96
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Ongoing activities to optimize the quality and efficiency of lipid-lowering agents in the Scottish national health service: influence and implications

, ORCID Icon, , , , , , & show all
Pages 655-666 | Received 07 Mar 2018, Accepted 14 Jul 2018, Published online: 03 Aug 2018

References

  • Eurostat. Causes of death statistics 2017 updated 2017 Oct 11. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Causes_of_death_statistics. [Accessed 1 February 2018]
  • Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123(8):933–944.
  • NCHStats. Statistics on statin use. Available from: https://nchstats.com/2013/11/14/statistics-on-statin-use/.
  • Choudhry NK, Dugani S, Shrank WH, et al. Despite increased use and sales of statins in India, per capita prescription rates remain far below high-income countries. Health Affairs. 2014;33(2):273–282.
  • Godman B, Bishop I, Campbell SM, et al. Quality and efficiency of statin prescribing across countries with a special focus on South Africa: findings and future implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15(2):323–330.
  • Akunne OO, Godman B, Adedapo AD, et al. Statin prescribing among hypertensive patients in southwest Nigeria: findings and implications for the future. J Comp Eff Res. 2016;5(3):281–288.
  • Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M, et al. Policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in europe: findings and future implications. Front Pharmacol. 2010;1:141.
  • Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation. 2004;109(23 Suppl 1):Iii39–Iii43.
  • Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Berg K, et al. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). 1994. Atheroscler Supplements. 2004;5(3):81–7.10.
  • MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360(9326): 7–22.
  • Nissen SE. Halting the progression of atherosclerosis with intensive lipid lowering: results from the reversal of atherosclerosis with Aggressive Lipid Lowering (REVERSAL) trial. Am J Med. 2005;118(Suppl 12A):22–27.
  • Lu Y, Cheng Z, Zhao Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with statins for coronary heart disease: a bayesian network meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2016;254:215–227.
  • Heart UK. Coronary heart disease remains the number 1 killer in the UK. UK 2016. [Accessed 1 February 2018]. Available from: https://heartuk.org.uk/press/press-kit/key-facts-figures.
  • Wallis EJ, Ramsay LE, Ul Haq I, et al. Coronary and cardiovascular risk estimation for primary prevention: validation of a new Sheffield table in the 1995 Scottish health survey population. BMJ. 2000;320(7236):671–676.
  • Brugts JJ, Yetgin T, Hoeks SE, et al. The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009 Jun 30;338:b2376.
  • Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery 2016.
  • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in. 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). The Lancet. 1994;344(8934):1383–1389.
  • Scotland ISD. Prescription Cost Analysis UK 2016 [updated 2016 Jun 28]. Available from: http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Prescribing-and-medicines/Community-Dispensing/Prescription-Cost-Analysis/. [Accessed 28 January 2018]
  • McGinn D, Godman B, Lonsdale J, et al. Initiatives to enhance the quality and efficiency of statin and PPI prescribing in the UK: impact and implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(1):73–85.
  • Bennie M, Godman B, Bishop I, et al. Multiple initiatives continue to enhance the prescribing efficiency for the proton pump inhibitors and statins in Scotland. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2012;12(1):125–130.
  • Ferner RE, Lenney W, Marriott JF. Controversy over generic substitution. BMJ. 2010;340:c2548.
  • Garuoliene K, Godman B, Gulbinovic J, et al. European countries with small populations can obtain low prices for drugs: lithuania as a case history. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11(3):343–349.
  • Godman B, Wettermark B, Hoffmann M, et al. Multifaceted national and regional drug reforms and initiatives in ambulatory care in Sweden: global relevance. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(1):65–83.
  • Corrao G, Soranna D, Arfe A, et al. Are generic and brand-name statins clinically equivalent? Evidence from a real data-base. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25(8):745–750.
  • Manzoli L, Flacco ME, Boccia S, et al. Generic versus brand-name drugs used in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(4):351–368.
  • Labiris G, Fanariotis M, Kastanioti C, et al. Greek physicians’ perceptions on generic drugs in the era of austerity. Scientifica. 2015;2015:251792.
  • Dunne SS, Shannon B, Cullen W, et al. Beliefs, perceptions and behaviours of GPs towards generic medicines. Fam Pract. 2014;31(4):467–474.
  • Fabiano V, Mameli C, Cattaneo D, et al. Perceptions and patterns of use of generic drugs among Italian family pediatricians: first round results of a web survey. Health Policy. 2012;104(3):247–252.
  • Colgan S, Faasse K, Martin LR, et al. Perceptions of generic medication in the general population, doctors and pharmacists: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008915.
  • Godman B, Shrank W, Andersen M, et al. Comparing policies to enhance prescribing efficiency in Europe through increasing generic utilization: changes seen and global implications. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(6):707–722.
  • Switching from high-efficacy lipid-lowering therapies [atorvastatin or rosuvastatin] to simvastatin and the results on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. J Med Assoc Thailand. 2015;98(1):21–25.
  • Norman C, Zarrinkoub R, Hasselstrom J, et al. Potential savings without compromising the quality of care. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63(9):1320–1326.
  • Usher-Smith J, Ramsbottom T, Pearmain H, et al. Evaluation of the clinical outcomes of switching patients from atorvastatin to simvastatin and losartan to candesartan in a primary care setting: 2 years on. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(3):480–484.
  • Godman B, Bishop I, Finlayson AE, et al. Reforms and initiatives in Scotland in recent years to encourage the prescribing of generic drugs, their influence and implications for other countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(4):469–482.
  • Godman B, Wettermark B, Van Woerkom M, et al. Multiple policies to enhance prescribing efficiency for established medicines in Europe with a particular focus on demand-side measures: findings and future implications. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:106.
  • ISD Scotland. Quality & outcomes framework. 2008/09 achievement at Scotland and NHS board level. [Accessed 1 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/General-Practice/Quality-And-Outcomes-Framework/2008-09/.
  • SIGN. Clinical Guideline 149. Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease. [Accessed 28 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.scot.nhs.uk/sign-clinical-guideline-149-risk-estimation-and-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/.
  • Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(10):1092–1097.
  • Knopp RH, Gitter H, Truitt T, et al. Effects of ezetimibe, a new cholesterol absorption inhibitor, on plasma lipids in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(8):729–741.
  • Davidson MH, McGarry T, Bettis R, et al. Ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(12):2125–2134.
  • Godman B, Schwabe U, Selke G, et al. Update of recent reforms in Germany to enhance the quality and efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and lipid-lowering drugs. PharmacoEconomics. 2009;27(5):435–438.
  • Gustafsson LL, Wettermark B, Godman B, et al. The ‘wise list’- a comprehensive concept to select, communicate and achieve adherence to recommendations of essential drugs in ambulatory care in Stockholm. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;108(4):224–233.
  • Wettermark B, Pehrsson A, Juhasz-Haverinen M, et al. Financial incentives linked to self-assessment of prescribing patterns: a new approach for quality improvement of drug prescribing in primary care. Qual Prim Care. 2009;17(3):179–189.
  • Bjorkhem-Bergman L, Andersen-Karlsson E, Laing R, et al. Interface management of pharmacotherapy. Joint hospital and primary care drug recommendations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(Suppl 1):73–78.
  • Godman B, Shrank W, Wettermark B, et al. Use of generics-a critical cost containment measure for all healthcare professionals in Europe? Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(8):2470–2494.
  • Martikainen JE, Saastamoinen LK, Korhonen MJ, et al. Impact of restricted reimbursement on the use of statins in Finland: a register-based study. Medical Care. 2010;48(9):761–766.
  • Sakshaug S, Furu K, Karlstad O, et al. Switching statins in Norway after new reimbursement policy: a nationwide prescription study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64(4):476–481.
  • Godman B, Burkhardt T, Bucsics A, et al. Impact of recent reforms in Austria on utilization and expenditure of PPIs and lipid-lowering drugs: implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(5):475–484.
  • Fraeyman J, Van Hal G, Godman B, et al. The potential influence of various initiatives to improve rational prescribing for proton pump inhibitors and statins in Belgium. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(1):141–151.
  • Woerkom M, Piepenbrink H, Godman B, et al. Ongoing measures to enhance the efficiency of prescribing of proton pump inhibitors and statins in The Netherlands: influence and future implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2012;1(6):527–538.
  • Kapur NK, Musunuru K. Clinical efficacy and safety of statins in managing cardiovascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(2):341–353.
  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland coronary prevention study group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(20):1301–1307.
  • Sever PS, Chang CL, Gupta AK, et al. The Anglo-Scandinavian cardiac outcomes Trial: 11-year mortality follow-up of the lipid-lowering arm in the U.K. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(20):2525–2532.
  • NHS Scotland. National Therapeutic Indicators. 2012 - Baseline data. [Accessed 1 February 2018]. Available from: http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/pca/PCA2012M08report.pdf.
  • WHO. WHO collaborating centre for drug statistics methodology. ATC/DDD Index. [Accessed 28 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.whocc.no/
  • Wettermark B, Godman B, Jacobsson B, et al. Soft regulations in pharmaceutical policy making: an overview of current approaches and their consequences. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2009;7(3):137–147.
  • Godman B, Abuelkhair M, Vitry A, et al. Payers endorse generics to enhance prescribing efficiency: impact and future implications, a case history approach. GABI. 2012;1(2):69–83.
  • Godman B, Bennie M, Baumgärtel C, et al. Essential to increase the use of generics in Europe to maintain comprehensive health care? Farmeconomia Health Economics and Therapeutic Pathways. 2012;13(3S):5–20.
  • ISD Scotland. Quality and outcomes framework Scotland: ISD Scotland; 2010 [updated 2010]. Available from: http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/General-Practice/Quality-And-Outcomes-Framework/QOF-Points-Pounds-Available-Summary.asp. [Accessed 1 February 2018]
  • Lothian Prescribing Bulletin. Updated Lipid Guidelines. [Accessed 28 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ljf.scot.nhs.uk/PrescribingBulletins/Prescribing%20Bulletins/Lothian%20Prescribing%20Bulletin%20Issue%2077%20January%202016%20FINAL.pdf.
  • PostScript Primary Care. NHSGGC Prescribing Indicators 2013/2014. [Accessed 28 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ggcprescribing.org.uk/media/uploads/ps_primary_care/ps_pc_may_13_indicators_final.pdf
  • PostScript Primary Care. NHSGGC Prescribing Indicators 2014/2015. [Accessed 28 January 2018]. Availabe from: http://www.ggcprescribing.org.uk/media/uploads/ps_primary_care/pspc_april_2014.pdf.
  • Audit Scotland. Prescribing in general practice in Scotland. 2013. [Accessed 29 January 2018]. Available from: file:///C:/Users/mail/Desktop/My%20documents/Strathclyde/Alec%20and%20high%20price%20medicines/Lipid%20lowering%20paper/Audit%20Scotland%202013.pdf.
  • NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde Area Drug and Therapeutics Committee. Greater Glasgow and clyde medicines. [Accessed 29 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.ggcprescribing.org.uk/.
  • NHS Dumfries & Galloway - Medicines Management Audit. Ezetimibe use in the management of cardiovascular disease. [Accessed 29 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.dgprescribingmatters.co.uk/documents/Ezetimibe%20review%20document.pdf
  • NHS Scotland. National therapeutic indicators 2014/2015. [Access date: 28 January 2018]. Available from: http://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/publications/DC20141201nti.pdf
  • The Inverness Courier. Switching tablets could save £1m in Highlands. [Accessed 1 February 2019]. Available from: http://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/News/Switching-tablets-could-save-1m-in-Highlands-1391.htm.
  • NICE. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline [CG181]. [Accessed 2 February 2018]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG181.
  • Godman B, Baker A, Leporowski A, et al. Initiatives to increase the prescribing of low cost generics; the case of Scotland in the international context. Medical Research Archives. 2017;5(3):1–34.
  • Barton S. Using clinical evidence. BMJ. 2001;322(7285):503–504.
  • Bero LA, Grilli R, Grimshaw JM, et al. Closing the gap between research and practice: an overview of systematic reviews of interventions to promote the implementation of research findings. Cochrane Eff Pract Organ Care Rev Group. BMJ. 1998;317(7156):465–468.
  • Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(2):152–160.
  • Voncina L, Strizrep T, Godman B, et al. Influence of demand-side measures to enhance renin-angiotensin prescribing efficiency in Europe: implications for the future. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2011;11(4):469–479.
  • Cramer JA, Benedict A, Muszbek N, et al. The significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(1):76–87.
  • Colantonio LD, Huang L, Monda KL, et al. Adherence to high-intensity statins following a myocardial infarction hospitalization among medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Cardiology. 2017;2(8):890–895.
  • Bitton A, Choudhry NK, Matlin OS, et al. The impact of medication adherence on coronary artery disease costs and outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2013;126(4):357 e7- e27.
  • Simoens S, Sinnaeve PR. Patient co-payment and adherence to statins: a review and case studies. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy. 2014;28(1):99–109.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.