytes. Immunol Lett. 2007;113(2):76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baj-Krzyworzeka M, Szatanek R, Weglarczyk K, et al. Tumour-derived microvesicles carry several surface determinants and mRNA of tumour cells and transfer some of these determinants to monocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006;55(7):808–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter MP, Ismail N, Zhang X, et al. Detection of microRNA expression in human peripheral blood microvesicles. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti I, D’Ascenzo S, Millimaggi D, et al. Cathepsin B mediates the pH-dependent proinvasive activity of tumor-shed microvesicles. Neoplasia. 2008;10(5):481–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia JM, Garcia V, Pena C, et al. Extracellular plasma RNA from colon cancer patients is confined in a vesicle-like structure and is mRNA-enriched. RNA. 2008;14(7):1424–1432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan A, Farber EL, Rapoport AL, et al. Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles. PLoS One. 2009;4(3):e4722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laktionov PP, Tamkovich SN, Rykova EY, et al. Extracellular circulating nucleic acids in human plasma in health and disease. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004;23(6–7):879–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes GR, Cohen SA, Lightfoot RW Jr., et al. The release of DNA into serum and synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1971;14(2):259–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis GL Jr., Davis J. Detection of circulating DNA by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Arthritis Rheum. 1973;16(1):52–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross JS, Slodkowska EA, Symmans WF, et al. The HER-2 receptor and breast cancer: ten years of targeted anti-HER-2 therapy and personalized medicine. Oncologist. 2009;14(4):320–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JS. Breast cancer biomarkers and HER2 testing after 10 years of anti-HER2 therapy. Drug News Perspect. 2009;22(2):93–106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chirgwin JM, Przybyla AE, MacDonald RJ, et al. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry. 1979;18(24):5294–5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomczynski P, Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987;162(1):156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomczynski P. A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. Biotechniques. 1993;15(3):532–4, 6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez S, Royo LJ, Astudillo A, et al. Identifying the most suitable endogenous control for determining gene expression in hearts from organ donors. BMC Mol Biol. 2007;8:114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Fasco MJ, Kaminsky LS. Optimization of Dnase I removal of contaminating DNA from RNA for use in quantitative RNA-PCR. Biotechniques. 1996;20(6):1012–4, 6, 8–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SC, Lo ES, Cheung MT, et al. Quantification of plasma β-catenin mRNA in colorectal cancer and adenoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(5):1613–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SC, Ma BB, Lai PB, et al. The effect of centrifugation on circulating mRNA quantitation opens up a new scenario in expression profiling from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(16–17):1277–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiame I, Remy S, Swennen R, et al. Irreversible heat inactivation of DNase I without RNA degradation. Biotechniques. 2000;29(2):252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reue K. mRNA quantitation techniques: considerations for experimental design and application. J Nutr. 1998;128(11):2038–2044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wataganara T, LeShane ES, Chen AY, et al. Plasma gamma-globin gene expression suggests that fetal hematopoietic cells contribute to the pool of circulating cell-free fetal nucleic acids during pregnancy. Clin Chem. 2004;50(4):689–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves AF, Araujo TG, Biase WK, et al. Combined analysis of multiple mRNA markers by RT-PCR assay for prostate cancer diagnosis. Clin Biochem. 2008;41(14–15):1191–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong ZZ, Yao DF, Yao M, et al. Clinical impact of plasma TGF-beta1 and circulating TGF-beta1 mRNA in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2008;7(3):288–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocakova I, Svoboda M, Kubosova K, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy and concomitant capecitabine treatment induce thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase mRNAs in rectal carcinoma. Neoplasma. 2007;54(5):447–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi CP, Bossola M, Princi P, et al. Circulating thyroglobulin mRNA does not predict early and midterm recurrences in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for cancer. Am J Surg. 2008;196(3):326–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Abd E, El-Tahan R, Fahmy L, et al. Serum metastasin mRNA is an important survival predictor in breast cancer. Br J Biomed Sci. 2008;65(2):90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa GF, Milas M. Peripheral thyrotropin receptor mRNA as a novel marker for differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosis and surveillance. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8(9):1415–1424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milas M, Barbosa GF, Mitchell J, et al. Effectiveness of peripheral thyrotropin receptor mRNA in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(2):473–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen XQ, Bonnefoi H, Pelte MF, et al. Telomerase RNA as a detection marker in the serum of breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(10):3823–3826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopreski MS, Benko FA, Gocke CD. Circulating RNA as a tumor marker: detection of 5T4 mRNA in breast and lung cancer patient serum. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;945:172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorzanger-Rousselot N, Goehrig D, Journe F, et al. Increased Dickkopf-1 expression in breast cancer bone metastases. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):964–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrakchi R, Ouerhani S, Benammar S, et al. Detection of cytokeratin 19 mRNA and CYFRA 21-1 (cytokeratin 19 fragments) in blood of Tunisian women with breast cancer. Int J Biol Markers. 2008;23(4):238–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perhavec A, Cerkovnik P, Novakovic S, et al. The hTERT mRNA in plasma samples of early breast cancer patients, non-cancer patients and healthy individuals. Neoplasma. 2008;55(6):549–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Driscoll L. Extracellular nucleic acids and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(3A):1257–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savino M, Parrella P, Copetti M, et al. Comparison between real-time quantitative PCR detection of HER2 mRNA copy number in peripheral blood and ELISA of serum HER2 protein for determining HER2 status in breast cancer patients. Cell Oncol. 2009;31(3):203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischhacker M, Beinert T, Ermitsch M, et al. Detection of amplifiable messenger RNA in the serum of patients with lung cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;945:179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PJ, Lo YM. Plasma nucleic acids in the diagnosis and management of malignant disease. Clin Chem. 2002;48(8):1186–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke LE, Leitzel K, Smith J, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor mRNA in peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic, lung, and colon carcinomas detected by RT-PCR. Int J Oncol. 2003;22(2):425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremnes RM, Sirera R, Camps C. Circulating tumour-derived DNA and RNA markers in blood: a tool for early detection, diagnostics, and follow-up? Lung Cancer. 2005;49(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt B, Engel E, Carstensen T, et al. Quantification of free RNA in serum and bronchial lavage: a new diagnostic tool in lung cancer detection? Lung Cancer. 2005;48(1):145–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura N, Kanamori Y, Takahashi M, et al. A diagnostic evaluation of serum human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA as a novel tumor marker for gynecologic malignancies. Oncol Rep. 2007;17(3):541–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugai S, Satoh Y, Komatsu M, et al. Recurrence pattern and rapid intraoperative detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA in pleural lavage in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RinshoByori. 2008;56(10):851–857.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson CA, De Vries GM, Benson MC, et al. The use of RT-PCR for prostate-specific antigen assay to predict potential surgical failures before radical prostatectomy: molecular staging of prostate cancer. Br J Urol. 1996;77(3):411–417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castaldo G, Cecere G, Di Fusco V, et al. Prostate-specific antigen (protein and mRNA) analysis in the differential diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 1997;265(1):65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa T, Kashiwagi H, Iwakami Y, et al. Expression of alpha-fetoprotein and prostate-specific antigen genes in several tissues and detection of mRNAs in normal circulating blood by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1998;28(12):723–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa O, Iinuma M, Sato K, et al. Circulating prostate-specific antigen mRNA during radical prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer: with special reference to neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Urol Res. 1999;27(4):291–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirisi M, Fabris C, Luisi S, et al. Evaluation of circulating activin-A as a serum marker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Detect Prev. 2000;24(2):150–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straub B, Muller M, Krause H, et al. Detection of prostate-specific antigen RNA before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate using “Light-Cycler”-based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Urology. 2001;58(5):815–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqua A, Chendil D, Rowland R, et al. Increased expression of PSA mRNA during brachytherapy in peripheral blood of patients with prostate cancer. Urology. 2002;60(2):270–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel K, Whelan PJ, Prescott S, et al. The use of real-time reverse transcription-PCR for prostate-specific antigen mRNA to discriminate between blood samples from healthy volunteers and from patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(22):7511–7519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zambon CF, Basso D, Prayer-Galetti T, et al. Quantitative PSA mRNA determination in blood: a biochemical tool for scoring localized prostate cancer. Clin Biochem. 2006;39(4):333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou E, Davilas E, Sotiriou V, et al. Cell-free DNA and RNA in plasma as a new molecular marker for prostate and breast cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1075:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai VU, Kaseb A, Tejwani S, et al. Identification of prostate cancer mRNA markers by averaged differential expression and their detection in biopsies, blood, and urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(7):2343–2348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipinikas CP, Nair SB, Kirby RS, et al. Measurement of blood E2F3 mRNA in prostate cancer by quantitative RT-PCR: a preliminary study. Biomarkers. 2007;12(5):541–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipinikas CP, Carter ND, Corbishley CM, et al. HIF-1alpha mRNA gene expression levels in improved diagnosis of early stages of prostate cancer. Biomarkers. 2008;13(7):680–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasselmann DO, Rappl G, Rossler M, et al. Detection of tumor-associated circulating mRNA in serum, plasma and blood cells from patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. Oncol Rep. 2001;8(1):115–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quereux G, Denis M, Khammari A, et al. Prognostic value of tyrosinase reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in metastatic melanoma. Dermatology. 2001;203(3):221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osella-Abate S, Quaglino P, Savoia P, et al. VEGF-165 serum levels and tyrosinase expression in melanoma patients: correlation with the clinical course. Melanoma Res. 2002;12(4):325–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishigami S, Sakamoto A, Uenosono Y, et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA expression in blood can predict relapse in gastric cancer. J Surg Res. 2008;148(2):205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura N, Maeda Y, Kanbe T, et al. Serum human telomerase reverse transcriptase messenger RNA as a novel tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(9):3205–3209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bemis LT, Chen R, Amato CM, et al. MicroRNA-137 targets microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 2008;68(5):1362–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felicetti F, Errico MC, Segnalini P, et al. MicroRNA-221 and −222 pathway controls melanoma progression. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008a;8(11):1759–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felicetti F, Errico MC, Bottero L, et al. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res. 2008b;68(8):2745–2754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodygin D, Tarasov V, Epanchintsev A, et al. Inactivation of miR-34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle. 2008;7(16):2591–2600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura MF, Hanniford D, Menendez S, et al. Aberrant miR-182 expression promotes melanoma metastasis by repressing FOXO3 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(6):1814–1819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igoucheva O, Alexeev V. MicroRNA-dependent regulation of cKit in cutaneous melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;379(3):790–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura N, Nakamura H, Sato R, et al. Clinical usefulness of serum telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA as a novel tumor marker for lung cancer. Cancer Sci. 2006;97(12):1366–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen J, Liu Z, Todd NW, et al. Diagnosis of lung cancer in individuals with solitary pulmonary nodules by plasma microRNA biomarkers. BMC Cancer. 2011;11:374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi F, Nicassio F, Marzi M, et al. A serum circulating miRNA diagnostic test to identify asymptomatic high-risk individuals with early stage lung cancer. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(8):495–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boeri M, Verri C, Conte D, et al. MicroRNA signatures in tissues and plasma predict development and prognosis of computed tomography detected lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(9):3713–3718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mar-Aguilar F, Mendoza-Ramirez JA, Malagon-Santiago I, et al. Serum circulating microRNA profiling for identification of potential breast cancer biomarkers. Dis Markers. 2013;34(3):163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng RC, Zhang W, Yan XQ, et al. Down-regulation of miRNA-30a in human plasma is a novel marker for breast cancer. Med Oncol. 2013;30(1):477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si H, Sun X, Chen Y, et al. Circulating microRNA-92a and microRNA-21 as novel minimally invasive biomarkers for primary breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139(2):223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahm AM, Thayu M, Hand NJ, et al. Circulating microRNA is a biomarker of pediatric Crohn disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(1):26–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faltejskova P, Bocanek O, Sachlova M, et al. Circulating miR-17-3p, miR-29a, miR-92a and miR-135b in serum: evidence against their usage as biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2012;12(4):199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo X, Stock C, Burwinkel B, et al. Identification and evaluation of plasma microRNAs for early detection of colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaporozhchenko IA, Ponomaryova AA, Rykova EY, et al. The potential of circulating cell-free RNA as a cancer biomarker: challenges and opportunities. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2018;18(2):133–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishikawa T, Otsuka M, Yoshikawa T, et al. Satellite RNAs promote pancreatic oncogenic processes via the dysfunction of YBX1. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng H, Qin Z, Zhang X. Opportunities and methods for studying alternative splicing in cancer with RNA-Seq. Cancer Lett. 2013;340(2):179–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick KL, Clark G, Ghilchick M, et al. hTERT mRNA expression correlates with telomerase activity in human breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29(4):321–326.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tani N, Ichikawa D, Ikoma D, et al. Circulating cell-free mRNA in plasma as a tumor marker for patients with primary and recurrent gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2007;27(2):1207–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasi F, Martinez-Rodes P, March JA, et al. Real-time quantification of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1075:204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnappa P, Taguba L, Arciaga R, et al. Detection of thyrotropin-receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and thyroglobulin mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood of patients with thyroid disease: sensitive and specific markers for thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(8):3705–3709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta M, Chia SY. Circulating thyroid cancer markers. CurrOpin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007;14(5):383–388.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia V, Garcia JM, Pena C, et al. Free circulating mRNA in plasma from breast cancer patients and clinical outcome. Cancer Lett. 2008;263(2):312–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March-Villalba JA, Martinez-Jabaloyas JM, Herrero MJ, et al. Cell-free circulating plasma hTERT mRNA is a useful marker for prostate cancer diagnosis and is associated with poor prognosis tumor characteristics. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yie SM, Luo B, Ye NY, et al. Detection of survivin-expressing circulating cancer cells in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients by a RT-PCR ELISA. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2006;23(5–6):279–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novakovic S, Hocevar M, Zgajnar J, et al. Detection of telomerase RNA in the plasma of patients with breast cancer, malignant melanoma or thyroid cancer. Oncol Rep. 2004;11(1):245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva J, Garcia V, Garcia JM, et al. Circulating Bmi-1 mRNA as a possible prognostic factor for advanced breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(4):R55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funaki NO, Tanaka J, Kasamatsu T, et al. Identification of carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in circulating peripheral blood of pancreatic carcinoma and gastric carcinoma patients. Life Sci. 1996;59(25–26):2187–2199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizone S, Yamauchi K, Kawa S, et al. Clinical utility of quantitative RT-PCR targeted to alpha1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase mRNA for detection of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci. 2006;97(2):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang CY, Wang J, Axell-House D, et al. Clinical significance of serum COL6A3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(1):7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piva MG, Navaglia F, Basso D, et al. CEA mRNA identification in peripheral blood is feasible for colorectal, but not for gastric or pancreatic cancer staging. Oncology. 2000;59(4):323–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber JA, Baxter DH, Zhang S, et al. The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin Chem. 2010;56(11):1733–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, et al. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Res. 2008;18(10):997–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(30):10513–10518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen J, Chang P, et al. MicroRNAs in plasma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients as novel blood-based biomarkers of disease. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(9):807–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaby O, Svoboda M, Michalek J, et al. MicroRNAs in colorectal cancer: translation of molecular biology into clinical application. Mol Cancer. 2009;8:102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodes MJ, Caraballo M, Suciu D, et al. Detection of cancer with serum miRNAs on an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park NJ, Zhou H, Elashoff D, et al. Salivary microRNA: discovery, characterization, and clinical utility for oral cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(17):5473–5477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosaka N, Iguchi H, Ochiya T. Circulating microRNA in body fluid: a new potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Sci. 2010;101(10):2087–2092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferracin M, Veronese A, Negrini M. Micromarkers: miRNAs in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2010;10(3):297–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AA, Leidinger P, Blin N, et al. miRNA: small molecules as potential novel biomarkers in cancer. Curr Med Chem. 2010;17(36):4427–4432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heneghan HM, Miller N, Kerin MJ. MiRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. CurrOpinPharmacol. 2010;10(5):543–550.
   Google Scholar
• Scholer N, Langer C, Dohner H, et al. Serum microRNAs as a novel class of biomarkers: a comprehensive review of the literature. Exp Hematol. 2010;38(12):1126–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou SL, Wang LD. Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers for esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(19):2348–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth C, Rack B, Muller V, et al. Circulating microRNAs as blood-based markers for patients with primary and metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(6):R90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotte M. MicroRNAs in breast cancer pathogenesis. Minerva Ginecol. 2010;62(6):559–571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang F, Zheng Z, Guo J, et al. Correlation and quantitation of microRNA aberrant expression in tissues and sera from patients with breast tumor. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;119(3):586–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Z, Huang D, Ni S, et al. Plasma microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(1):118–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanke M, Hoefig K, Merz H, et al. A robust methodology to study urine microRNA as tumor marker: microRNA-126 and microRNA-182 are related to urinary bladder cancer. Urol Oncol. 2010;28(6):655–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahbari R, Holloway AK, He M, et al. Identification of differentially expressed microRNA in parathyroid tumors. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(4):1158–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zen K, Zhang CY. Circulating microRNAs: a novel class of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor human cancers. Med Res Rev. 2012;32(2):326–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farazi TA, Hoell JI, Morozov P, et al. MicroRNAs in human cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;774:1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda T, Hayashi N, Kuroda Y, et al. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2017;9:9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischhacker M, Schmidt B. Circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) and cancer–a survey. BiochimBiophys Acta. 2007;1775(1):181–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandberga E, Kozirovskis V, Abols A, et al. Cell-free microRNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers for lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2013;52(4):356–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acunzo M, Croce CM. Downregulation of miR-15a and miR-16-1 at 13q14 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Chem. 2016;62(4):655–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrona G, Matis S, Colombo M, et al. Effects of miRNA-15 and miRNA-16 expression replacement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: implication for therapy. Leukemia. 2017;31(9):1894–1904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moussay E, Wang K, Cho JH, et al. MicroRNA as biomarkers and regulators in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(16):6573–6578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si ML, Zhu S, Wu H, et al. miR-21-mediated tumor growth. Oncogene. 2007;26(19):2799–2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watahiki A, Macfarlane RJ, Gleave ME, et al. Plasma miRNAs as biomarkers to identify patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(4):7757–7770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selth LA, Townley SL, Bert AG, et al. Circulating microRNAs predict biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(3):641–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HM, Castillo L, Mahon KL, et al. Circulating microRNAs are associated with docetaxel chemotherapy outcome in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(10):2462–2471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Chen X, Zhao Y, et al. Serum microRNA signatures identified in a genome-wide serum microRNA expression profiling predict survival of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1721–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng EK, Chong WW, Jin H, et al. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer: a potential marker for colorectal cancer screening. Gut. 2009;58(10):1375–1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata-Kawata H, Izumiya M, Kurioka D, et al. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as biomarkers of colon cancer. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e92921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Chang J, Tong D, et al. Differential microRNA expression profiling in primary tumors and matched liver metastasis of patients with colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(22):35783–35791.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endzelins E, Melne V, Kalnina Z, et al. Diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value of cell-free miRNAs in prostate cancer: a systematic review. Mol Cancer. 2016;15(1):41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park NJ, Li Y, Yu T, et al. Characterization of RNA in saliva. Clin Chem. 2006;52(6):988–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubakov D, Hanekamp E, Kokshoorn M, et al. Stable RNA markers for identification of blood and saliva stains revealed from whole genome expression analysis of time-wise degraded samples. Int J Legal Med. 2008;122(2):135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, St John MA, Zhou X, et al. Salivary transcriptome diagnostics for oral cancer detection. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(24):8442–8450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grammatopoulos D, Elliott Y, Smith SC, et al. Measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood as an adjunctive test for monitoring thyroid cancer. Mol Pathol. 2003;56(3):162–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lossos IS, Czerwinski DK, Wechser MA, et al. Optimization of quantitative real-time RT-PCR parameters for the study of lymphoid malignancies. Leukemia. 2003;17(4):789–795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapisuwon S, Vietsch EE, Wellstein A. Circulating biomarkers to monitor cancer progression and treatment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2016;14:211–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin D, Crane V, Rice D. A comparison of gel-based, nylon filter and microarray techniques to detect differential RNA expression in plants. CurrOpin Plant Biol. 1999;2(2):96–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi M, Miura K, Iwao H, et al. Quantitative assessment of DNA microarrays–comparison with Northern blot analyses. Genomics. 2001;71(1):34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzenbach H, Nishida N, Calin GA, et al. Clinical relevance of circulating cell-free microRNAs in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(3):145–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui NB, Chim SS, Chiu RW, et al. Systematic micro-array based identification of placental mRNA in maternal plasma: towards non-invasive prenatal gene expression profiling. J Med Genet. 2004;41(6):461–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo YM, Rainer TH, Chan LY, et al. Plasma DNA as a prognostic marker in trauma patients. Clin Chem. 2000;46(3):319–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue VW, Ng SS, Leung WW, et al. The effect of centrifugal force in colorectal cancer related plasma mRNA quantification using targeted sequencing. Front Genet. 2018;9:165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar