Development of new antileishmanial drugs – current knowledge and future prospects

References

• World Health Organization. The leishmaniases and Leishmania/HIV co-infections Fact sheet 116 2004.
   Google Scholar
• BL Herwaldt. (1999). Lancet 354:1191–1199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Alvar, C Canavate, B Gutierrez-Solar, M Jiminez, F Laguna, R Lopez-Velez, R Molina, and J Moreno. (1997). Clin Microbiol Rev 10:298–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MJ Fernández Cotarelo, J Abellán Martínez, JM Guerra Vales, P Martínez Sánchez, M Rodrigo Gómez De La Bárcena, and E Salto Fernández. (2003). Clin Infect Dis 37:973–977.
   Google Scholar
• PD Deps, MC Viana, A Falqueto, and R Dietze. (2000). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 33:535–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S Sundar, and HW Murray. (2005). Bull World Health Organ 83:394–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Sundar, TK Jha, CP Thakur, PK Sinha, and SK.N Bhattacharya. (2007). Engl J Med 356:2571–2581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Dietze, SF Carvalho, LC Valli, J Berman, T Brewer, W Milhous, J Sanchez, B Schuster, and M Grogl. (2001). Am J Trop Med Hyg 65:685–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DH Beach, LJ Goad, and GG HolzJr. (1988). Mol Biochem Parasitol 31:149–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Ephros, A Bitnum, P Shaked, A Waldman, and D Zilberstein. (1999). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:278–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Wyllie, ML Cunningham, and AH Fairlamb. (2004). J Biol Chem 279:39925–39932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I Esfandiarpour, and A Alavi. (2002). Int J Dermatol 41:521–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Sundar. (2001). Trop Med Int Health 6:849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Hadighi, M Mohebali, P Boucher, H Hajjaran, A Khamesipour, and M Ouellette. (2006). PLoS Med 3:e162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JP Guthmann, D Arlt, LM Garcia, M Rosales, J de Jesus Sanchez, E Alvarez, S Lonlas, M Conte, G Bertoletti, C Fournier, R Huari, E Torreele, and A Llanos-Cuentas. (2005). Trop Med Int Health 10:856–862.
   Google Scholar
• JL Burges, and R Birchall. (1972). Am J Med 53:77–84.
   Google Scholar
• R Nonata, R Sampaio, and PD Marsden. (1997). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91:77.
   Google Scholar
• JD Berman, R Badaro, CP Thakur, KM Wasunna, K Behbehani, R Davidson, F Kuzoe, L Pang, K Weerasuriya, and AD Bryceson. (1998). Bull World Health Organ 76:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EM Andersen, M Cruz-Saldarriaga, A Llanos-Cuentas, M Luz-Cjuno, J Echevarria, C Miranda-Verastegui, O Colina, and JD Berma. (2005). Am J Trop Med Hyg 72:133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Basselin, MA Badet-Denisot, F Lawrence, and M Robert-Gero. (1997). Exp Parasitol 85:274–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SL Croft, and GH Coombs. (2003). Trends Parasitol 19:502–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Lux, DT Hart, PJ Parker, and T Klenner. (1996). Adv Exp Med Biol 416:201–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• H Lux, N Heise, T Klenner, D Hart, and FR Opperdoes. (2000). Mol Biochem Parasitol 111:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TK Jha, S Sundar, CP Thakur, P Bachmann, J Karbwang, C Fischer, A Voss, and J Berman. (1999). N Engl J Med 341:1795–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Soto, BA Arana, J Toledo, N Rizzo, JC Vega, A Diaz, M Luz, P Gutierrez, M Arboleda, JD Berman, K Junge, J Engel, and H Sindermann. (2004). Clin Infect Dis 38:1266–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Escobar, S Matu, C Marques, and SL Corft. (2002). Acta Trop 81:151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V Yardley, SL Croft, S de Doncker, JC Dujardin, S Koirala, S Rijal, C Miranda, A Llanos-Cuentas, and F Chappuis. (2005). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:272–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SK Bhattacharya, PK Sinha, S Sundar, CP Thakur, TK Jha, K Pandey, VR Das, N Kumar, C Lal, N Verma, VP Singh, A Ranjan, RB Verma, G Anders, H Sindermann, and NK Ganguly. (2007). J Infect Dis 196:591–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Soto, J Toledo, P Gutierrez, RS Nicholls, J Padilla, J Engel, C Fischer, A Voss, and J Berman. (2001). Clin Infect Dis 33:57–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O Zerpa, M Ulrich, B Blanco, M Polegre, A Avila, N Matos, I Mendoza, F Pratlong, C Ravel, and J Convit. (2007). Br J Dermatol 156:1328–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Troya, A Casquero, E Refoyo, ML Fernández-Guerrero, M Górgolas, and J Scand. (2008). Infect Dis 40:78–80.
   Google Scholar
• J El-On, R Livshin, Z Evan-Paz, D Hamburger, and L Weinrauch. (1986). J Invest Dermatol 87:284–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A BenSalah, H Zakraoui, A Zaatour, A Ftaiti, B Zaafouri, A Garaoui, PL Olliaro, K Dellagi, and R Ben Ismail. (1995). Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:162–166.
   Google Scholar
• A Asilain, T Jalayer, JAG Whitworth, RL Ghasemi, M Nilforooshzadeh, and P Ollivaro. (1995). Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:648–651.
   Google Scholar
• JM Soto, JT Tolédo, P Gutierrez, M Arboleda, RS Nicholls, JR Padilla, JD Berman, CK English, and M Grogl. (2002). Acta Trop Med Hyg 66:147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Kotra, J Haddad, and S Mobashery. (2000). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:3249–3256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Maarouf, Y de Kouchkoxsky, S Brown, PX Petit, and M Robert-Gero. (1997). Exp Cell Res 232:339–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Kumaresan, P Kumar, and J Ind. (2007). Dermatol Venereol Leprol 73:361–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Raffa, S Ingen-Housz-Oro, L Méry, F Le Turdu, J Wendling, C Pauwels, and M Sigal-Grinberg. (2007). Ann Dermatol Venereol 134:682–683.
   Google Scholar
• HM Al-Abdely, JR Graybill, D Loebenberg, and PC Melby. (1999). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2910–2914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MK Wasunna, JR Rachid, J Mbui, G Kirigi, D Kinoti, H Lodenyo, JM Felton, AJ Sabin, MJ Albert, and J Horton. (2005). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:871–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TK Jha, S Sundar, CP Thakur, MJ Felton, AJ Sabin, and J Horton. (2005). Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:1005–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CJ Beckers, DS Roos, RG Donald, BJ Luft, JC Schwab, Y Cao, and KA Joiner. (1995). J Clin Invest 95:367–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Ianaro, A Ialenti, P Maffia, L Sautebin, L Rombolà, R Carnuccio, T Iuvone, F D'Acquisto, and M Di Rosa. (2000). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 292:156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Xu, J Fujita, K Negayama, K Yuube, S Hojo, Y Yamaji, K Kawanishi, and J Takahara. (1996). Microbiol Immunol 40:473–479.
   Google Scholar
• AJ Krolewiecki, P Scott, and D Abraham. (1999). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 32:137.
   Google Scholar
• A Prata, ML Silva-Vergara, L Costa, A Rocha, A Krolewiecki, JC Silva, EV de Paula, FG Pimenta Junior, and LE Giraldo. (2003). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36:65–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AZ Momeni, A Shafiei, M Emamjoeh, M Aminjavaheri, and A Momeni. (2006). Eur J Dermatol 16:701–702.
   Google Scholar
• P Layegh, MJ Yazdanpanah, EM Vosugh, F Pezeshkpoor, MT Shakeri, and T Moghiman. (2007). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:99–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PE Carson. W Peters, and WHG Richards. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Germany, (1984) Vol. 83 121.
   Google Scholar
• J Leyden. (1998). J Am Acad Dermatol 38:S42–S47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R De La Rosa, JA Pineda, J Delgado, J Macías, F Morillas, J Martín-Sánchez, M Leal, A Sánchez-Quijano, and E Lissen. (2001). Clin Infect Dis 32:633–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MK Mittal, S Rai, Ashutosh, Ravinder, S Gupta, S Sundar, and N Goyal. (2007). Am J Trop Med Hyg 76:681–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Mbongo, PM Loiseau, MA Billion, and M Robert-Gero. (1998). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:352–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Pourshafie, S Morand, A Virion, M Rakotomanga, C Dupuy, and PM Loiseau. (2004). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2409–2414.
   Google Scholar
• MP Barrett, and AH Fairlam. (1999). Parasitol Today 15:136–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PG Bray, MP Barrett, SA Ward, and HP de Koninqg. (2003). Trends Parasitol 19:232–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AC Coelho, SM Beverly, and PC Cotrim. (2003). Mol Biochem Parasitol 130:83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Basselin, H Denise, GH Coombs, and MP Barrett. (2002). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3731–3738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JF Perez-Victoria, F Gamarro, M Ouellette, and S Castanys. (2003). J Biol Chem 278:49965–49971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JM Perez-Victoria, A Di Pietro, D Barron, AG Ravelo, S Castanys, and F Gamarro. (2002). Curr Drug Targets 3:311–333.
   Google Scholar
• GC Di Giorgio, F Faraut-Gambarelli, A Imbert, P Minodier, M Gasquet, and H Dumon. (1999). J Antimicrob Chemother 44:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Sadeghian, and MA Nilforoushzadeh. (2006). Int J Dermatol 45:819–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Firooz, A Khamesipour, MH Ghoorchi, M Nassiri-Kashani, SE Eskandari, A Khatami, B Hooshmand, F Gorouhi, M Rashighi-Firoozabadi, and Y Dowlati. (2006). Arch Dermatol 142:1575–1579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C Miranda-Verástegui, A Llanos-Cuentas, I Arévalo, BJ Ward, and G Matlashewski. (2005). Clin Infect Dis 40:1395–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I Arevalo, G Tulliano, A Quispe, G Spaeth, G Matlashewski, A Llanos-Cuentas, and H Pollack. (2007). Clin Infect Dis 44:1549–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CP Thakur, TP Kanyok, AK Pandey, A Sinha, E Zaniewski, HH Houlihan, and P Olliaro. (2000). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94:429–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y Melaku, SM Collin, K Keus, F Gatluak, K Ritmeijer, and RN Davidson. (2007). Am J Trop Med Hyg 77:89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I Esfandiarpour, and SH Dabiri. (2007). Int J Dermatol 46:848–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Seifert, and SL Croft. (2006). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LV Rodriguez, JP Dedet, V Paredes, C Mendoza, and F Cardenas. (1995). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 90:525–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JF Costa, AC Kiperstok, JP David, JM David, AM Giulietti, LP de Queiroz, RR Dos Santos, and MB Soares. (2007). Fitoterapia 78:510–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SR Peraza-Sánchez, F Cen-Pacheco, A Noh-Chimal, F May-Pat, P Simá-Polanco, E Dumonteil, MR García-Miss, and M Mut-Martín. (2007). Fitoterapia 78:315–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CM Lezama-Dávila, AP Isaac-Márquez, P Zamora-Crescencio, R Uc-Encalada M del, SY Justiniano-Apolinar, L del Angel-Robles, A Satoskar, and L Hernández-Rivero. (2007). Fitoterapia 78:255–257.
   Google Scholar
• M Lavault, A Landreau, G Larcher, JP Bouchara, F Pagniez, P Le Pape, and P Richomme. (2005). Fitoterapia 76:363–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MA Brenzan, CV Nakamura, B Prado Dias Filho, T Ueda-Nakamura, MC Young, and D Aparício Garcia Cortez. (2007). Parasitol Res 101:715–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Sartorelli, SP Andrade, MS Melhem, FO Prado, and AG Tempone. (2007). Phytother Res 21:644–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RL Monte, JM Barbosa, LM Sousa, PF Athayde, CS Dias, and MR Oliveira. (2007). Z Naturforsch 62:348–352.
   Google Scholar
• K Georgopoulou, D Smirlis, S Bisti, E Xingi, L Skaltsounis, and K Soteriadou. (2007). Planta Med 73:1081–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MR Gamboa-León, I Aranda-González, M Mut-Martín, MR García-Miss, and E Dumonteil. (2007). Scand J Immunol 66:508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Fournet, ME Ferreira, A Rojas De Arias, S Torres De Ortiz, S Fuentes, H Nakayama, A Schinini, and R Hocquemiller. (1996). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40:2447–2451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Chen, SB Christiensen, TG Theander, and A Kharasmi. (1994). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 38:1339–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Flores, G Cabrera, IA Jiménez, J Piñero, A Giménez, G Bourdy, F Cortés-Selva, and IL Bazzocchi. (2007). Planta Med 73:206–211.
   Google Scholar
• L Maes, N Germonprez, L Quirijnen, L Van Puyvelde, P Cos, and D Vanden Berghe. (2004). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:2056–2060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JF Marquis, D Makhey, EJ LaVoie, and M Olivier. (2003). J Parasitol 89:1048–1052.
   Google Scholar
• N Germonprez, L Maes, L Van Puyvelde, M Van Tri, DA Tuan, and N De Kimpe. (2005). J Med Chem 48:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Ariza, TJ Vickers, N Greig, KA Armour, MJ Dixon, IM Eggleston, AH Fairlamb, and CS Bond. (2006). Mol Microbiol 59:1239–1248.
   Google Scholar
• S Parveen, MO Khan, SE Austin, SL Croft, V Yardley, P Rock, and KT Douglas. (2005). J Med Chem 48:8087–8097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G Singh, and CS Dey. (2007). Acta Trop 103:172–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PW Denny, H Shams-Eldin, HP Price, DF Smith, and RT Schwarz. (2006). J Biol Chem 281:28200–28209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KR Santhamma, and A Bhaduri. (1995). Mol Biochem Parasitol 75:43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M Chen, L Zhai, SB Christensen, TG Theander, and A Kharazmi. (2001). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:2023–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Abdalah, D Sebastien, B George, F Arlette, J Kalil, and P Le Pape. (2006). J Enz Inhib Med Chem 21:305–312.
   Google Scholar
• JA Urbina, JL Concepcion, S Rangel, G Visbal, and R Lira. (2002). Mol Biochem Parasitol 125:35–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JCF Rodrigues, JA Urbina, and W de Souza. (2005). Exp Parasitol 111:230–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SB Cammerer, C Jimenez, S Jones, L Gros, SO Lorente, C Rodrigues, JC Rodrigues, A Caldera, LM Ruiz Perez, W da Souza, M Kaiser, R Brun, JA Urbina, D Gonzalez Pacanowska, and IH Gilbert. (2007). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:4049–4061.
   Google Scholar
• AC Granthon, MV Braga, JC Rodrigues, S Cammerer, SO Lorente, IH Gilbert, JA Urbina, and W de Souza. (2007). Vet Parasitol 146:25–34.
   Google Scholar
• V Yardley, AA Khan, MB Martin, TR Slifer, FG Araujo, SN Moreno, R Docampo, SL Croft, and E Oldfield. (2002). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:929–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• V Mundodi, AS Kucknoor, and L Gedamu. (2005). BMC Mol Biol 6:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Ponte-Sucre, R Vicik, M Schultheis, T Schirmeister, and H Moll. (2006). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:2439–2447.
   Google Scholar
• Handbook of proteolytic enzymesKF Walker, SM Arfin, and RA Bradshaw. Academic Press, London, (1998) 1394–1399.
   Google Scholar
• P Zhang, DE Nicholson, JM Bujnicki, X Su, JJ Brendle, M Ferdig, DE Kyle, WK Milhous, and PK Chiang. (2002). J Biomed Sci 9:34–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• P Hassan, D Fergusson, KM Grant, and JC Mottram. (2001). Mol Biochem Parasitol 113:189–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KM Grant, MH Dunion, V Yardley, AL Skaltsounis, D Marko, G Eisenbrand, SL Croft, L Meijer, and JC Mottram. (2004). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:3033–3042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Alvarez, S Robledo, ID Velez, JM Robert, G Le Baut, and P Le Pape. (2002). J Enz Inhib Med Chem 17:443–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Pagniez, H Abdala-Valencia, P Marchand, M Le Borgne, G Le Baut, S Robert-Piessard, and P Le Pape. (2006). J Enz Inhib Med Chem 21:277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Giraud, C Loge, M Le Borgne, F Pagniez, YM Na, P Le Pape, and QSAR SAR. (2006). Environ Res 17:299–309.
   Google Scholar