Excess in the spring and deficit in the autumn in birth rates of male schizophrenic patients in Italy: Potential role of perinatal risk factors

References

• Knobloch H, Pasamanick B. Seasonal variations in the births of the mentally deficient. Am J Public Health 1958; 48: 1201–1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrey E F, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken R H. Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Schizophr Res 1997; 28: 1–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouridsen S E, Nielsen S, Rich B, Isager T. Season of birth in infantile autism and other types of childhood psychoses. Child Psychiat Hum D 1994; 25: 31–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaul I, Persaud L, Takei N, Treasure J. Season of birth and eating disorders. Int J Eat Disorder 1996; 19: 53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak Y, Ring A, Sulkes J, Gabbay U, Elizur A. Season of birth and autistic disorder in Israel. Am J Psychiat 1995; 152: 798–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tramer M. Über die biologische bedeutung des geburtsmonates, insbesondere für die psychoseerkrankjung. Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiat 1929; 24: 17–24
   Google Scholar
• Bersani G, Minnielli M M. Stagionalità di nascita e patologia psichiatrica. Riv Psichiat 1979; 14((6)VI)423–436
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury T N, Miller G A. Season of birth in schizophrenia: A review of evidence, methodology and etiology. Psychol Bull 1985; 98: 569–594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrogiovanni P, Iapichino S, Pacchierotti C, Pieracchini F. Season of birth in psychiatry: A review. Neuropsychobiology 1998; 37: 175–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troisi A, Pasini A, Spalletta G. Season of birth, gender and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiat 2001; 16: 342–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Messias E LM, Cordeiro N F, Coelho Sampaio, Bartko J J. Schizophrenia and season of birth in a tropical region: Relationship to rainfall. Schizophr Res 2001; 48: 227–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amato T, Guillaud-Bataille J M, Rochet T, Jai M, Mercier C, Terra J L, Dalery J. No season-of-birth effect in schizophrenic patients from a tropical island in the southern hemisphere. Psychiat Res 1996; 60: 205–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcelis M, Navarro-Mateu F, Murray R, Selten J P, Van Os J. Urbanization and psychosis: A study of 1942–1978 birth cohorts in The Netherlands. Psychol Med 1998; 28: 871–879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckmann H, Franzek E. Deficit of birthrates in winter and spring months in distinct subgroups of mainly genetically determined schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1992; 25: 57–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limosin F, Rouillon F, Payan C, Cohen J M, Strub N. Prenatal exposure to influenza as a risk factor for adult schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat Scand 2003; 107: 331–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM IV. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Hare E H. Temporal factors and trends, including birth seasonality and the viral hypothesis. Handbook of schizophrenia, H A Nasrallah. Elsevier, AmsterdamThe Netherlands 1988; 3
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh H H, Khan M H, Atwal S S, Cheng S C. Season of birth and subtypes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiat Scand 1987; 75: 373–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley J, Mayr E, Osmond H, Hoffer A. Schizophrenia as genetic morphism. Nature 1964; 204: 220–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassa D, Sham P C, Van Os J, Abel K, Jones P, Murray R M. Relationship of birth season to clinical features, family history, and obstetric complication in schizophrenia. Psychiat Res 1996; 64: 11–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häfner H, Haas S, Pfeifer-Kurda M, Eichhorn S, Michitsuji S. Abnormal seasonality of schizophrenic births. A specific finding?. Eur Arch Gen Neurol Science 1987; 236: 333–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendell R E, Boyd J H, Grossmith V L, Bain M. Seasonal fluctuation in birthweight in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002; 57: 157–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams W, Kendell R E, Hare E K, Munk-Jørgensen P. Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Brit J Psychiat 1993; 163: 522–534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown A S, Schaefer C A, Wyatt R J, Goetz R, Begg M D, Gorman J M, Susser E S. Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective birth cohort study. Schizophrenia Bull 2000; 26: 287–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machón R A, Sarnoff A, Mednick S A, Mednick S A, Huttunen M D. Adult major affective disorder after prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiat 1997; 54: 322–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan E, Sham P C, Takei N, Glover G, Murray R M. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet 1991; 337: 1248–1250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersani G, Taddei I, Manuali G. Severity of obstetric complications and risk of adult schizophrenia in male patients: A case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003; 14: 1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodman A B. Chromosomal locations and modes of action of genes of the retinoid (vitamin A) system support their involvement in the etiology of schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet 1995; 60: 335–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell R E, Adams W. Exposure to sunlight, vitamin D and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002; 24: 193–198
   Google Scholar
• Lohr J B, Bracha H S. Can schizophrenia be related to prenatal exposure to alcohol? Some speculations. Schizophrenia Bull 1989; 15: 595–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar