318
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Objective and biological markers in bipolar spectrum presentations

&
Pages 195-209 | Received 29 Jun 2018, Accepted 05 Feb 2019, Published online: 27 Feb 2019

References

  • Insel TR. The NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:395–397.
  • Tamminga CA, Pearlson G, Keshavan M, et al. Bipolar and schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes: outcomes across the psychosis continuum. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(Suppl 2):S131–7.
  • Clementz BA, Sweeney JA, Hamm JP, et al. Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:373–384.
  • Baldessarini RJ. A plea for integrity of the bipolar disorder concept. Bipolar Disord. 2000;2:3–7.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • Akiskal HS, Bourgeois ML, Angst J, et al. Re-evaluating the prevalence of and diagnostic composition within the broad clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord. 2000;59(Suppl 1):S5–30.
  • Ghaemi SN, Ko JY, Goodwin FK. “Cade’s disease” and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:125–134.
  • Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, et al. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:133–146.
  • Zimmermann P, Bruckl T, Nocon A, et al. Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder as a consequence of subthreshold bipolarity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1341–1352.
  • Rihmer Z, Akiskal KK, Rihmer A, et al. Current research on affective temperaments. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23:12–18.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4thed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing;2000. Text Revision.
  • Judd LL, Akiskal HS. The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord. 2003;73:123–131.
  • Nusslock R, Frank E. Subthreshold bipolarity: diagnostic issues and challenges. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13:587–603.
  • Akiskal HS, Akiskal KK, Lancrenon S, et al. Validating the bipolar spectrum in the French National EPIDEP Study: overview of the phenomenology and relative prevalence of its clinical prototypes. J Affect Disord. 2006;96:197–205.
  • Frey BN, Andreazza AC, Houenou J, et al. Biomarkers in bipolar disorder: a positional paper from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Biomarkers Task Force. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47:321–332.
  • Sigitova E, Fišar Z, Hroudová J, et al. Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;71:77–103.
  • Phillips ML, Swartz HA. A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:829–843.
  • Alloy LB, Olino T, Freed RD, et al. Role of reward sensitivity and processing in major depressive and bipolar spectrum disorders. Behav Ther. 2016;47:600–621.
  • Torres IJ, Boudreau VG, Yatham LN. Neuropsychological functioning in euthymic bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2007;434:17–26.
  • Kuiper S, McLean L, Malhi GS. To BD or not to BD: functional neuroimaging and the boundaries of bipolarity. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13:75–87.
  • Strawbridge R, Young AH, Cleare AJ. Biomarkers for depression: recent insights, current challenges and future prospects. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1245–1262.
  • Benedetti F, Serretti A, Colombo C, et al. Influence of CLOCK gene polymorphism on circadian mood fluctuation and illness recurrence in bipolar depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003;123b:23–26.
  • Scott LJ, Muglia P, Kong XQ, et al. Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in individuals of European ancestry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:7501–7506.
  • Ferreira MA, O’Donovan MC, Meng YA, et al. Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat Genet. 2008;40:1056–1058.
  • Gatt JM, Burton KL, Williams LM, et al. Specific and common genes implicated across major mental disorders: a review of meta-analysis studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:1–13.
  • Nurnberger JI Jr, Koller DL, Jung J, et al. Identification of pathways for bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:657–664.
  • P RS S, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, et al. Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat Genet. 2011;43:977–983.
  • Chen DT, Jiang X, Akula N, et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of European and Asian-ancestry samples identifies three novel loci associated with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:195–205.
  • Cichon S, Muhleisen TW, Degenhardt FA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies genetic variation in neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88:372–381.
  • Mistry S, Harrison JR, Smith DJ, et al. The use of polygenic risk scores to identify phenotypes associated with genetic risk of bipolar disorder and depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:148–155.
  • Roby Y. ANK3 gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychiatr Genet. 2017;27:225–235.
  • Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2013;381:1371–1379.
  • Palo OM, Antila M, Silander K, et al. Association of distinct allelic haplotypes of DISC1 with psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders and with underlying cognitive impairments. Hum Mol Genet. 2007;16:2517–2528.
  • Blackwood DH, Pickard BJ, Thomson PA, et al. Are some genetic risk factors common to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression? Evidence from DISC1, GRIK4 and NRG1. Neurotox Res. 2007;11:73–83.
  • Gurung R, Prata DP. What is the impact of genome-wide supported risk variants for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on brain structure and function? A systematic review. Psychol Med. 2015;45:2461–2480.
  • Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Grotegerd D, et al. NCAN cross-disorder risk variant is associated with limbic gray matter deficits in healthy subjects and major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:2510–6.
  • Forstner AJ, Hecker J, Hofmann A, et al. Identification of shared risk loci and pathways for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0171595.
  • Schuch JB, Genro JP, Bastos CR, et al. The role of CLOCK gene in psychiatric disorders: evidence from human and animal research. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2018;177:181–198.
  • Schulze TG, Akula N, Breuer R, et al. Molecular genetic overlap in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2014;15:200–208.
  • Charney AW, Ruderfer DM, Stahl EA, et al. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e993.
  • Kishi T, Yoshimura R, Fukuo Y, et al. The CLOCK gene and mood disorders: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Chronobiol Int. 2011;28:825–833.
  • McCarthy MJ, Nievergelt CM, Kelsoe JR, et al. A survey of genomic studies supports association of circadian clock genes with bipolar disorder spectrum illnesses and lithium response. PLoS One. 2012;7:e32091.
  • Soria V, Martínez-Amorós E, Escaramís G, et al. Differential association of circadian genes with mood disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are associated with unipolar major depression and CLOCK and VIP with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:1279–1289.
  • Dmitrzak-Weglarz MP, Pawlak JM, Maciukiewicz M, et al. Clock gene variants differentiate mood disorders. Mol Biol Rep. 2015;42:277–288.
  • Wiste A, Robinson EB, Milaneschi Y, et al. Bipolar polygenic loading and bipolar spectrum features in major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16:608–616.
  • Casamassima F, Huang J, Fava M, et al. Phenotypic effects of a bipolar liability gene among individuals with major depressive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010;153b:303–309.
  • Greenwood TA, Badner JA, Byerley W, et al. Heritability and genome-wide SNP linkage analysis of temperament in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:1031–1040.
  • Evans LM, Akiskal HS, Greenwood TA, et al. Suggestive linkage of a chromosomal locus on 18p11 to cyclothymic temperament in bipolar disorder families. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147:326–332.
  • Washizuka S, Iwamoto K, Kazuno AA, et al. Association of mitochondrial complex I subunit gene NDUFV2 at 18p11 with bipolar disorder in Japanese and the National Institute of Mental Health pedigrees. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:483–489.
  • Gonda X, Rihmer Z, Zsombok T, et al. The 5HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene is associated with affective temperaments as measured by TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. 2006;91:125–131.
  • Landaas ET, Johansson S, Halmoy A, et al. No association between the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism 5-HTTLPR and cyclothymic temperament as measured by TEMPS-A. J Affect Disord. 2011;129:308–312.
  • Kang JI, Namkoong K, Kim SJ. The association of 5-HTTLPR and DRD4 VNTR polymorphisms with affective temperamental traits in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord. 2008;109:157–163.
  • Jankowski KS, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M. ARNTL, CLOCK and PER3 polymorphisms - links with chronotype and affective dimensions. Chronobiol Int. 2017;34:1105–1113.
  • Wise T, Radua J, Via E, et al. Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:1455–1463.
  • Ganzola R, Duchesne S. Voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis of gray and white matter finds significant areas of differences in bipolar patients from healthy controls. Bipolar Disord. 2017;19:74–83.
  • Kempton MJ, Salvador Z, Munafo MR, et al. Structural neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder Meta-analysis and comparison with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:675–690.
  • Abé C, Ekman CJ, Sellgren C, et al. Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;41:240–250.
  • Ha TH, Ha K, Kim JH, et al. Regional brain gray matter abnormalities in patients with bipolar II disorder: a comparison study with bipolar I patients and healthy controls. Neurosci Lett. 2009;456:44–48.
  • Hibar DP, Westlye LT, van Erp TG, et al. Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:1710–1716.
  • Bora E, Fornito A, Yucel M, et al. Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:1097–1105.
  • Caseras X, Lawrence NS, Murphy K, et al. Ventral striatum activity in response to reward: differences between bipolar I and II disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:533–541.
  • Haznedar MM, Roversi F, Pallanti S, et al. Fronto-thalamo-striatal gray and white matter volumes and anisotropy of their connections in bipolar spectrum illnesses. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:733–742.
  • Beyer JL, Young R, Kuchibhatla M, et al. Hyperintense MRI lesions in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis and review. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21:394–409.
  • Nortje G, Stein DJ, Radua J, et al. Systematic review and voxel-based meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:192–200.
  • Vederine FE, Wessa M, Leboyer M, et al. A meta-analysis of whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35:1820–1826.
  • Wise T, Radua J, Nortje G, et al. Voxel-based meta-analytical evidence of structural disconnectivity in major depression and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79:293–302.
  • Paillere Martinot ML, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, et al. White-matter microstructure and gray-matter volumes in adolescents with subthreshold bipolar symptoms. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:462–470.
  • Yip SW, Chandler RA, Rogers RD, et al. White matter alterations in antipsychotic- and mood stabilizer-naive individuals with bipolar II/NOS disorder. NeuroImage Clin. 2013;3:271–278.
  • Hatano K, Terao T, Hirakawa H, et al. Cyclothymic temperament and glucose metabolism in the right superior parietal lobule. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2017;270:76–79.
  • Delvecchio G, Fossati P, Boyer P, et al. Common and distinct neural correlates of emotional processing in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;22:100–113.
  • Chen CH, Suckling J, Lennox BR et al. A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13:1–15.
  • Vargas C, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Vieta E. A systematic literature review of resting state network–functional MRI in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:727–735.
  • Li CT, Hsieh JC, Wang SJ, et al. Differential relations between fronto-limbic metabolism and executive function in patients with remitted bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:831–842.
  • Caseras X, Murphy K, Lawrence NS, et al. Emotion regulation deficits in euthymic bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder: a functional and diffusion-tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17:461–470.
  • Groenewold NA, Opmeer EM, de Jonge P, et al. Emotional valence modulates brain functional abnormalities in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:152–163.
  • Han KM, De Berardis D, Fornaro M, et al. Differentiating between bipolar and unipolar depression in functional and structural MRI studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018. DOI:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.022. Epub ahead of print.
  • Nusslock R, Alloy LB. Reward processing and mood-related symptoms: an RDoC and translational neuroscience perspective. J Affect Disord. 2017;216:3–16.
  • Yang H, Li L, Peng H, et al. Alterations in regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in patients with major depressive disorder screening positive on the 32-item hypomania checklist (HCL-32). J Affect Disord. 2016;203:69–76.
  • Ford KA, Theberge J, Neufeld RJ, et al. Correlation of brain default mode network activation with bipolarity index in youth with mood disorders. J Affect Disord. 2013;150:1174–1178.
  • Bebko G, Bertocci M, Chase H, et al. Decreased amygdala-insula resting state connectivity in behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth. Psychiatry Res. 2015;231:77–86.
  • Hafeman D, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, et al. Amygdala-prefrontal cortical functional connectivity during implicit emotion processing differentiates youth with bipolar spectrum from youth with externalizing disorders. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:94–100.
  • Fournier JC, Keener MT, Mullin BC, et al. Heterogeneity of amygdala response in major depressive disorder: the impact of lifetime subthreshold mania. Psychol Med. 2013;43:293–302.
  • Ladouceur CD, Farchione T, Diwadkar V, et al. Differential patterns of abnormal activity and connectivity in the amygdala-prefrontal circuitry in bipolar-I and bipolar-NOS youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:1275–89.e2.
  • Whalley HC, Sussmann JE, Chakirova G, et al. The neural basis of familial risk and temperamental variation in individuals at high risk of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70:343–349.
  • Kanske P, Heissler J, Schonfelder S, et al. Neural correlates of emotional distractibility in bipolar disorder patients, unaffected relatives, and individuals with hypomanic personality. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1487–1496.
  • Mizokami Y, Terao T, Hatano K, et al. Identification of the neural correlates of cyclothymic temperament using an esthetic judgment for paintings task in fMRI. J Affect Disord. 2014;169:47–50.
  • Kodama K, Terao T, Hatano K, et al. Identification of the neural correlates of cyclothymic temperament using a working memory task in fMRI. J Affect Disord. 2014;171:1–5.
  • Sepede G, De Berardis D, Campanella D, et al. Neural correlates of negative emotion processing in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015;60:1–10.
  • Harada M, Terao T, Hatano K, et al. Hyperthymic temperament and brightness preference in healthy subjects: further evidence for involvement of left inferior orbitofrontal cortex in hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord. 2013;151:763–768.
  • Harada M, Hoaki N, Terao T, et al. Hyperthymic temperament and brightness judgment in healthy subjects: involvement of left inferior orbitofrontal cortex. J Affect Disord. 2013;151:143–148.
  • Alloy LB, Nusslock R, Boland EM. The development and course of bipolar spectrum disorders: an integrated reward and circadian rhythm dysregulation model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015;11:213–250.
  • Mason L, Eldar E, Rutledge RB. Mood instability and reward dysregulation-a neurocomputational model of bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:1275–1276.
  • Satterthwaite TD, Kable JW, Vandekar L, et al. Common and dissociable dysfunction of the reward system in bipolar and unipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:2258–2268.
  • Mason L, O’Sullivan N, Montaldi D, et al. Decision-making and trait impulsivity in bipolar disorder are associated with reduced prefrontal regulation of striatal reward valuation. Brain. 2014;137:2346–2355.
  • Mah L, Zarate CA, Singh J, et al. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic abnormalities in bipolar II depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:765–775.
  • Harmon-Jones E, Abramson LY, Nusslock R, et al. Effect of bipolar disorder on left frontal cortical responses to goals differing in valence and task difficulty. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:693–698.
  • Redlich R, Dohm K, Grotegerd D, et al. Reward processing in unipolar and bipolar depression: a functional MRI Study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:2623–2631.
  • Chase HW, Nusslock R, Almeida JR, et al. Dissociable patterns of abnormal frontal cortical activation during anticipation of an uncertain reward or loss in bipolar versus major depression. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15:839–854.
  • Sharma A, Satterthwaite TD, Vandekar L, et al. Divergent relationship of depression severity to social reward responses among patients with bipolar versus unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016;254:18–25.
  • O’Sullivan N, Szczepanowski R, El-Deredy W, et al. fMRI evidence of a relationship between hypomania and both increased goal-sensitivity and positive outcome-expectancy bias. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49:2825–2835.
  • Damme KS, Young CB, Nusslock R. Elevated nucleus accumbens structural connectivity associated with proneness to hypomania: a reward hypersensitivity perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12:928–936.
  • Bebko G, Bertocci MA, Fournier JC, et al. Parsing dimensional vs diagnostic category-related patterns of reward circuitry function in behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:71–80.
  • Harmon-Jones E, Abramson LY, Sigelman J, et al. Proneness to hypomania/mania symptoms or depression symptoms and asymmetrical frontal cortical responses to an anger-evoking event. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;82:610–618.
  • Mason L, O’Sullivan N, Bentall RP, et al. Better than I thought: positive evaluation bias in hypomania. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47754.
  • Yip SW, Worhunsky PD, Rogers RD, et al. Hypoactivation of the ventral and dorsal striatum during reward and loss anticipation in antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-naive bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:658–666.
  • Bora E. Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018;229:125–134.
  • Dickinson T, Becerra R, Coombes J. Executive functioning deficits among adults with bipolar disorder (types I and II): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;218:407–427.
  • Samame C, Szmulewicz AG, Valerio MP, et al. Are major depression and bipolar disorder neuropsychologically distinct? A meta-analysis of comparative studies. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;39:17–26.
  • Hori H, Matsuo J, Teraishi T, et al. Schizotypy and genetic loading for schizophrenia impact upon neuropsychological status in bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2012;142:225–232.
  • Xu G, Lin K, Rao D, et al. Neuropsychological performance in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression patients: a longitudinal, naturalistic study. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:328–339.
  • Taylor Tavares JV, Clark L, Cannon DM, et al. Distinct profiles of neurocognitive function in unmedicated unipolar depression and bipolar II depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:917–924.
  • Mak ADP, Lau DTY, Chan AKW, et al. Cognitive impairment In treatment-naive bipolar II and unipolar depression. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1905.
  • Savitz JB, van der Merwe L, Stein DJ, et al. Neuropsychological task performance in bipolar spectrum illness: genetics, alcohol abuse, medication and childhood trauma. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:479–494.
  • Lin K, Xu G, Lu W, et al. Neuropsychological performance of patients with soft bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17:194–204.
  • Dickstein DP, Axelson D, Weissman AB, et al. Cognitive flexibility and performance in children and adolescents with threshold and sub-threshold bipolar disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25:625–638.
  • Lin K, Lu R, Chen K, et al. Differences in cognitive deficits in individuals with subthreshold syndromes with and without family history of bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;91:177–183.
  • Smith DJ, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Neurocognitive impairment in euthymic young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder and recurrent major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8:40–46.
  • Wu MJ, Mwangi B, Bauer IE, et al. Identification and individualized prediction of clinical phenotypes in bipolar disorders using neurocognitive data, neuroimaging scans and machine learning. Neuroimage. 2017;145:254–264.
  • Modabbernia A, Taslimi S, Brietzke E, et al. Cytokine alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of 30 studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:15–25.
  • Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:446–457.
  • Liu Y, Ho RC, Mak A. Interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) are elevated in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Affect Disord. 2012;139:230–239.
  • Bai YM, Su TP, Li CT, et al. Comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokines among patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression and normal controls. Bipolar Disord. 2015;17:269–277.
  • Bai YM, Su TP, Tsai SJ, et al. Comparison of inflammatory cytokine levels among type I/type II and manic/hypomanic/euthymic/depressive states of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:187–192.
  • Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, et al. The differential levels of inflammatory cytokines and BDNF among bipolar spectrum disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;19:pyw012.
  • Wang TY, Lee SY, Chen SL, et al. Comparing clinical responses and the biomarkers of BDNF and cytokines between subthreshold bipolar disorder and bipolar II disorder. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27431.
  • Becking K, L Boschloo, N Vogelzangs, et al. The association between immune activation and manic symptoms in patients with a depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e314.
  • Goldstein BI, Lotrich F, Axelson DA, et al. Inflammatory markers among adolescents and young adults with bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:1556–1563.
  • Polyakova M, Stuke K, Schuemberg K, et al. BDNF as a biomarker for successful treatment of mood disorders: a systematic & quantitative meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:432–440.
  • Fernandes BS, Gama CS, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, et al. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in bipolar and unipolar depression: a potential adjunctive tool for differential diagnosis. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:1200–1204.
  • Monteleone P, Serritella C, Martiadis V, et al. Decreased levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in both depressed and euthymic patients with unipolar depression and in euthymic patients with bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10:95–100.
  • Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12:447–458.
  • Yatham LN, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, et al. Accelerated age-related decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12:137–139.
  • McCabe C, Mishor Z, Cowen PJ, et al. Diminished neural processing of aversive and rewarding stimuli during selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:439–445.
  • Harmer CJ. Emotional processing and antidepressant action. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;14:209–222.
  • Admon R, Kaiser RH, Dillon DG, et al. Dopaminergic enhancement of striatal response to reward in major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:378–386.
  • Dean Z, Horndasch S, Giannopoulos P, et al. Enhanced neural response to anticipation, effort and consummation of reward and aversion during bupropion treatment. Psychol Med. 2016;46:2263–2274.
  • Pacchiarotti I, Bond DJ, Baldessarini RJ, et al. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1249–1262.
  • Padmos RC, Hillegers MH, Knijff EM, et al. A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:395–407.
  • Araki Y, Terao T, Hoaki N, et al. Bipolar temperaments and light. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:740–742.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.