The safety of available and emerging options for emergency contraception

References

• Consensus statement on emergency contraception. Contraception. 1995 Oct;52(4):211–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels K, Jones J, Abma J. Use of emergency contraception among women aged 15-44: United States, 2006–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2013 Feb;(112):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, et al. The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience. Hum Reprod. 2012 Jul;27(7):1994–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trussell J, Ellertson C, von Hertzen H, et al. Estimating the effectiveness of emergency contraceptive pills. Contraception. 2003 Apr;67(4):259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellertson C. History and efficacy of emergency contraception: beyond Coca-Cola. Fam Plann Perspect. 1996 Mar-Apr;28(2):44–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weismiller DG. Emergency contraception. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Aug 15;70(4):707–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Labeling – Plan B (levonorgestrel) tablets, 0.75 mg. 2006. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021045s011lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Full prescribing information for Plan B One-Step (levonogestrel) tablet. 2009. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/021998lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shaaban OM, Hassen SG, Nour SA, et al. Emergency contraceptive pills as a backup for lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) of contraception: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2013 Mar;87(3):363–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine TR, Harper CC, Rocca CH, et al. Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Cheng L, Hua X, et al. Advanced provision of emergency contraception to postnatal women in China makes no difference in abortion rates: a randomized controlled trial. Contraception. 2005 Aug;72(2):111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond EG, Stewart F, Weaver M, et al. Impact of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1098–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier A, Baird D. The effects of self-administering emergency contraception. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine T, Harper C, Leon K, et al. Emergency contraception: advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jul;96(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RA, Schwarz EB, Freedman L, et al. Advance supply of emergency contraception. Effect on use and usual contraception – a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Jul;102(1):8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold MA, Wolford JE, Smith KA, et al. The effects of advance provision of emergency contraception on adolescent women’s sexual and contraceptive behaviors. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2004 Apr;17(2):87–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lo SS, Fan SY, Ho PC, et al. Effect of advanced provision of emergency contraception on women’s contraceptive behaviour: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2004 Oct;19(10):2404–2410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belzer M, Sanchez K, Olson J, et al. Advance supply of emergency contraception: a randomized trial in adolescent mothers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2005 Oct;18(5):347–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh TL, Frezieres RG. Patterns of emergency contraception use by age and ethnicity from a randomized trial comparing advance provision and information only. Contraception. 2006 Aug;74(2):110–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marston C, Meltzer H, Majeed A. Impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter in Great Britain: repeated cross sectional surveys. Bmj. 2005 Jul 30;331(7511):271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreau C, Bajos N, Trussell J. The impact of pharmacy access to emergency contraceptive pills in France. Contraception. 2006 Jun;73(6):602–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand M, Larsson M, Darj E, et al. Advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills reduces treatment delay: a randomised controlled trial among Swedish teenage girls. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(3):354–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand M, Tyden T, Darj E, et al. Twelve-month follow-up of advance provision of emergency contraception among teenage girls in Sweden-a randomized controlled trial. Ups J Med Sci. 2013 Nov;118(4):271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risser WL. Improving teenagers’ knowledge of emergency contraception: cluster randomized controlled trial of a teacher-led intervention. J Pediatr. 2002 Nov;141(5):740.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raymond EG, Weaver MA. Effect of an emergency contraceptive pill intervention on pregnancy risk behavior. Contraception. 2008 May;77(5):333–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Full prescribing information of Ella (ulipristal acetate) tablet. 2015. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/022474s007lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Li HW, Lo SS, Ng EH, et al. Efficacy of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception and its effect on the subsequent bleeding pattern when administered before or after ovulation. Hum Reprod. 2016 Jun;31(6):1200–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier AF, Cameron ST, Fine PM, et al. Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010 Feb 13;375(9714):555–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creinin MD, Schlaff W, Archer DF, et al. Progesterone receptor modulator for emergency contraception: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov;108(5):1089–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine P, Mathe H, Ginde S, et al. Ulipristal acetate taken 48-120 hours after intercourse for emergency contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Feb;115(2 Pt 1):257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Emergency contraception: fact sheet. 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs244/en/
   Google Scholar
• Moreau C, Trussell J. Results from pooled phase III studies of ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception. Contraception. 2012 Dec;86(6):673–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatlaoui TC, Curtis KM. Safety and effectiveness data for emergency contraceptive pills among women with obesity: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016 Dec;94(6):605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier A, Cameron ST, Blithe D, et al. Can we identify women at risk of pregnancy despite using emergency contraception? Data from randomized trials of ulipristal acetate and levonorgestrel. Contraception. 2011 Oct;84(4):363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praditpan P, Hamouie A, Basaraba CN, et al. Pharmacokinetics of levonorgestrel and ulipristal acetate emergency contraception in women with normal and obese body mass index. Contraception. 2017 May;95(5):464–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch T, Price A. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Aug 1;76(3):391–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, et al. U.S. medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016 Jul 29;65(3):1–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brache V, Cochon L, Duijkers IJ, et al. A prospective, randomized, pharmacodynamic study of quick-starting a desogestrel progestin-only pill following ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod. 2015 Dec;30(12):2785–2793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Update on emergency contraception. Publication & Resources (online); 2011. Available from: http://www.arhp.org/Publications-and-Resources/Clinical-Proceedings/EC/Methods
   Google Scholar
• Trussell J, Rodríguez G, Ellertson C. Updated estimates of the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen of emergency contraception. Contraception. 1999 Mar;59(3):147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier A, Thong KJ, Dewar M, et al. Mifepristone (RU 486) compared with high-dose estrogen and progestogen for emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med. 1992 Oct 8;327(15):1041–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whaley NS, Burke AE. Intrauterine contraception. Womens Health (Lond). 2015 Nov;11(6):759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy DP, Jager M, Kapp N, et al. Ulipristal acetate for emergency contraception: postmarketing experience after use by more than 1 million women. Contraception. 2014 May;89(5):431–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis M, Cavaliere AF, Straface G, et al. Failure of the emergency contraceptive levonorgestrel and the risk of adverse effects in pregnancy and on fetal development: an observational cohort study. Fertil Steril. 2005 Aug;84(2):296–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Chen J, Wang Y, et al. Pregnancy outcome after levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception failure: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2009 Jul;24(7):1605–1611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Proposed prescribing information for the paragard T380A intrauntierine copper contraceptive. 2005. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2005/018680s060lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues da Cunha AC, Dorea JG, Cantuaria AA. Intrauterine device and maternal copper metabolism during lactation. Contraception. 2001 Jan;63(1):37–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivin I, Stern J, Diaz S, et al. Rates and outcomes of planned pregnancy after use of Norplant capsules, Norplant II rods, or levonorgestrel-releasing or copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Apr;166(4):1208–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatlaoui TC, Riley H, Curtis KM. Safety data for levonorgestrel, ulipristal acetate and Yuzpe regimens for emergency contraception. Contraception. 2016 Feb;93(2):93–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemzell-Danielsson K, Rabe T, Cheng L. Emergency contraception. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2013 Mar;29(Suppl 1):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hapangama D, Glasier AF, Baird DT. The effects of peri-ovulatory administration of levonorgestrel on the menstrual cycle. Contraception. 2001 Mar;63(3):123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford JL, Thomas DB. Exogenous progestins and breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev. 1993;15(1):98–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden J. Progestins and breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 May;188(5):1123–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polakow-Farkash S, Gilad O, Merlob P, et al. Levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception during lactation-a prospective observational cohort study on maternal and infant safety. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013 Feb;26(3):219–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 9;337(15):1058–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasilakis C, Jick SS, Jick H. The risk of venous thromboembolism in users of postcoital contraceptive pills. Contraception. 1999 Feb;59(2):79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen L, Sivasubramaniam S, Lee AJ, et al. Lifetime cancer risk and combined oral contraceptives: the Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraception Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jun;216(6):580.e1-580.e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 19th WHO model list of essential medicines. 2015 Apr. Available from: “http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf”
   Google Scholar
• Raymond EG, Creinin MD, Barnhart KT, et al. Meclizine for prevention of nausea associated with use of emergency contraceptive pills: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Feb;95(2):271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez MI, Godfrey EM, Warden M, et al. Prevention and management of nausea and vomiting with emergency contraception: a systematic review. Contraception. 2013 May;87(5):583–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turok DK, Godfrey EM, Wojdyla D, et al. Copper T380 intrauterine device for emergency contraception: highly effective at any time in the menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod. 2013 Oct;28(10):2672–2676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papic M, Wang N, Parisi SM, et al. Same-day intrauterine device placement is rarely complicated by pelvic infection. Womens Health Issues. 2015 Jan-Feb;25(1):22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sufrin CB, Postlethwaite D, Armstrong MA, et al. Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis screening at intrauterine device insertion and pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Dec;120(6):1314–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grentzer JM, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, et al. Risk-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae prior to intrauterine device insertion. Contraception. 2015 Oct;92(4):313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneshiro B, Aeby T. Long-term safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device. Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 9;2:211–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivin I. Dose- and age-dependent ectopic pregnancy risks with intrauterine contraception. Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Aug;78(2):291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemzell-Danielsson K, Marions L. Mechanisms of action of mifepristone and levonorgestrel when used for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod Update. 2004 Jul-Aug;10(4):341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Che Y, Gulmezoglu AM. Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug;15(8):CD001324.
   Google Scholar
• Ashok PW, Stalder C, Wagaarachchi PT, et al. A randomised study comparing a low dose of mifepristone and the Yuzpe regimen for emergency contraception. Bjog. 2002 May;109(5):553–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AM, Russell J, Elstein M. Comparison of Yuzpe regimen, danazol, and mifepristone (RU486) in oral postcoital contraception. Bmj. 1992 Oct 17;305(6859):927–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turok DK, Sanders JN, Thompson IS, et al. Preference for and efficacy of oral levonorgestrel for emergency contraception with concomitant placement of a levonorgestrel IUD: a prospective cohort study. Contraception. 2016 Jun;93(6):526–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann K, Reed S, Moehner S, et al. Comparative contraceptive effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing and copper intrauterine devices: the European Active Surveillance Study for Intrauterine Devices. Contraception. 2015 Apr;91(4):280–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester KE, Harper MJ, Duffy DM. Oral administration of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor meloxicam blocks ovulation in non-human primates when administered to simulate emergency contraception. Hum Reprod. 2010 Feb;25(2):360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesam C, Salvatierra AM, Schwartz JL, et al. Suppression of follicular rupture with meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: potential for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod. 2010 Feb;25(2):368–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barot S. Moving oral contraceptives to over-the-counter status: policy versus politics. Guttmacher Inst. 2015 Nov 5;18(4).
   Google Scholar
• Van Look PF. Emergency contraception: a brighter future? Entre Nous Cph Den. 1998; Autumn(39):4–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batur P, Cleland K, McNamara M, et al.; Group ECS. Emergency contraception: a multispecialty survey of clinician knowledge and practices. Contraception. 2016 Feb;93(2):145–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz EB, Kavanaugh M, Douglas E, et al. Interest in intrauterine contraception among seekers of emergency contraception and pregnancy testing. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Apr;113(4):833–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper CC, Speidel JJ, Drey EA, et al. Copper intrauterine device for emergency contraception: clinical practice among contraceptive providers. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb;119(2 Pt 1):220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar