Convergent neurobiological predictors of mood and anxiety symptoms and treatment response

References

• Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins PY, Patel V, Joestl SS, et al. Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature. 2011;475:27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow DH, Duran VM. Abnormal psychology. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg D, Fawcett J. The importance of anxiety in both major depression and bipolar disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:471–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozomaro U, Wahlestedt C, Nemeroff CB. Personalized medicine in psychiatry: problems and promises. BMC Med. 2013;11:132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhajji L, Nemeroff CB. Personalized medicine and mood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2015;38:395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Smoller JW. Precision psychiatry-will genomic medicine lead the way? JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:663–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeroff CB, Vale WW. The neurobiology of depression: inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 7):5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Powers A, Bradley B, et al. Gene × environment determinants of stress- and anxiety- related disorders. Annu Rev Psychol. 2016;67:239–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. From molecules to mind. Stress, individual differences, and the social environment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;935:42–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherin JE, Nemeroff CB. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the neurobiological impact of psychological trauma. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13:263–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levinsohn EA, Ross DA. To bend and not break: the neurobiology of stress, resilience, and recovery. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82:e89–e90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed SA, Nemeroff CB. Early life stress, mood, and anxiety disorders. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2017;1:247054701769446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marin MF, Zsido RG, Song H, et al. Skin conductance responses and neural activations during fear conditioning and extinction recall across anxiety disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:622–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTeague LM, Huemer J, Carreon DM, et al. Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:676–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young EA, Abelson JL, Cameron OG. Effect of comorbid anxiety disorders on the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis response to a social stressor in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56:113–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey BJ, Craddock N, Cuthbert BN, et al. DSM-5 and RDoC: progress in psychiatry research? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:810–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert BN. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2014;13:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DR, Goldberg TE. RDoCs redux. World Psychiatry. 2014;13:36–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeroff CB. The holy grail of psychiatry. Cerebrum. 2015;2015:10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:837–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy AL. Pathophysiology of TFII-I: old guard wearing new hats. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23:501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mervis CB, Dida J, Lam E, et al. Duplication of GTF2I results in separation anxiety in mice and humans. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:1064–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Chen Q, Turner N, et al. Variation in the Williams syndrome GTF2I gene and anxiety proneness interactively affect prefrontal cortical response to aversive stimuli. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris CA, Mervis CB. Williams syndrome and related disorders. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2000;1:461–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Kippenhan JS, Kohn P, et al. The Williams syndrome chromosome 7q11.23 hemideletion confers hypersocial, anxious personality coupled with altered insula structure and function. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2012;109:E860–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Holdt BM, Shuldiner E, Koch IJ, et al. Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs. Sci Adv. 2017;3:e1700398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein MB, Chen CY, Jain S, et al. Genetic risk variants for social anxiety. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2017;174:470–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang K, Zhang K, Wang J. Network-assisted analysis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome GWAS data in Han Chinese. Sci Rep. 2015;5:18855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procyshyn TL, Spence J, Read S, et al. The Williams syndrome prosociality gene GTF2I mediates oxytocin reactivity and social anxiety in a healthy population. Biol Lett. 2017;13:20170051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swartz JR, Waller R, Bogdan R, et al. A common polymorphism in a Williams syndrome gene predicts amygdala reactivity and extraversion in healthy adults. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel ER. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. Science. 2001;294:1030–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhatwal JP, Stanek-Rattiner L, Davis M, et al. Amygdala BDNF signaling is required for consolidation but not encoding of extinction. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9:870–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milad MR, Quirk GJ. Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress. Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:129–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky RH, Marini AM. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuronal survival and behavior- related plasticity. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1122:130–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park H, Poo MM. Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14:7–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten AF. Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:410–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heldt SA, Stanek L, Chhatwal JP, et al. Hippocampus-specific deletion of BDNF in adult mice impairs spatial memory and extinction of aversive memories. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:656–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berton O, Nestler EJ. New approaches to antidepressant drug discovery: beyond monoamines. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:137–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han JC, Thurm A, Golden Williams C, et al. Association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) haploinsufficiency with lower adaptive behaviour and reduced cognitive functioning in WAGR/11p13 deletion syndrome. Cortex. 2013;49:2700–2710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amare AT, Schubert KO, Klingler-Hoffmann M, et al. The genetic overlap between mood disorders and cardiometabolic diseases: a systematic review of genome wide and candidate gene studies. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PröSchel M, Saunders A, Roses AD, et al. Dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human gene for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Hum Mol Genet. 1992;1:353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves-Pereira M, Mundo E, Muglia P, et al. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;71:651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ZY, Jing D, Bath KG, et al. Genetic variant BDNF (Val66Met) polymorphism alters anxiety-related behavior. Science. 2006;314:140–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan MF, Kojima M, Callicott JH, et al. The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity- dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell. 2003;112:257–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg DP, Ianni AM, Wei SM, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val(66)Met polymorphism differentially predicts hippocampal function in medication-free patients with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:713–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman F, Glatt CE, Bath KG, et al. A genetic variant BDNF polymorphism alters extinction learning in both mouse and human. Science. 2010;327:863–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Cropp B, Nash T, et al. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism tunes frontolimbic circuitry during affective contextual learning. NeuroImage. 2017;162:373–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves JO. Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12:1079–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terracciano A, Piras MG, Lobina M, et al. Genetics of serum BDNF: meta-analysis of the Val66Met and genome-wide association study. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013;14:583–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrenndöRfer J, Altmann A, Widner-Andrä R, et al. Connecting anxiety and genomic copy number variation: a genome-wide analysis in CD-1 mice. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0128465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohrt BA, Worthman CM, Ressler KJ, et al. Cross-cultural gene- environment interactions in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the cortisol awakening response: FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood trauma in South Asia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27(3):180–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao S, Yao Y, Ryan J, et al. Common variants in FKBP5 gene and major depressive disorder (MDD) susceptibility: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darby MM, Yolken RH, Sabunciyan S. Consistently altered expression of gene sets in postmortem brains of individuals with major psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, et al. Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. Jama. 2008;299:1291–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klengel T, Mehta D, Anacker C, et al. Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene- childhood trauma interactions. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fani N, King TZ, Shin J, et al. Structural and functional connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder: associations with FKBP5. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstmann S, Lucae S, Menke A, et al. Polymorphisms in GRIK4, HTR2A, and FKBP5 show interactive effects in predicting remission to antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:727–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Korf J, Kema IP, et al. Convergent genetic modulation of the endocrine stress response involves polymorphic variations of 5-HTT, COMT and MAOA. Mol Psychiatry. 2007b;12:483–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Kema IP, van der Pompe G, et al. Catechol-o-methyltransferase polymorphism and susceptibility to major depressive disorder modulates psychological stress response. Psychiatr Genet. 2007c;17:183–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim C, Bradley B, Mletzko TC. Effect of childhood trauma on adult depression and neuroendocrine function: sex-specific moderation by CRH receptor 1 gene. Front Behav Neurosci. 2009;3:41. eCollection.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley RG, Binder EB, Epstein MP, et al. Influence of child abuse on adult depression: moderation by the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:190–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Rao H, Wetmore GS, et al. Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood flow pattern under psychological stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:17804–17809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savitz J, Drevets WC. Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental- degenerative divide. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33:699–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery JA, Drevets WC, Moseman SE, et al. Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormal interoceptive activity and functional connectivity in the insula. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:258–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkind M, Eickhoff SB, Oathes DJ, et al. Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:305–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise T, Radua J, Via E, et al. Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:1455–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam MM. From sensation to cognition. Brain. 1998;121:1013–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig AD. How do you feel–now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Bastiaansen JA, Keysers C. A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbi M, Swart M, Keysers C. Empathy for positive and negative emotions in the gustatory cortex. Neuroimage. 2007a;34:1744–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger NI, Inagaki TK, Rameson LT, et al. An fMRI study of cytokine-induced depressed mood and social pain: the role of sex differences. Neuroimage. 2009;47:881–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavich GM, Way BM, Eisenberger NI, et al. Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:14817–14822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamm C, Singer T. The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions. Brain Struct Funct. 2010;214:579–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger NI. Social pain and the brain: controversies, questions, and where to go from here. Annu Rev Psychol. 2015;66:601–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nummenmaa L, Glerean E, Hari R, et al. Bodily maps of emotions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:646–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley HD, Garfinkel SN. Interoception and emotion. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;17:7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG, et al. Interoception and mental health: a roadmap. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:501–513.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strigo IA, Matthews SC, Simmons AN. Right anterior insula hypoactivity during anticipation of homeostatic shifts in major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frodl T, Amico F. Is there an association between peripheral immune markers and structural/functional neuroimaging findings? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014;48:295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski SM, Adler CM, Almeida J, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a consensus model. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:313–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips ML, Swartz HA. A critical appraisal of neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: toward a new conceptualization of underlying neural circuitry and a road map for future research. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:829–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redlich R,D, Almeida JJR, Grotegerd D, et al. Brain morphometric biomarkers distinguishing unipolar and bipolar depression. A voxel-based morphometry-pattern classification approach. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:1222–1230. Erratum 71: 1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radaelli D,B, Sferrazza Papa G, Vai B, et al. Fronto-limbic disconnection in bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;2013:82–88.
   Google Scholar
• Fonzo GA, Etkin A. Affective neuroimaging in generalized anxiety disorder: an integrated review. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19:169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilts CD, Kelsey JE, Knight B, et al. The neural correlates of social anxiety disorder and response to pharmacotherapy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:2243–2253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkin A. Functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a neural circuit perspective. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;2:251–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benedetti F,S, Radaelli D, Poletti S, et al. Opposite effects of suicidality and lithium on gray matter volumes in bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;135:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CH, Ma X, Song LP, et al. Abnormal spontaneous neural activity in the anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortices in anxious depression. Behav Brain Res. 2015;281:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamali M, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Understanding the neurobiology of suicidal behavior. Depress Anxiety. 2001;14:164–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drevets WC, Savitz J, Trimble M. The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders. CNS Spectr. 2008a;13:663–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman RS, Aghajanian GK, Sanacora G, et al. H. Synaptic plasticity and depression: new insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants. Nat Med. 2016;22:238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. Synaptic dysfunction in depression: potential therapeutic targets. Science. 2012;338:68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiland L, Romeo RD. Stress and the developing adolescent brain. Neuroscience. 2013;249:162–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank E, Nimgaonkar VL, Phillips ML, et al. All the world’s a (clinical) stage: rethinking bipolar disorder from a longitudinal perspective. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;20:23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberger DR, Radulescu E. Finding the elusive psychiatric “Lesion” With 21st-century neuroanatomy: a note of caution. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnath HO. New insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2:568–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessoa L, Adolphs R. Emotion processing and the amygdala: from a ‘low road’ to ‘many roads’ of evaluating biological significance. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11:773–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukamel R, Fried I. Human intracranial recordings and cognitive neuroscience. Annu Rev Psych. 2012;63:511–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Ketter TA, Parekh PI, et al. Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:341–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS, Liotti M, Brannan SK, et al. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:675–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron. 2005;45:651–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkin A. Neurobiology of anxiety: from neural circuits to novel solutions? Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:355–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda H, Li XY, Wu LJ, et al. Interplay of amygdala and cingulate plasticity in emotional fear. Neural Plast. 2011;2011:813749.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greco JA, Liberzon I. Neuroimaging of fear-associated learning. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41:320–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miskovic V, Schmidt LA. Social fearfulness in the human brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:459–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida JR,S, Mechelli A, Hassel S, et al. Abnormally increased effective connectivity between parahippocampal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal regions during emotion labeling in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2009;174:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlop BW, Rajendra JK, Craighead WE, et al. Functional connectivity of the subcallosal cingulate cortex and differential outcomes to treatment with cognitive- behavioral therapy or antidepressant medication for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:533–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Korgaonkar MS, Green E, et al. Human amygdala engagement moderated by early life stress exposure is a biobehavioral target for predicting recovery on antidepressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:11955–11960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan RJ. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science. 2002;298:1191–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager TD, van Ast VA, Hughes BL, et al. Brain mediators of cardiovascular responses to social threat, part II: prefrontal-subcortical pathways and relationship with anxiety. Neuroimage. 2009;47:836–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du MY, Wu Q-Z, Yue Q, et al. Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter reduction in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;36:11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens JS, Kim YJ, Galatzer-Levy IR, et al. Amygdala reactivity and anterior cingulate habituation predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom maintenance after acute civilian trauma. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:1023–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellard KK,N, Zimmerman JP, Kaur N, et al. Functional connectivity between anterior insula and key nodes of frontoparietal executive control and salience networks distinguish bipolar depression from unipolar depression and healthy controls. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:473–484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogino Y, Nemoto H, Inui K, et al. Inner experience of pain: imagination of pain while viewing images showing painful events forms subjective pain representation in human brain. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17:1139–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauta WJ. The problem of the frontal lobe: a reinterpretation. J Psychiatr Res. 1971;8:167–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic PS. Topography of cognition: parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1988;11:137–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux J. Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron. 2012;73:653–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Wei Q, Yuan X, et al. Local functional connectivity density is closely associated with the response of electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:658–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dida. 2013. [cited 2019 May 23]. Available from: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/42815.
   Google Scholar
• Papiol S, Arias B, Gastó C, et al. Genetic variability at HPA axis in major depression and clinical response to antidepressant treatment. J Affect Disord. 2007;104:83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon FJ, Buervenich S, Charney D, et al. Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2A receptor is associated with outcome of antidepressant treatment. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;78:804–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P, et al. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nat Genet. 2004;36:1319–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laje G, Lally N, Mathews D, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism and antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:e27–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niciu MJ, Iadarola ND, Banerjee D, et al. The antidepressant efficacy of subanesthetic-dose ketamine does not correlate with baseline subcortical volumes in a replication sample with major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:1570–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhard DM, Duman RS. Rapid-acting antidepressants: mechanistic insights and future directions. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep. 2018;5:36–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fabbri C, Serretti A. Pharmacogenetics of major depressive disorder: top genes and pathways toward clinical applications. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo-Roa T, Labermaier C, Weber P, et al. Common genes associated with antidepressant response in mouse and man identify key role of glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity. PLoS Biol. 2017;15:e2002690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell CP, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Nemeroff CB, et al. Antidepressant outcomes predicted by genetic variation in corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:251–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison PJ, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM. The emerging neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41:18–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prendes-Alvarez S, Nemeroff CB. Personalized medicine: prediction of disease vulnerability in mood disorders. Neurosci Lett. 2018;669:10–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domschke K, Lawford B, Laje G, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene: nomajor impact on antidepressant treatment response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13:93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath CL, Kelley ME, Holtzheimer PE, et al. Toward a neuroimaging treatment selection biomarker for major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:821–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen-Berg H, Gutman DA, Behrens T, et al. Anatomical connectivity of the subgenual cingulate region targeted with deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18:1374–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonzo GA, Goodkind MS, Oathes DJ, et al. PTSD psychotherapy outcome predicted by brain activation during emotional reactivity and regulation. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:1163–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonzo GA, Goodkind MS, Oathes DJ, et al. Selective effects of psychotherapy on frontopolar cortical function in PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:1175–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski SM. Using neuroimaging to develop mood disorder diagnostic biomarkers: a good forward step and some considerations. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:411–413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colantuoni C, Lipska BK, Ye T, et al. Temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription in the human prefrontal cortex. Nature. 2011;478:519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern S, Linker S, Vadodaria KC, et al. Prediction of response to drug therapy in psychiatric disorders. Open Biol. 2018;8(5).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein T. FK506 binding protein 51 integrates pathways of adaptation: FKBP51 shapes the reactivity to environmental change. Bioessays. 2016;38:894–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegmann EM, MüLler HHO, Luecke C, et al. Association of depression and anxiety disorders with autoimmune thyroiditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:577–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed SA, Beurel E, Loewenstein DA, et al. Defective inflammatory pathways in never- treated depressed patients are associated with poor treatment response. Neuron. 2018;99:914–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan CC, Graham JM, Wilkinson PO, et al. Neurodevelopment and ages of onset in depressive disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:1112–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coplan JD, Lu D, El Sehamy AM, et al. Early life stress associated with increased Striatal N- Acetyl-Aspartate: cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor concentrations, hippocampal volume, body mass and behavioral correlates. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). Forthcoming 2018;2.
   Google Scholar
• Wood GE, Young LT, Reagan LP, et al. Stress-induced structural remodeling in hippocampus: prevention by lithium treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 2004;101:3973–3978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar