Antibiotic administration to patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes does not eradicate intra-amniotic infection

References

• Parry S, Strauss J F, III. Premature rupture of the fetal membranes. N Engl J Med 1998; 38: 663–670
   Google Scholar
• Mercer B M. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101: 78–193
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs R S, Romero R, Hillier S L, Eschenbach D A, Sweet R L. A review of premature birth and subclinical infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1515–1528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merenstein G B, Weisman L E. Premature rupture of the membranes: Neonatal consequences. Semin Perinatol 1996; 20: 375–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moutquin J M. Classification and heterogeneity of preterm birth. BJOG 2003; 110(Suppl 20)30–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Quintero R, Oyarzun E, Wu Y K, Sabo V, Mazor M, Hobbins J C. Intraamniotic infection and the onset of labor in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 661–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Ghidini A, Mazor M, Behnke E. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in premature rupture of membranes. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1991; 34: 769–778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arias F, Tomich P. Etiology and outcome of low birth weight and preterm infants. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 277–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montan S, Holmquist P, Ingesson K, Ingemarsson I. Fetal and infant outcome of pregnancies with very early rupture of membranes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991; 70: 119–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez R, Romero R, Edwin S S, David C. Pathogenesis of preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes associated with intraamniotic infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11: 135–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway J B, Al Malt A, Amon E, Cohlan B, Amini S, Abboud M, Winn H N. Impact of oligohydramnios on maternal and perinatal outcomes of spontaneous premature rupture of the membranes at 18–28 weeks. J Matern Fetal Med 1999; 8: 20–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meirowitz N B, Ananth C V, Smulian J C, Vintzileos A M. Effect of labor on infant morbidity and mortality with preterm premature rupture of membranes: United States population-based study. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 494–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanir H M, Sener T, Tekin N, Aksit A, Ardic N. Preterm premature rupture of membranes and neonatal outcome prior to 34 weeks of gestation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 82: 167–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinsmoor M J, Bachman R, Haney E I, Goldstein M, Mackendrick W. Outcomes after expectant management of extremely preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 183–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson J. Antibiotics for preterm premature rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001, CD001058
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenyon S L, Taylor D J, Tarnow-Mordi W. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: The ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet 2001; 357: 979–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer B M, Miodovnik M, Thurnau G R, Goldenberg R L, Das A F, Ramsey R D, Rabello Y A, Meis P J, Moawad A H, Iams J D, et al. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. JAMA 1997; 278: 989–995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis D F, Brody K, Edwards M S, Brouillette R M, Burlison S, London S N. Preterm premature ruptured membranes: A randomized trial of steroids after treatment with antibiotics. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 801–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth C V, Guise J M, Thorp J M, Jr. Utility of antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1996; 51: 324–328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis D F, Fontenot M T, Brooks G G, Wise R, Perkins M B, Heymann A R. Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: A comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 392–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christmas J T, Cox S M, Andrews W, Dax J, Leveno K J, Gilstrap L C. Expectant management of preterm ruptured membranes: Effects of antimicrobial therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 759–762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reece E A, Chervenak F A, Moya F R, Hobbins J C. Amniotic fluid arborization: Effect of blood, meconium, and pH alterations. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64: 248–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDuffie R S, Jr, McGregor J A, Gibbs R S. Adverse perinatal outcome and resistant Enterobacteriaceae after antibiotic usage for premature rupture of the membranes and group B streptococcus carriage. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 487–489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibbs R S, Blanco J D, St Clair P J, Castaneda Y S. Quantitative bacteriology of amniotic fluid from women with clinical intraamniotic infection at term. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacora P, Chaiworapongsa T, Maymon E, Kim Y M, Gomez R, Yoon B H, Ghezzi F, Berry S M, Qureshi F, Jacques S M, et al. Funisitis and chorionic vasculitis: The histological counterpart of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002; 11: 18–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon B H, Romero R, Park J S, Chang J W, Kim Y A, Kim J C, Kim K S. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity with Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with a robust host response in fetal, amniotic, and maternal compartments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1254–1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon B H, Chang J W, Romero R. Isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic cavity and adverse outcome in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 77–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon B H, Romero R, Kim M, Kim E C, Kim T, Park J S, Jun J K. Clinical implications of detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the amniotic cavity with the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 1130–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon B H, Romero R, Lim J H, Shim S S, Hong J S, Shim J Y, Jun J K. The clinical significance of detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum by the polymerase chain reaction in the amniotic fluid of patients with preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189: 919–924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson J. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, CD001058
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romero R, Gomez R, Ghezzi F, Yoon B H, Mazor M, Edwin S S, Berry S M. A fetal systemic inflammatory response is followed by the spontaneous onset of preterm parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 186–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez R, Romero R, Ghezzi F, Yoon B H, Mazor M, Berry S M. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 194–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon B H, Romero R, Kim K S, Park J S, Ki S H, Kim B I, Jun J K. A systemic fetal inflammatory response and the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 773–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon B H, Romero R, Park J S, Kim C J, Kim S H, Choi J H, Han T R. Fetal exposure to an intra-amniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182: 675–681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendon R W, Faye-Petersen O, Pavlova Z, Qureshi F, Mercer B, Miodovnik M, Das A F, Meis P J, Moawad A H, Iams J D, et al. Fetal membrane histology in preterm premature rupture of membranes: Comparison to controls, and between antibiotic and placebo treatment. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network, Bethesda, MD, USA. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1999; 2: 552–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs R S, Davies J K, McDuffie R S, Jr, Leslie K K, Sherman M P, Centretto C A, Wolf D M. Chronic intrauterine infection and inflammation in the preterm rabbit, despite antibiotic therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 234–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Scioscia A L, Edberg S C, Hobbins J C. Use of parenteral antibiotic therapy to eradicate bacterial colonization of amniotic fluid in premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 15S–17S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Hagay Z, Nores J, Sepulveda W, Mazor M. Eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic fluid with transplacental antibiotic treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 618–620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor M, Chaim W, Meirovitz M, Yohay D, Leiberman J R, Glezerman M. Eradication of viridans streptococci from the amniotic cavity by parenteral antibiotic administration. A case report. J Reprod Med 1995; 40: 820–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fidel P, Ghezzi F, Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J, Cutright J, Wolf N, Gomez R. The effect of antibiotic therapy on intrauterine infection-induced preterm parturition in rabbits. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2003; 14: 57–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heikkinen T, Laine K, Neuvonen P J, Ekblad U. The transplacental transfer of the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, roxithromycin and azithromycin. BJOG 2000; 107: 770–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt A, Sommer E M, Cichna M, Postlbauer K, Widhalm A, Gregor H, Reisenberger K. Placental passage of clarithromycin surpasses other macrolide antibiotics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 816–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassell G. Isolation of microorganisms from the chorioamnion is twice that from amniotic fluid at cesarean delivery in women with intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 424, (A462)
   Google Scholar