186
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Is now the time to reconsider risks, benefits, and limitations of estrogen preparations as a treatment for menstrually related migraine?

, , , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 377-388 | Received 27 Feb 2023, Accepted 30 Mar 2023, Published online: 10 Apr 2023

References

  • Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1–211. doi: 10.1177/0333102417738202.
  • Stovner L, Hagen K, Jensen R, et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(3):193–210. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x
  • Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA. Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(1):76–87. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30293-9.
  • Lipton RB, Bigal ME. Migraine: epidemiology, impact, and risk factors for progression. Headache. 2005;45(Suppl 1):S3–13.
  • Victor TW, Hu X, Campbell JC, et al. Migraine prevalence by age and sex in the United States: a life-span study. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(9):1065–1072. DOI:10.1177/0333102409355601
  • Stewart WF, Linet MS, Celentano DD, et al. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates of migraine with and without visual aura. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(10):1111–1120. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116014
  • Manzoni GC, Torelli P. Epidemiology of migraine. J Headache Pain. 2003;4(1):S18–22.
  • Nappi RE, Nappi G. Neuroendocrine aspects of migraine in women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28(Suppl 1):37–41.
  • Faubion SS, Batur P, Calhoun AH. Migraine throughout the female reproductive life cycle. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(5):639–645.
  • Nappi RE, Berga SL. Migraine and reproductive life. Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;97:303–322.
  • van Casteren DS, Verhagen IE, van der Arend BWH, et al. Comparing perimenstrual and nonperimenstrual migraine attacks using an e-diary. Neurology. 2021;97(17):e1661–1671. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000012723
  • Nappi RE, Sances G, Brundu B, et al. Estradiol supplementation modulates neuroendocrine response to M-chlorophenylpiperazine in menstrual status migrainosus triggered by oral contraception-free interval. Hum Reprod. 2005;20(12):3423–3428. DOI:10.1093/humrep/dei260
  • Facchinetti F, Nappi RE, Tirelli A, et al. Hormone supplementation differently affects migraine in postmenopausal women. Headache. 2002;42(9):924–929. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02215.x
  • Ahmad SR, Rosendale N. Sex and gender considerations in episodic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2022;26(7):505–516.
  • Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA. Menstrual migraine: a distinct disorder needing greater recognition. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(4):304–315.
  • Crawford MJ, Lehman L, Slater S, et al. Menstrual migraine in adolescents. Headache. 2009;49(3):341–347. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01347.x
  • Vetvik KG, Macgregor EA, Lundqvist C, et al. Prevalence of menstrual migraine: a population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(4):280–288. DOI:10.1177/0333102413507637
  • Tai MS, Yet SXE, Lim TC, et al. Geographical differences in trigger factors of tension-type headaches and migraines. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019;23(2):12.
  • McGinley JS, Wirth RJ, Pavlovic JM, et al. Between and within-woman differences in the association between menstruation and migraine days. Headache. 2021;61(3):430–437. DOI:10.1111/head.14058
  • Granella F, Sances G, Allais G, et al. Characteristics of menstrual and nonmenstrual attacks in women with menstrually related migraine referred to headache centres. Cephalalgia. 2004;24(9):707–716. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00741.x.
  • Colson N, Fernandez F, Griffiths L. Genetics of menstrual migraine: the molecular evidence. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14(5):389–395.
  • Labruijere S, Stolk L, Verbiest M, et al. Methylation of migraine-related genes in different tissues of the rat. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e87616. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0087616
  • Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Sacco S, et al. Role of estrogens in menstrual migraine. Cells. 2022;11(8):1355. DOI:10.3390/cells11081355
  • Krause DN, Warfvinge K, Haanes KA, et al. Hormonal influences in migraine - interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17(10):621–633. DOI:10.1038/s41582-021-00544-2.
  • Brandes JL. The influence of estrogen on migraine: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006 19;295(15):1824–1830. DOI:10.1001/jama.295.15.1824.
  • Warfvinge K, Krause DN, Maddahi A, et al. Estrogen receptors α, β and GPER in the CNS and trigeminal system - molecular and functional aspects. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):131. DOI:10.1186/s10194-020-01197-0
  • Craft RM. Modulation of pain by estrogens. Pain. 2007;Suppl 132(Supplement 1):S3–12.
  • Tassorelli C, Sandrini G, Cecchini AP, et al. Changes in nociceptive flexion reflex threshold across the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(4):621–626. DOI:10.1097/00006842-200207000-00012
  • Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker FC. What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(6):762–778.
  • Chai NC, Peterlin BL, Calhoun AH. Migraine and estrogen. Curr Opin Neurol. 2014;27(3):315–324.
  • Martin VT, Behbehani M. Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis–part 2. Headache. 2006;46(3):365–386.
  • Reddy N, Desai MN, Schoenbrunner A, et al. The complex relationship between estrogen and migraines: a scoping review. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):72. DOI:10.1186/s13643-021-01618-4
  • Somerville BW. The role of estradiol withdrawal in the etiology of menstrual migraine. Neurology. 1972;22(4):355–365.
  • Somerville BW. Estrogen-withdrawal migraine. II. Attempted prophylaxis by continuous estradiol administration. Neurology. 1975;25(3):245–250.
  • MacGregor EA. Perimenopausal migraine in women with vasomotor symptoms. Maturitas. 2012;71(1):79–82.
  • Martin V, Wernke S, Mandell K, et al. Medical oophorectomy with and without estrogen add-back therapy in the prevention of migraine headache. Headache. 2003;43(4):309–321. DOI:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03065.x
  • Pavlović JM, Allshouse AA, Santoro NF, et al. Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles. Neurology. 2016;87(1):49–56. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002798
  • MacGregor EA. Oestrogen and attacks of migraine with and without aura. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(6):354–361.
  • Martin VT, Behbehani M, Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis--part I. Headache. 2006;46(1):3–23.
  • Fioroni L, Martignoni E, Facchinetti F. Changes of neuroendocrine axes in patients with menstrual migraine. Cephalalgia. 1995;15(4):297–300.
  • Nappi RE, Sances G, Brundu B, et al. Neuroendocrine response to the serotonin agonist M-chlorophenylpiperazine in women with menstrual status migrainosus. Neuroendocrinology. 2003;78(1):52–60. DOI:10.1159/000071706
  • Facchinetti F, Allais G, Nappi RE, et al. Sumatriptan (50 mg tablets vs. 25 mg suppositories) in the acute treatment of menstrually related migraine and oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine: a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2010;26(10):773–779. DOI:10.3109/09513590.2010.487607
  • De Icco R, Cucinella L, De Paoli I, et al. Modulation of nociceptive threshold by combined hormonal contraceptives in women with oestrogen-withdrawal migraine attacks: a pilot study. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):70. DOI:10.1186/s10194-016-0661-6.
  • Ferrari MD, Klever RR, Terwindt GM, et al. Migraine pathophysiology: lessons from mouse models and human genetics. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(1):65–80. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70220-0
  • González SL, Meyer L, Raggio MC, et al. Allopregnanolone and progesterone in experimental neuropathic pain: former and new insights with a translational perspective. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2019;39(4):523–537. DOI:10.1007/s10571-018-0618-1
  • Rustichelli C, Bellei E, Bergamini S, et al. Serum levels of allopregnanolone, progesterone and testosterone in menstrually-related and postmenopausal migraine: a cross-sectional study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(12):1355–1362. DOI:10.1177/0333102420937742
  • Messlinger K, Russo AF. Current understanding of trigeminal ganglion structure and function in headache. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(13):1661–1674.
  • Zhang X, Levy D, Kainz V, et al. Activation of central trigeminovascular neurons by cortical spreading depression. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(5):855–865. DOI:10.1002/ana.22329
  • Labastida-Ramírez A, Rubio-Beltrán E, Villalón CM, et al. Gender aspects of CGRP in migraine. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(3):435–444. DOI:10.1177/0333102417739584
  • Edvinsson JC, Reducha PV, Sheykhzade M, et al. Neurokinins and their receptors in the rat trigeminal system: differential localization and release with implications for migraine pain. Mol Pain. 2021;17:17448069211059400.
  • Cetinkaya A, Kilinc E, Camsari C, et al. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on the neurogenic inflammatory neuropeptides: implications for gender differences in migraine. Exp Brain Res. 2020;238(11):2625–2639. DOI:10.1007/s00221-020-05923-7
  • Delaruelle Z, Ivanova TA, Khan S, et al. European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies (EHF-SAS). Male and female sex hormones in primary headaches. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):117. DOI:10.1186/s10194-018-0922-7
  • Chen Z, Yuhanna IS, Galcheva-Gargova Z, et al. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen. J Clin Invest. 1999;103(3):401–406. DOI:10.1172/JCI5347
  • Antonova M, Wienecke T, Olesen J, et al. Prostaglandins in migraine: update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(3):269–275. DOI:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328360864b
  • Sarchielli P, Tognoloni M, Russo S, et al. Variations in the platelet arginine/nitric oxide pathway during the ovarian cycle in females affected by menstrual migraine. Cephalalgia. 1996;16(7):468–475. DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1607468.x
  • Durham PL, Vause CV, Derosier F, et al. Changes in salivary prostaglandin levels during menstrual migraine with associated dysmenorrhea. Headache. 2010;50(5):844–851. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01657.x
  • Ashina M, Hansen JM, Á Dunga BO, et al. Human models of migraine - short-term pain for long-term gain. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(12):713–724. DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.137
  • Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, et al. Physiology of the endometrium and regulation of menstruation. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(3):1149–1179. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00031.2019
  • Yamanaka G, Suzuki S, Morishita N, et al. Role of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier permutability on migraine. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8929. DOI:10.3390/ijms22168929
  • Mannix LK. Menstrual-related pain conditions: dysmenorrhea and migraine. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(5):879–891.
  • Mannix LK, Martin VT, Cady RK, et al. Combination treatment for menstrual migraine and dysmenorrhea using sumatriptan-naproxen: two randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114(1):106–113. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181a98e4d.
  • Buse DC, Reed ML, Fanning KM, et al. Comorbid and co-occurring conditions in migraine and associated risk of increasing headache pain intensity and headache frequency: results of the migraine in America symptoms and treatment (MAST) study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):23. DOI:10.1186/s10194-020-1084-y
  • Lamvu G, Carrillo J, Ouyang C, et al. Chronic pelvic pain in women: a review. JAMA. 2021;325(23):2381–2391. DOI:10.1001/jama.2021.2631
  • Affaitati G, Costantini R, Tana C, et al. Co-occurrence of pain syndromes. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2020;127(4):625–646. DOI:10.1007/s00702-019-02107-8
  • Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, Js A. Primary dysmenorrhea: diagnosis and therapy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136(5):1047–1058.
  • Vercellini P, Viganò P, Somigliana E, et al. Endometriosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(5):261–275. DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2013.255
  • Chapron C, Vannuccini S, Santulli P, et al. Diagnosing adenomyosis: an integrated clinical and imaging approach. Hum Reprod Update. 2020;26(3):392–411. DOI:10.1093/humupd/dmz049
  • Tietjen GE, Conway A, Utley C, et al. Migraine is associated with menorrhagia and endometriosis. Headache. 2006;46(3):422–428. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00290.x
  • Tietjen GE, Bushnell CD, Herial NA, et al. Endometriosis is associated with prevalence of comorbid conditions in migraine. Headache. 2007;47(7):1069–1078. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00784.x
  • McNamara HC, Frawley HC, Donoghue JF, et al. Peripheral, central, and cross sensitization in endometriosis-associated pain and comorbid pain syndromes. Front Reprod Health. 2021;3:729642.
  • Raffaelli B, Overeem LH, Mecklenburg J, et al. Plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine and endometriosis during the menstrual cycle. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(6):1251–1259. DOI:10.1002/acn3.51360
  • Van der Vaart JF, Merki-Feld GS. Sex hormone-related polymorphisms in endometriosis and migraine: a narrative review. Women's Health (Lond). 2022;18:17455057221111315.
  • Martin VT, Allen JR, Houle TT, et al. Ovarian hormones, age and pubertal development and their association with days of headache onset in girls with migraine: an observational cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(4):707–717. DOI:10.1177/0333102417706980
  • Maleki N, Kurth T, Field AE. Age at menarche and risk of developing migraine or non-migraine headaches by young adulthood: a prospective cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2017;37(13):1257–1263.
  • Parazzini F, Esposito G, Tozzi L, et al. Epidemiology of endometriosis and its comorbidities. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;209:3–7.
  • Miller JA, Missmer SA, Vitonis AF, et al. Prevalence of migraines in adolescents with endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2018;109(4):685–690. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.12.016
  • Karp BI, Sinaii N, Nieman LK, et al. Migraine in women with chronic pelvic pain with and without endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):895–899. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.037
  • Evans SF, Brooks TA, Esterman AJ, et al. The comorbidities of dysmenorrhea: a clinical survey comparing symptom profile in women with and without endometriosis. J Pain Res. 2018;11:3181–3194.
  • Borsook D, Erpelding N, Lebel A, et al. Sex and the migraine brain. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;68:200–214.
  • Gür-Özmen S, Karahan-Özcan R. Iron deficiency anemia is associated with menstrual migraine: a case-control study. Pain Med. 2016;17(3):596–605.
  • Calhoun AH, Gill N. Presenting a new, non-hormonally mediated cyclic headache in women: end-menstrual migraine. Headache. 2017;57(1):17–20.
  • Vetvik KG, MacGregor EA, Lundqvist C, et al. Contraceptive-induced amenorrhoea leads to reduced migraine frequency in women with menstrual migraine without aura. J Headache Pain. 2014;15(1):30. DOI:10.1186/1129-2377-15-30
  • Maguire K, Westhoff C. The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging noncontraceptive health benefits. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(4 Suppl):S4–8.
  • Jensen JT, Speroff L. Health benefits of oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2000;27(4):705–721.
  • Jensen JT, Schlaff W, Gordon K. Use of combined hormonal contraceptives for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain: a systematic review of the evidence. Fertil Steril. 2018;110(1):137–152.e1.
  • Calhoun AH. Menstrual migraine: update on pathophysiology and approach to therapy and management. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012;14(1):1–14.
  • Nappi RE, Kaunitz AM, Bitzer J. Extended regimen combined oral contraception: a review of evolving concepts and acceptance by women and clinicians. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016;21(2):106–115.
  • Merki-Feld GS, Sandor PS, Nappi RE, et al. Clinical features of migraine with onset prior to or during start of combined hormonal contraception: a prospective cohort study. Acta Neurol Belg. 2022;122(2):401–409. DOI:10.1007/s13760-021-01677-3
  • Mannix LK, Calhoun AH. Menstrual Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2004;6(6):489–498.
  • Tassorelli C, Greco R, Allena M, et al. Transdermal hormonal therapy in perimenstrual migraine: why, when and how? Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012;16(5):467–473. DOI:10.1007/s11916-012-0293-8
  • Allais G, Chiarle G, Sinigaglia S, et al. Treating migraine with contraceptives. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(Suppl 1):85–89. DOI:10.1007/s10072-017-2906-9
  • Calhoun A, Ford S. Elimination of menstrual-related migraine beneficially impacts chronification and medication overuse. Headache. 2008;48(8):1186–1193. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01176.x.
  • Schroeder RA, Brandes J, Buse DC, et al. Sex and gender differences in migraine-evaluating knowledge gaps. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2018;27(8):965–973. DOI:10.1089/jwh.2018.7274
  • MacGregor EA. Migraine, menopause and hormone replacement therapy. Post Reprod Health. 2018;24(1):11–18.
  • Warhurst S, Rofe CJ, Brew BJ, et al. Effectiveness of the progestin-only pill for migraine treatment in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(4):754–764. DOI:10.1177/0333102417710636
  • London A, Jensen JT. Rationale for eliminating the hormone-free interval in modern oral contraceptives. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016 Jul;134(1):8–12.
  • MacGregor EA, Guillebaud J. The 7-day contraceptive hormone-free interval should be consigned to history. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2018 Jun 26;44(3):214–220.
  • Ornello R, Canonico M, Merki-Feld GS, et al. Migraine, low-dose combined hormonal contraceptives, and ischemic stroke in young women: a systematic review and suggestions for future research. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(4):313–317. DOI:10.1080/14737175.2020.1730816
  • Tietjen GE, Maly EF. Migraine and ischemic stroke in women. A narrative review. Headache. 2020;60(5):843–863.
  • Sheikh HU, Pavlovic J, Loder E, et al. Risk of stroke associated with use of estrogen containing contraceptives in women with migraine: a systematic review. Headache. 2018;58(1):5–21. DOI:10.1111/head.13229
  • Abou-Ismail MY, Citla Sridhar D, Nayak L. Estrogen and thrombosis: a bench to bedside review. Thromb Res. 2020;192:40–51.
  • Øie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, et al. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(6):593–604.
  • Sacco S, Ornello R, Ripa P, et al. Migraine and hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013 Nov;44(11):3032–3038.
  • Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, et al. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study. Neurology. 2005;64(6):1020–1026. DOI:10.1212/01.WNL.0000154528.21485.3A.
  • Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, Ægidius KL, et al. European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESC). Hormonal contraceptives and risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine: a consensus statement from the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESC). J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):108. DOI:10.1186/s10194-017-0815-1.
  • Martin VT, Lipton RB. Epidemiology and biology of menstrual migraine. Headache. 2008;48(Suppl 3):S124–30.
  • Nappi RE, Merki-Feld GS, Terreno E, et al. Hormonal contraception in women with migraine: is progestogen-only contraception a better choice? J Headache Pain. 2013;14(1):66. DOI:10.1186/1129-2377-14-66
  • Voedisch AJ, Hindiyeh N. Combined hormonal contraception and migraine: are we being too strict? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;31(6):452–458.
  • Calhoun AH, Batur P. Combined hormonal contraceptives and migraine: an update on the evidence. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84(8):631–638.
  • Donaghy M, European Collaborators of The World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception. Duration, frequency, recency, and type of migraine and the risk of ischaemic stroke in women of childbearing age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(6):747–750. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.73.6.747.
  • MacGregor EA. Contraception and headache. Headache. 2013;53(2):247–276.
  • Bentivegna E, Luciani M, Scarso F, et al. Hormonal therapies in migraine management: current perspectives on patient selection and risk management. Expert Rev Neurother. 2021;21(12):1347–1355. DOI:10.1080/14737175.2021.2003706
  • Fruzzetti F, Trémollieres F, Bitzer J. An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing estradiol: focus on estradiol valerate/dienogest. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28(5):400–408.
  • Benagiano G, Bastianelli C, Farris M. Hormonal contraception: present and future. Drugs Today. 2008;44(12):905.
  • Shulman LP. The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined estrogen and progestin contraceptives. Am J Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(4, Supplement):S9–13.
  • Royer PA, Jones KP. Progestins for contraception: modern delivery systems and novel formulations. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;57(4):644–658.
  • Morimont L, Haguet H, Dogné JM, et al. Combined oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: review and perspective to mitigate the risk. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:769187.
  • Roach REJ, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, et al. Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(8):CD011054.
  • Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Marchbanks PA, et al. Progestin-only contraception and thromboembolism: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):678–700. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.014
  • Tepper NK, Whiteman MK, Zapata LB, et al. Safety of hormonal contraceptives among women with migraine: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016;94(6):630–640. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.016
  • Voedisch AJ, Fok WK. Oestrogen component of COCs: have we finally found a replacement for ethinyl estradiol? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2021;33(6):433–439.
  • Dinger J, Do Minh T, Heinemann K. Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2016;94(4):328–339.
  • Reed S, Koro C, DiBello J, et al. Prospective controlled cohort study on the safety of a monophasic oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate (2.5mg) and 17β-oestradiol (1.5mg) (PRO-E2 study): risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(6):439–446. DOI:10.1080/13625187.2021.1987410
  • Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Montt Guevara MM, et al. Estetrol: a new choice for contraception. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5625. DOI:10.3390/jcm10235625
  • Ryan RE. A controlled study of the effect of oral contraceptives on migraine. Headache. 1978;17(6):250–252.
  • Granella F, Sances G, Zanferrari C, et al. Migraine without aura and reproductive life events: a clinical epidemiological study in 1300 women. Headache. 1993;33(7):385–389. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3307385.x
  • Granella F, Sances G, Pucci E, et al. Migraine with aura and reproductive life events: a case control study. Cephalalgia. 2000;20(8):701–707. DOI:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2000.00112.x
  • Loder EW, Buse DC, Golub JR. Headache and combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: integrating evidence, guidelines, and clinical practice. Headache. 2005 Mar;45(3):224–231.
  • Machado RB, Pereira AP, Coelho GP, et al. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of migraine in users of combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2010 Mar;81(3):202–208.
  • Gallo MF, Nanda K, Grimes DA, et al. 20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(8):CD003989. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003989.pub5
  • van den Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJ, Alnabawy AK, et al. Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive. Contraception. 2005;72(3):168–174. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.03.005
  • Calhoun A, Ford S, Pruitt A. The impact of extended-cycle vaginal ring contraception on migraine aura: a retrospective case series. Headache. 2012;52(8):1246–1253.
  • De Leo V, Scolaro V, Musacchio MC, et al. Combined oral contraceptives in women with menstrual migraine without aura. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(4):917–920. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1089
  • Sulak P, Willis S, Kuehl T, et al. Headaches and oral contraceptives: impact of eliminating the standard 7-day placebo interval. Headache. 2007;47(1):27–37. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00650.x
  • Coffee AL, Sulak PJ, Hill AJ, et al. Extended cycle combined oral contraceptives and prophylactic frovatriptan during the hormone-free interval in women with menstrual-related migraines. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014 Apr;23(4):310–317.
  • Macgregor EA, Hackshaw A. Prevention of migraine in the pill-free interval of combined oral contraceptives: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study using natural oestrogen supplements. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2002;28(1):27–31.
  • Calhoun AH. A novel specific prophylaxis for menstrual-associated migraine. South Med J. 2004;97(9):819–822.
  • Macìas G, Merki-Feld GS, Parke S, et al. Effects of a combined oral contraceptive containing oestradiol valerate/dienogest on hormone withdrawal-associated symptoms: results from the multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled HARMONY II study. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;33(6):591–596. DOI:10.3109/01443615.2013.800851
  • Nappi RE, Terreno E, Sances G, et al. Effect of a contraceptive pill containing estradiol valerate and dienogest (E2V/DNG) in women with menstrually-related migraine (MRM). Contraception. 2013;88(3):369–375. DOI:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.02.001.
  • Graziottin A. The shorter, the better: a review of the evidence for a shorter contraceptive hormone-free interval. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2016;21(2):93–105.
  • European Headache Federation (EHF), the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESCRH); Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, AEgidius Kl, et al. Effect of exogenous estrogens and progestogens on the course of migraine during reproductive age: a consensus statement by the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESCRH). J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):76.
  • Stevenson JC. Type and route of estrogen administration. Climacteric. 2009;12 Suppl 1:86–90.
  • MacGregor EA, Frith A, Ellis J, et al. Prevention of menstrual attacks of migraine: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2159–2163. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000249114.52802.55
  • de Lignières B, Vincens M, Mauvais-Jarvis P, et al. Prevention of menstrual migraine by percutaneous oestradiol. Br Med J. 1986;293(6561):1540. Clin Res Ed. 10.1136/bmj.293.6561.1540
  • Dennerstein L, Morse C, Burrows G, et al. Menstrual migraine: a double-blind trial of percutaneous estradiol. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1988;2(2):113–120. DOI:10.3109/09513598809023619
  • Smits MG, van der Meer YG, Pfeil JP, et al. Perimenstrual migraine: effect of Estraderm TTS and the value of contingent negative variation and exteroceptive temporalis muscle suppression test. Headache. 1994;34(2):103–106. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3402103.x
  • Almén-Christensson A, Hammar M, Lindh-Åstrand L, et al. Prevention of menstrual migraine with perimenstrual transdermal 17-β-estradiol: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Fertil Steril. 2011;96(2):498–500.e1. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.089
  • Guidotti M, Mauri M, Barrilà C, et al. Frovatriptan vs. transdermal oestrogens or naproxen sodium for the prophylaxis of menstrual migraine. J Headache Pain. 2007;8(5):283–288.
  • Järvinen A, Nykänen S, Paasiniemi L. Absorption and bioavailability of oestradiol from a gel, a patch and a tablet. Maturitas. 1999;32(2):103–113.
  • Canonico M, Carcaillon L, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: impact of the route of estrogen administration and type of progestogen. Stroke. 2016;47(7):1734–1741. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013052

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.