Current perspective and scope of fetal therapy: part 1

References

• Deprest JA, Devlieger R, Srisupundit K, et al. Fetal surgery is a clinical reality. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):58–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman BG, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, et al. Fetal therapy: state of the art. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(11):1257–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Ville Y. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations for the better and for the worse. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(12):1402–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprest JA, Flake AW, Gratacos E, et al. The making of fetal surgery. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(7):653–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Golbus MS, Filly RA, et al. Fetal surgery for congenital hydronephrosis. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(10):591–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golombeck K, Ball RH, Lee H, et al. Maternal morbidity after maternal–fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(3):834–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Refai A, Ryan G, Van Mieghem T. Maternal risks of fetal therapy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;29(2):80–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenstrom KD, Carr SR. Fetal surgery: principles, indications, and evidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(4):817–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Filly RA, Golbus MS, et al. Fetal treatment 1982. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(26):1651–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotecha S, Barbato A, Bush A, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(4):820–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler N, Claireaux AE. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia as a cause of perinatal mortality. Lancet. 1962;279(7231):659–663.
   Google Scholar
• Colvin J, Bower C, Dickinson JE, et al. Outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study in Western Australia. Pediatrics. 2005;116(3):e356–e363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Buys Roessingh AS, Dinh-Xuan AT. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: current status and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2009;168(4):393–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shue EH, Miniati D, Lee H. Advances in prenatal diagnosis and treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol. 2012;39(2):289–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metkus AP, Filly RA, Stringer MD, et al. Sonographic predictors of survival in fetal diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(1):148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deprest JA, Flemmer AW, Gratacos E, et al. Antenatal prediction of lung volume and in-utero treatment by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;14(1):8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeanty C, Kunisaki SM, MacKenzie TC. Novel non-surgical prenatal approaches to treating congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(6):349–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox E, Lissauer D, Khan K, et al. Prenatal detection of pulmonary hypoplasia in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(7):579–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA, Quintero LF, Chmait R, et al. The quantitative lung index (QLI): a gestational age-independent sonographic predictor of fetal lung growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(6):544.e1–544.e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benachi A, Cordier A-G, Cannie M, et al. Advances in prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(6):331–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamoto M, Inamura N, Terui K, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of poor prognosis in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(12):1926–1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda K, Bigras JL, Bohn D, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of outcome in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics. 2000;105(5):1106–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleck S, Bautista G, Keating SM, et al. Fetal production of growth factors and inflammatory mediators predicts pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res. 2013;74(3):290–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda H, Kotani T, Nakano T, et al. Lipocalin 2 as a new biomarker for fetal lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Chim Acta. 2016;462:71–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Jester JA, Ross NA. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. I. The model: intrathoracic balloon produces fatal pulmonary hypoplasia. Surgery. 1980;88(1):174–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Bressack MA, Churg AM, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. II. Simulated correction permits fetal lung growth with survival at birth. Surgery. 1980;88(2):260–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero: VI. Hard-earned lessons. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(10):1411–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VIII: response of the hypoplastic lung to tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(10):1339–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, et al. The CDH two-step: a dance of necessity. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28(6):813–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Glick PL, et al. Experimental pulmonary hypoplasia and oligohydramnios: relative contributions of lung fluid and fetal breathing movements. J Pediatr Surg. 1984;19(6):658–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcorn D, Adamson TM, Lambert TF, et al. Morphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat. 1977;123(Pt 3):649–660.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harding R, Bocking AD, Sigger JN. Influence of upper respiratory tract on liquid flow to and from fetal lungs. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61(1):68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Mychaliska GB, Albanese CT, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(7):1017–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Veeken L, Russo FM, De Catte L, et al. Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion and reestablishment of fetal airways for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Gynecol Surg. 2018;15(1):9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiménez JA, Eixarch E, DeKoninck P, et al. Balloon removal after fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(1):78.e1–78.e11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flageole H, Evrard VA, Piedboeuf B, et al. The plug–unplug sequence: an important step to achieve type II pneumocyte maturation in the fetal lamb model. J Pediatr Surg. 1998;33(2):299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison MR, Keller RL, Hawgood SB, et al. A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(20):1916–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruano R, Yoshisaki CT, da Silva MM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion versus postnatal management of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39(1):20–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jani JC, Nicolaides KH, Gratacós E, et al. Severe diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34(3):304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe-Beeston JG, Nicolaides KH. Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: prenatal diagnosis and outcome. Prenat Diagn. 1994;14(8):677–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laberge J-M, Puligandla P, Flageole H. Asymptomatic congenital lung malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005;14(1):16–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davenport M, Warne SA, Cacciaguerra S, et al. Current outcome of antenally diagnosed cystic lung disease. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(4):549–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achiron R, Hegesh J, Yagel S. Fetal lung lesions: a spectrum of disease. New classification based on pathogenesis, two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;24(2):107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzick NS, Flake AW, Crombleholme TM. Management of congenital lung lesions. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003;12(1):10–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendeloff EN. Sequestrations, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations, and congenital lobar emphysema. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;16(3):209–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clements BS, Warner JO. Pulmonary sequestration and related congenital bronchopulmonary-vascular malformations: nomenclature and classification based on anatomical and embryological considerations. Thorax. 1987;42(6):401–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes NA, Pilling DW. Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: embryology, radiology and quandary. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(12):2659–2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker JT, Madewell JE, Drake RM. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Classification and morphologic spectrum. Hum Pathol. 1977;8(2):155–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau H, Barak A, Karmazyn B, et al. Postnatal management of resolving fetal lung lesions. Pediatrics. 2002;109(1):105–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azizkhan RG, Crombleholme TM. Congenital cystic lung disease: contemporary antenatal and postnatal management. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008;24(6):643–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puligandla PS, Laberge J-M. Congenital lung lesions. Clin Perinatol. 2012;39(2):331–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombleholme TM, Coleman B, Hedrick H, et al. Cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio predicts outcome in prenatally diagnosed cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(3):331–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cass DL, Olutoye OO, Cassady CI, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal lung masses. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(2):292–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann S, Wilson RD, Bebbington MW, et al. Antenatal diagnosis and management of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):477–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent CE, Hayashi RH, Rubin J. Prenatal treatment of type I congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation by intrauterine fetal thoracentesis. J Clin Ultrasound. 1989;17(9):675–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao A, Monoson RF. Neonatal death despite fetal therapy for cystic adenomatoid malformation. A case report. J Reprod Med. 1990;35(6):655–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MF, Lewis D, Brouillette RM, et al. Successful prenatal management of hydrops, caused by congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, using serial aspirations. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30(7):1098–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson RD, Hedrick HL, Liechty KW, et al. Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: review of genetics, prenatal diagnosis, and in utero treatment. Am J Med Genet A. 2006;140(2):151–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrey S, Kelly EN, Langer JC, et al. Fetal thoracoamniotic shunting for large macrocystic congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39(5):515–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaveeva P, Stratieva V, Shivachev H, et al. Fetal therapy: intrauterine thoraco-amniotic shunting in macrocystic type cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: review of the literature and case report. Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2016;55(Suppl. 1 Pt 2):15–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szaflik K, Litwińska M, Oszukowski P, et al. Fetal therapy-evaluation of intrauterine therapy in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM). Ginekol Pol. 2015;86(1):8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isnard M, Kohler A, Kohler M, et al. Successful intrauterine therapy for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. A case report. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2007;22(5):325–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RP, Illanes S, Denbow ML, et al. Outcome of fetal pleural effusions treated by thoracoamniotic shunting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26(1):63–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant AM, Peranteau W, Wilson RD, et al. Postnatal chest wall deformities after fetal thoracoamniotic shunting for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2007;22(6):435–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzick NS. Management of fetal lung lesions. Clin Perinatol. 2003;30(3):481–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalek N, Johnson MP. Management of prenatally diagnosed lung lesions. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2013;22(1):24–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick HL. Ex utero intrapartum therapy. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2003;12(3):190–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedrick HL, Flake AW, Crombleholme TM, et al. The ex utero intrapartum therapy procedure for high-risk fetal lung lesions. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40(6):1038–1043; discussion 1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris LM, Lim F-Y, Crombleholme TM. Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure: a peripartum management strategy in particularly challenging cases. J Pediatr. 2009;154(1):126–131.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner JP, Jarnagin BK, Reinisch L. Percutaneous laser ablation of fetal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: too little, too late? Fetal Diagn Ther. 2000;15(6):359–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong SSC, Chan SY, Ewer AK, et al. Laser ablation of foetal microcystic lung lesion: successful outcome and rationale for its use. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2006;21(5):471–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter R. Pulmonary sequestration. Ann Thorac Surg. 1969;7(1):68–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arjun P, Palangadan S, Haque A, et al. Intralobar sequestration. Lung India. 2017;34(6):559–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luet'ic T, Crombleholme TM, Semple JP, et al. Early prenatal diagnosis of bronchopulmonary sequestration with associated diaphragmatic hernia. J Ultrasound Med. 1995;14(7):533–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavoretto P, Molina F, Poggi S, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of echogenic fetal lung lesions. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32(6):769–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witlox RS, Lopriore E, Oepkes D, et al. Neonatal outcome after prenatal interventions for congenital lung lesions. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(9):611–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajewska-Knapik K, Impey L. Congenital lung lesions: prenatal diagnosis and intervention. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2015;24(4):156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermúdez C, Pérez-Wulff J, Bufalino G, et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for complicated fetal intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;29(5):586–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achiron R, Weissman A, Lipitz S, et al. Fetal pleural effusion: the risk of fetal trisomy. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1995;39(3):153–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AM, Philipson EH, Ingardia CJ. Spontaneous resolution of second trimester fetal pleural effusion. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 1992;1(2):87–89.
   Google Scholar
• Adzick NS, Harrison MR, Crombleholme TM, et al. Fetal lung lesions: management and outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(4):884–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann S, Johnson MP, Wilson RD. Fetal thoracic and bladder shunts. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao A-S, Chao A, Chang Y-L, et al. Chest wall deformities in a newborn infant after in utero thoracoamniotic shunting for massive pleural effusion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;151(1):112–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkazaleh F, Saleem M, Badran E. Intrathoracic displacement of pleuroamniotic shunt after successful in utero treatment of fetal hydrops secondary to hydrothorax. Case report and review of the literature. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2009;25(1):40–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinon Y, Grisaru-Granovsky S, Chaddha V, et al. Perinatal outcome following fetal chest shunt insertion for pleural effusion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36(1):58–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong B-D, Won H-S, Lee M-Y, et al. Perinatal outcomes of fetal pleural effusion following thoracoamniotic shunting. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(13):1365–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi Y, Kawabata I, Sumie M, et al. Thoracoamniotic shunting for fetal pleural effusions using a double-basket shunt. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(13):1282–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deurloo KL, Devlieger R, Lopriore E, et al. Isolated fetal hydrothorax with hydrops: a systematic review of prenatal treatment options. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27(10):893–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick MH, Ferro MM, Filly RA, et al. Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS): a potential for perinatal intervention. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29(2):271–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalache KD, Chaoui R, Tennstedt C, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of laryngeal atresia in two cases of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS). Prenat Diagn. 1997;17(6):577–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechty KW. Ex-utero intrapartum therapy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan G, Somme S, Crombleholme TM. Airway compromise in the fetus and neonate: prenatal assessment and perinatal management. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;21(4):230–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassel AC, Graaff R, Aarnoudse JG, et al. Reflectance pulse oximetry in fetal lambs. Pediatr Res. 1992;31(3):266–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mychaliska GB, Bealer JF, Graf JL, et al. Operating on placental support: the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32(2):227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liechty KW, Crombleholme TM, Flake AW, et al. Intrapartum airway management for giant fetal neck masses: the EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177(4):870–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miwa I, Sase M, Nakamura Y, et al. Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome in the breech presentation managed by ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure after intraoperative external cephalic version. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(5):854–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui TH, Grunewald C, Frenckner B, et al. Successful EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure in a fetus diagnosed prenatally with congenital high-airway obstruction syndrome due to laryngeal atresia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2000;10(5):328–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro F, Sakumoto K, Masamoto H, et al. A case of Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome managed by ex utero intrapartum treatment: case report and review of the literature. Am J Perinatol. 2007;24(3):197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombleholme TM, Sylvester K, Flake AW, et al. Salvage of a fetus with Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome by ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2000;15(5):280–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly MF, Berenholz L, Rizzo KA, et al. Approach for oxygenation of the newborn with airway obstruction due to a cervical mass. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99(3 Pt 1):179–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell PT. Prenatal diagnosis and intrapartum management of neck masses causing airway obstruction. Paediatr Anaesth. 2004;14(1):48–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar DA, Olutoye OO, Moise KJ, et al. Ex-utero intrapartum treatment procedure for giant neck masses—fetal and maternal outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(5):817–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laje P, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, et al. Ex utero intrapartum treatment in the management of giant cervical teratomas. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(6):1208–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck MM, Rai E, Vijayaselvi R, et al. Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) for a large fetal neck mass. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2018;68(2):142–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo F, Peiró JL, Carreras E, et al. The exit procedure (ex-utero intrapartum treatment): management of giant fetal cervical teratoma. J Perinat Med. 2007;35(6):553–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmait RH, Chon AH, Anselmo D, et al. In utero fetal intubation for a large neck mass: a minimally invasive EXIT option. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2019;45(4):275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher DA, Klein AH. Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn. N Engl J Med. 1981;304(12):702–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delay F, Dochez V, Biquard F, et al. Management of fetal goiters: 6-year retrospective observational study in three prenatal diagnosis and treatment centers of the Pays de Loire perinatal network. J MaternFetal Neonatal Med. 2018;33:2561–2569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Laurberg P. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1(3):238–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luton D, Le Gac I, Vuillard E, et al. Management of Graves' disease during pregnancy: the key role of fetal thyroid gland monitoring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(11):6093–6098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranzini AC, Ananth CV, Smulian JC, et al. Ultrasonography of the fetal thyroid: nomograms based on biparietal diameter and gestational age. J Ultrasound Med. 2001;20(6):613–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Andersen SL. Therapy of endocrine disease: antithyroid drug use in early pregnancy and birth defects: time windows of relative safety and high risk? Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(1):R13–R20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Léger J. Management of fetal and neonatal Graves' disease. Horm Res Paediatr. 2017;87(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo CM, Falcão I, Vilaverde J, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and management of a fetal goiter hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2018;2018:9564737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliddal S, Rasmussen ÅK, Sundberg K, et al. Graves' disease in two pregnancies complicated by fetal goitrous hypothyroidism: successful in utero treatment with levothyroxine. Thyroid. 2011;21(1):75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamisi S, Lindgren P, Karlsson FA. A rare case of dyshormonogenetic fetal goiter responding to intra-amniotic thyroxine injections. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3(1):51–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mastrolia SA, Mandola A, Mazor M, et al. Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroid fetal goiter in an euthyroid mother: a case report and review of literature. J MaternFetal Neonatal Med. 2015;28(18):2214–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi M, Yagasaki H, Saito T, et al. Fetal goitrous hypothyroidism treated by intra-amniotic levothyroxine administration: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;30(9):1001–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanono A, Shah B, David R, et al. Antenatal treatment of fetal goiter: a therapeutic challenge. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009;22(1):76–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui H, Gardiner H. Fetal intervention for cardiac disease: the cutting edge of perinatal care. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):482–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeggi E, Öhman A. Fetal and neonatal arrhythmias. Clin Perinatol. 2016;43(1):99–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeggi ET, Nii M. Fetal brady- and tachyarrhythmias: new and accepted diagnostic and treatment methods. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;10(6):504–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krapp M, Kohl T, Simpson JM, et al. Review of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Br Card Soc. 2003;89(8):913–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JM, Sharland GK. Fetal tachycardias: management and outcome of 127 consecutive cases. Heart Br Card Soc. 1998;79(6):576–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuneo BF, Strasburger JF. Management strategy for fetal tachycardia. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(4):575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasburger JF, Cuneo BF, Michon MM, et al. Amiodarone therapy for drug-refractory fetal tachycardia. Circulation. 2004;109(3):375–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeno Y, Hirose A, Kanbe T, et al. Fetal arrhythmia: prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(4):623–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes LM, Tavares GMP, Damiano AP, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal atrioventricular block: one-hundred-sixteen cases from a single institution. Circulation. 2008;118(12):1268–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt KG, Ulmer HE, Silverman NH, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(6):1360–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeno Y, Himeno W, Saito A, et al. Clinical course of fetal congenital atrioventricular block in the Japanese population: a multicentre experience. Heart. 2005;91(8):1075–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Kaneko M, Kim K-S, et al. Outcome of prenatally diagnosed isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block treated with transplacental betamethasone or ritodrine therapy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30(1):35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copel JA, Buyon JP, Kleinman CS. Successful in utero therapy of fetal heart block. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(5):1384–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walkinshaw SA, Welch CR, McCormack J, et al. In utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1994;9(3):183–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assad RS, Zielinsky P, Kalil R, et al. New lead for in utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126(1):300–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud LR, Tworetzky W. Fetal interventions for congenital heart disease. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016;28(2):156–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman JI. Incidence of congenital heart disease: II. Pediatr Cardiol. 1995;16(4):155–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan LD, Sharland GK, Milburn A, et al. Prospective diagnosis of 1,006 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease in the fetus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(6):1452–1458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman JIE, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890–1900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axt-Fliedner R, Enzensberger C, Fass N, et al. Fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart, associations and outcomes in the current era. Ultraschall Med. 2012;33(7):E51–E56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allan LD, Anderson RH, Cook AC. Atresia or absence of the left-sided atrioventricular connection in the fetus: echocardiographic diagnosis and outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1996;8(5):295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moodley S, Tacy TA. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: diagnosis, care and management from fetal life and beyond. NeoReviews. 2015;16(2):e109.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson JM, Sharland GK. Natural history and outcome of aortic stenosis diagnosed prenatally. Heart. 1997;77(3):205–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MäKikallioK, McElhinneyDB, LevineJC, et al. Fetal aortic valve stenosis and the evolution of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: patient selection for fetal intervention. Circulation. 2006;113(11):1401–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell D, Allan L, Tynan MJ. Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus: a report of two cases. Br Heart J. 1991;65(5):256–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vlahos AP, Lock JE, McElhinney DB, et al. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or highly restrictive atrial septum: outcome after neonatal transcatheter atrial septostomy. Circulation. 2004;109(19):2326–2330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychik J, Rome JJ, Collins MH, et al. The hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: atrial morphology, pulmonary vascular histopathology and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(2):554–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schidlow DN, Freud L, Friedman K, et al. Fetal interventions for structural heart disease. Echocardiography. 2017;34(12):1834–1841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall AC, van der Velde ME, Tworetzky W, et al. Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum. Circulation. 2004;110(3):253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall AC, Levine J, Morash D, et al. Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2008;28(11):1023–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner HM. In-utero intervention for severe congenital heart disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;22(1):49–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tworetzky W, McElhinney DB, Marx GR, et al. In utero valvuloplasty for pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right ventricle: techniques and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2009;124(3):e510–e518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polat T, Danısman N. Pulmonary valvulotomy in a fetus with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: first experience in Turkey. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2012;14(3):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graupner O, Enzensberger C, Axt-Fliedner R. New aspects in the diagnosis and therapy of fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2019;79(8):863–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl T. Chronic intermittent materno-fetal hyperoxygenation in late gestation may improve on hypoplastic cardiovascular structures associated with cardiac malformations in human fetuses. Pediatr Cardiol. 2010;31(2):250–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Co-Vu J, Lopez-Colon D, Vyas HV, et al. Maternal hyperoxygenation: a potential therapy for congenital heart disease in the fetuses? A systematic review of the current literature. Echocardiography. 2017;34(12):1822–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet SL, Yang Q, Mai C, et al. Trends in the postfortification prevalence of spina bifida and anencephaly in the United States. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2008;82(7):527–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canfield MA, Honein MA, Yuskiv N, et al. National estimates and race/ethnic-specific variation of selected birth defects in the United States, 1999–2001. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006;76(11):747–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell LE, Adzick NS, Melchionne J, et al. Spina bifida. Lancet. 2004;364(9448):1885–1895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wals P, Tairou F, Van Allen MI, et al. Reduction in neural-tube defects after folic acid fortification in Canada. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(2):135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchins GM, Meuli M, Meuli-Simmen C, et al. Acquired spinal cord injury in human fetuses with myelomeningocele. Fetal Pediatr Pathol. 1996;16(5):701–712.
   Google Scholar
• Heffez DS, Aryanpur J, Hutchins GM, et al. The paralysis associated with myelomeningocele: clinical and experimental data implicating a preventable spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery. 1990;26(6):987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner JP, Tulipan NB, Richards WO, et al. In utero repair of myelomeningocele: a comparison of endoscopy and hysterotomy. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2000;15(2):83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner JP, Richards WO, Tulipan NB, et al. Endoscopic coverage of fetal myelomeningocele in utero. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(1 Pt 1):153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer DL, von Koch CS, Peacock WJ, et al. In utero repair of myelomeningocele: experimental pathophysiology, initial clinical experience, and outcomes. Arch Surg. 2003;138(8):872–878.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruner JP, Tulipan N, Paschall RL, et al. Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele and the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. JAMA. 1999;282(19):1819–1825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulipan N, Sutton LN, Bruner JP, et al. The effect of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair on the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;38(1):27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner JP, Tulipan N, Reed G, et al. Intrauterine repair of spina bifida: preoperative predictors of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1305–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulipan N, Bruner JP, Hernanz-Schulman M, et al. Effect of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair on central nervous system structure and function. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1999;31(4):183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubbs RS, Chambers MR, Smyth MD, et al. Late gestational intrauterine myelomeningocele repair does not improve lower extremity function. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2003;38(3):128–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulipan N, Bruner JP. Myelomeningocele repair in utero: a report of three cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1998;28(4):177–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, et al. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):993–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulipan N, Wellons JC, Thom EA, et al. Prenatal surgery for myelomeningocele and the need for cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;16(6):613–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer DL, Thom EA, Brock JW, et al. The management of myelomeningocele study: full cohort 30-month pediatric outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(2):256.e1–256.e13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz Cortes M, Davila I, Torres P, et al. Does fetoscopic or open repair for spina bifida affect fetal and postnatal growth? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;53(3):314–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedreira DAL, Zanon N, Nishikuni K, et al. Endoscopic surgery for the antenatal treatment of myelomeningocele: the CECAM trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(1):111.e1–111.e11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MP, Bennett KA, Rand L, et al. The management of myelomeningocele study: obstetrical outcomes and risk factors for obstetrical complications following prenatal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(6):778.e1–778.e9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness UF, Crombleholme TM. Twin–twin transfusion syndrome: where do we go from here?Semin Perinatol. 2005;29(5):296–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA. Twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Clin Perinatol. 2003;30(3):591–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habli M, Lim FY, Crombleholme T. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: a comprehensive update. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(2):391–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstaetter C, Hansmann M, Eik-Nes SH, et al. A cardiovascular profile score in the surveillance of fetal hydrops. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19(7):407–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AD, Border WL, Crombleholme TM, et al. Initial fetal cardiovascular profile score predicts recipient twin outcome in twin–twin transfusion syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(10):1105–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rychik J, Tian Z, Bebbington M, et al. The twin–twin transfusion syndrome: spectrum of cardiovascular abnormality and development of a cardiovascular score to assess severity of disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(4):392.e1–392.e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir PE, Ratten GJ, Beischer NA. Acute polyhydramnios—a complication of monozygous twin pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1979;86(11):849–853.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mari G, Roberts A, Detti L, et al. Perinatal morbidity and mortality rates in severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome: results of the International Amnioreduction Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):708–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross MG, van den Wijngaard JPHM, van Gemert MJC. TTTS amnioreduction versus septostomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(3):881–882, author reply 882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington M. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: current understanding of pathophysiology, in-utero therapy and impact for future development. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Ville Y. Laser treatment in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):450–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lia JE, Cruikshank DP, Keye WR. Fetoscopic neodymium:YAG laser occlusion of placental vessels in severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1990;75(6):1046–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA, Morales WJ, Mendoza G, et al. Selective photocoagulation of placental vessels in twin–twin transfusion syndrome: evolution of a surgical technique. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1998;53(12 Suppl.):S97–S103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quintero RA, Dickinson JE, Morales WJ, et al. Stage-based treatment of twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1333–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senat M-V, Deprest J, Boulvain M, et al. Endoscopic laser surgery versus serial amnioreduction for severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(2):136–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber A, Diehl W, Bregenzer T, et al. Stage-related outcome in twin–twin transfusion syndrome treated by fetoscopic laser coagulation. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108(2):333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombleholme TM, Shera D, Lee H, et al. A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial of amnioreduction vs selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation for the treatment of severe twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(4):396.e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore TR, Gale S, Benirschke K. Perinatal outcome of forty-nine pregnancies complicated by acardiac twinning. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;163(3):907–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen MC. Developmental outcome and followup of the small for gestational age infant. Semin Perinatol. 1984;8(2):123–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umur A, van Gemert MJC, van den Wijngaard JPHM, et al. Haemodynamic resistance model of monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by acardiac twinning. Phys Med Biol. 2004;49(14):N205–N213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot R, Van Den Wijngaard JPHM, Umur A, et al. Modeling acardiac twin pregnancies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1101:235–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl W, Hecher K. Selective cord coagulation in acardiac twins. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):458–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong AE, Sepulveda W. Acardiac anomaly: current issues in prenatal assessment and treatment. Prenat Diagn. 2005;25(9):796–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelin E, Hirose S, Rand L, et al. Perinatal outcome of conservative management versus fetal intervention for twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence with a small acardiac twin. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2010;27(3):138–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Wagner AJ, Sy E, et al. Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(5):459.e1–459.e4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao K, Feldstein VA, Albanese CT, et al. Selective reduction of acardiac twin by radiofrequency ablation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(3):635–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan TYT, Sepulveda W. Acardiac twin: a systematic review of minimally invasive treatment modalities. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22(4):409–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewi L, Gratacos E, Ortibus E, et al. Pregnancy and infant outcome of 80 consecutive cord coagulations in complicated monochorionic multiple pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(3):782–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Lewi L, Gratacos E, et al. Twin reversed arterial perfusion: fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental anastomoses or the umbilical cord. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;28(5):688–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branger B, Winer N. Epidemiology of anti-D allo-immunization during pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2006;35(1 Suppl.):1S87–1S92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moise KJ, Argoti PS. Management and prevention of red cell alloimmunization in pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(5):1132–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oepkes D, Adama van Scheltema P. Intrauterine fetal transfusions in the management of fetal anemia and fetal thrombocytopenia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liley AW. Liquor amnil analysis in the management of the pregnancy complicated by resus sensitization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1961;82:1359–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari G, Deter RL, Carpenter RL, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Collaborative Group for Doppler Assessment of the Blood Velocity in Anemic Fetuses. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(1):9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oepkes D, Seaward PG, Vandenbussche FPHA, et al. Doppler ultrasonography versus amniocentesis to predict fetal anemia. N Engl J Med. 2006;13(2):156–164.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman R, Carpenter RJ, Durig P, et al. Longitudinal measurement of peak systolic velocity in the fetal middle cerebral artery for monitoring pregnancies complicated by red cell alloimmunisation: a prospective multicentre trial with intention-to-treat. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;109(7):746–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari G, Zimmermann R, Moise KJ, et al. Correlation between middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity and fetal hemoglobin after 2 previous intrauterine transfusions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3):1117–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papantoniou N, Sifakis S, Antsaklis A. Therapeutic management of fetal anemia: review of standard practice and alternative treatment options. J Perinat Med. 2013;41(1):71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby WM, Brobmann GF, Chang AC. Intrauterine transfusion and fetal death. Relationship of intraperitoneal pressure to umbilical vein blood flow. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1970;108(1):135–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman CR, Biehl DR, Pollock JM, et al. Intrauterine transfusion: kinetics of absorption of donor cells in fetal lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;145(7):830–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiblad E, Kublickas M, Ajne G, et al. Procedure-related complications and perinatal outcome after intrauterine transfusions in red cell alloimmunization in Stockholm. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011;30(4):266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kamp IL, Klumper FJCM, Oepkes D, et al. Complications of intrauterine intravascular transfusion for fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(1):171–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeck CH, Kemp JR, Holman CA, et al. Direct intravascular fetal blood transfusion by fetoscopy in severe Rhesus isoimmunisation. Lancet. 1981;317(8221):625–627.
   Google Scholar
• Grab D, Paulus WE, Bommer A, et al. Treatment of fetal erythroblastosis by intravascular transfusions: outcome at 6 years. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;93(2):165–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenburg IT, Smits-Wintjens VE, van Klink JM, et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine transfusion for hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn: the LOTUS study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(2):141.e1–141.e8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmund A, Geipel A, Berg C, et al. Early intrauterine transfusion in fetuses with severe anemia caused by parvovirus B19 infection. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2018;43(2):129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms RA, Liebling RE, Patel RR, et al. Management and outcome of pregnancies with parvovirus B19 infection over seven years in a tertiary fetal medicine unit. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2009;25(4):373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schild RL, Bald R, Plath H, et al. Intrauterine management of fetal parvovirus B19 infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999;13(3):161–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan TR, van den Akker ESA, Porcelijn L, et al. Thrombocytopenia in hydropic fetuses with parvovirus B19 infection: incidence, treatment and correlation with fetal B19 viral load. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;115(1):76–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinon Y, Visser J, Kelly EN, et al. Early intrauterine transfusion in severe red blood cell alloimmunization. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;36(5):601–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone-Ayliffe C, Prior T, Ong C, et al. Early procedure-related complications of fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion for fetal anemia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(4):458–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osanan GC, Reis ZNS, Apocalypse IG, et al. Predictive factors of perinatal mortality in transfused fetuses due to maternal alloimmunization: what really matters? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(8):1333–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwiers C, van Kamp I, Oepkes D, et al. Intrauterine transfusion and non-invasive treatment options for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn – review on current management and outcome. Expert Rev Hematol. 2017;10(4):337–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branch DW, Porter TF, Paidas MJ, et al. Obstetric uses of intravenous immunoglobulin: successes, failures, and promises. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(4 Suppl.):S133–S138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottvall T, Selbing A. Alloimmunization during pregnancy treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Effects on fetal hemoglobin concentration and anti-D concentrations in the mother and fetus. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995;74(10):777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin G, Selbing A, Ryden G. Rhesus haemolytic disease treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. Lancet. 1985;325(8438):1153.
   Google Scholar
• Voto LS, Mathet ER, Zapaterio JL, et al. High-dose gammaglobulin (IVIG) followed by intrauterine transfusions (IUTs): a new alternative for the treatment of severe fetal hemolytic disease. J Perinat Med. 1997;25(1):85–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Cámara C, Arrieta R, González A, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as the sole prenatal treatment for severe Rh immunization. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(8):519–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz J, Padmanabhan A, Aqui N, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the Seventh Special Issue. J Clin Apher. 2016;31(3):149–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angela E, Robinson E, Tovey LA. Intensive plasma exchange in the management of severe Rh disease. Br J Haematol. 1980;45(4):621–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Johnson MP. Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(2):377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris RK, Malin GL, Khan KS, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of antenatal intervention for the treatment of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction. BJOG. 2010;117(4):382–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Fisk NM. Distal urinary obstruction. Clin Perinatol. 2003;30(3):507–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lissauer D, Morris RK, Kilby MD. Fetal lower urinary tract obstruction. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12(6):464–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Housley HT, Harrison MR. Fetal urinary tract abnormalities. Natural history, pathophysiology, and treatment. Urol Clin North Am. 1998;25(1):63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris RK, Malin GL, Quinlan-Jones E, et al. Percutaneous vesicoamniotic shunting versus conservative management for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (PLUTO): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9903):1496–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MP, Bukowski TP, Reitleman C, et al. In utero surgical treatment of fetal obstructive uropathy: a new comprehensive approach to identify appropriate candidates for vesicoamniotic shunt therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(6):1770–1776; discussion 1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saccone G, D’Alessandro P, Escolino M, et al. Antenatal intervention for congenital fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;33(15):1–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA, Castro LAG, Bermudez C, et al. In utero management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction with a novel shunt: a landmark development in fetal therapy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(8):806–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruano R, Sananes N, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, et al. Fetal intervention for severe lower urinary tract obstruction: a multicenter case-control study comparing fetal cystoscopy with vesicoamniotic shunting. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;45(4):452–458.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quintero RA, Hume R, Smith C, et al. Percutaneous fetal cystoscopy and endoscopic fulguration of posterior urethral valves. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;172(1 Pt 1):206–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruano R, Duarte S, Bunduki V, et al. Fetal cystoscopy for severe lower urinary tract obstruction–initial experience of a single center. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(1):30–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen HT, Herndon CDA, Cooper C, et al. The Society for Fetal Urology consensus statement on the evaluation and management of antenatal hydronephrosis. J Pediatr Urol. 2010;6(3):212–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha A, Bagga A, Krishna A, et al. Revised guidelines on management of antenatal hydronephrosis. Indian J Nephrol. 2013;23(2):83–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sairam S, Al-Habib A, Sasson S, et al. Natural history of fetal hydronephrosis diagnosed on mid-trimester ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001;17(3):191–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu DB, Armstrong WR, Maizels M. Hydronephrosis: prenatal and postnatal evaluation and management. Clin Perinatol. 2014;41(3):661–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon CD, Ferrer FA, Freedman A, et al. Consensus on the prenatal management of antenatally detected urological abnormalities. J Urol. 2000;164(3 Pt 2):1052–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson MP, Corsi P, Bradfield W, et al. Sequential urinalysis improves evaluation of fetal renal function in obstructive uropathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biard J-M, Johnson MP, Carr MC, et al. Long-term outcomes in children treated by prenatal vesicoamniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(3):503–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman AL, Johnson MP, Smith CA, et al. Long-term outcome in children after antenatal intervention for obstructive uropathies. Lancet. 1999;354(9176):374–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLorie G, Farhat W, Khoury A, et al. Outcome analysis of vesicoamniotic shunting in a comprehensive population. J Urol. 2001;166(3):1036–1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddart SN, Mann JR, Robinson K, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratomas: the UK Children's Cancer Study Group's experience. I. Neonatal. Pediatr Surg Int. 2003;19(1–2):47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swamy R, Embleton N, Hale J. Sacrococcygeal teratoma over two decades: birth prevalence, prenatal diagnosis and clinical outcomes. Prenat Diagn. 2008;28(11):1048–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bale PM. Sacrococcygeal developmental abnormalities and tumors in children. Perspect Pediatr Pathol. 1984;8(1):9–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keslar PJ, Buck JL, Suarez ES. Germ cell tumors of the sacrococcygeal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1994;14(3):607–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izant RJ, Filston HC. Sacrococcygeal teratomas. Analysis of forty-three cases. Am J Surg. 1975;130(5):617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman RP, Randolph JG, Lilly JR. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: American Academy of Pediatrics Surgical Section Survey-1973. J Pediatr Surg. 1974;9(3):389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adzick NS. Open fetal surgery for life-threatening fetal anomalies. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flake AW. Fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1993;2(2):113–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoon HM, Byeon S-J, Hwang J-Y, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratomas in newborns: a comprehensive review for the radiologists. Acta Radiol. 1987;59(2):236–246.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez MA, Cass DL, Lazar DA, et al. Tumor volume to fetal weight ratio as an early prognostic classification for fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6):1182–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shue E, Bolouri M, Jelin EB, et al. Tumor metrics and morphology predict poor prognosis in prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: a 25-year experience at a single institution. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(6):1225–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerburg B, Feldstein VA, Sandberg PL, et al. Sonographic prognostic factors in fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35(2):322–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne FA, Lee H, Kipps AK, et al. Echocardiographic risk stratification of fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma and twin-reversed arterial perfusion. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011;30(4):280–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim J, Pavageau L, Miller J, et al. Case 2: a large prenatally undiagnosed mass in a preterm infant, what could it be? NeoReviews. 2018;19(7):e413.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson RD, Hedrick H, Flake AW, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratomas: prenatal surveillance, growth and pregnancy outcome. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2009;25(1):15–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin EC, Hyett J, Ade-Ajayi N, et al. Outcome of antenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratomas: single-center experience (1993–2004). J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(2):388–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecher K, Hackelöer BJ. Intrauterine endoscopic laser surgery for fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Lancet. 1996;347(8999):470.]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek BW, Jennings RW, Harrison MR, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of human fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(3):503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam YH, Tang MHY, Shek TWH. Thermocoagulation of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22(2):99–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouannic JM, Dommergues M, Auber F, et al. Successful intrauterine shunting of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) causing fetal bladder obstruction. Prenat Diagn. 2001;21(10):824–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M-Y, Won H-S, Hyun M-K, et al. Perinatal outcome of sacrococcygeal teratoma. Prenat Diagn. 2011;31(13):1217–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penny SM. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: a literature review. Radiol Technol. 2012;84(1):11–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakhoo K. Neonatal teratomas. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86(10):643–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roybal JL, Moldenhauer JS, Khalek N, et al. Early delivery as an alternative management strategy for selected high-risk fetal sacrococcygeal teratomas. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(7):1325–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm CA, Heider AL, Kuller JA, et al. Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma. Am J Perinatol. 1998;15(8):503–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrick HL, Flake AW, Crombleholme TM, et al. Sacrococcygeal teratoma: prenatal assessment, fetal intervention, and outcome. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(3):430–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt KG, Silverman NH, Harison MR, et al. High-output cardiac failure in fetuses with large sacrococcygeal teratoma: diagnosis by echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. J Pediatr. 1989;114(6):1023–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mieghem T, Al-Ibrahim A, Deprest J, et al. Minimally invasive therapy for fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma: case series and systematic review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43(6):611–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh TW, Kennedy AM. Fetal ovarian cysts: review of imaging spectrum, differential diagnosis, management, and outcome. Radiographics. 2015;35(2):621–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva CT, Engel C, Cross SN, et al. Postnatal sonographic spectrum of prenatally detected abdominal and pelvic cysts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(6):W684–W696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enríquez G, Durán C, Torán N, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment for complex neonatal ovarian cysts: outcomes study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;185(2):501–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum AR, Sanders RC, Hartman DS, et al. Neonatal ovarian cysts: sonographic-pathologic correlation. Radiology. 1988;168(3):817–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmrath MA, Shin CE, Warner BW. Ovarian cysts in the pediatric population. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1998;7(1):19–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giorlandino C, Rivosecchi M, Bilancioni E, et al. Successful intrauterine therapy of a large fetal ovarian cyst. Prenat Diagn. 1990;10(7):473–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noia G, Riccardi M, Visconti D, et al. Invasive fetal therapies: approach and results in treating fetal ovarian cysts. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(3):299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crombleholme TM, Craigo SD, Garmel S, et al. Fetal ovarian cyst decompression to prevent torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32(10):1447–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagolan P, Giorlandino C, Nahom A, et al. The management of fetal ovarian cysts. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(1):25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyraskis A, Bakalis S, David AL, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on fetal ovarian cysts: impact of size, appearance and prenatal aspiration. Prenat Diagn. 2017;37(10):951–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torpin R. Amniochorionic mesoblastic fibrous strings and amnionic bands: associated constricting fetal malformations or fetal death. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965;91:65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garza A, Cordero JF, Mulinare J. Epidemiology of the early amnion rupture spectrum of defects. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142(5):541–544.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higginbottom MC, Jones KL, Hall BD, et al. The amniotic band disruption complex: timing of amniotic rupture and variable spectra of consequent defects. J Pediatr. 1979;95(4):544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KL, Smith DW, Hall BD, et al. A pattern of craniofacial and limb defects secondary to aberrant tissue bands. J Pediatr. 1974;84(1):90–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter JH, Goss LR, Lazzara AT. Amniotic band syndrome. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37(4):325–333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma D, Murki S, Pratap OT. Amniotic deformity, adhesions, mutilations (ADAM) complex: a frightful condition. Iran J Pediatr. 2015;25(1):e250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzweig N. Constriction band-induced vascular compromise of the foot: classification and management of the “intermediate” stage of constriction-ring syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96(4):972–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüsler MR, Wilson RD, Horii SC, et al. When is fetoscopic release of amniotic bands indicated? Review of outcome of cases treated in utero and selection criteria for fetal surgery. Prenat Diagn. 2009;29(5):457–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keswani SG, Johnson MP, Adzick NS, et al. In utero limb salvage: fetoscopic release of amniotic bands for threatened limb amputation. J Pediatr Surg. 2003;38(6):848–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter J, Wergeland H, DeKoninck P, et al. Fetoscopic release of an amniotic band with risk of amputation: case report and review of the literature. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012;31(2):134–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derderian SC, Iqbal CW, Goldstein R, et al. Fetoscopic approach to amniotic band syndrome. J Pediatr Surg. 2014;49(2):359–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadian P, Shamshirsaz AA, Haeri S, et al. Perinatal outcome after fetoscopic release of amniotic bands: a single-center experience and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42(4):449–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal CW, Derderian SC, Cheng Y, et al. Amniotic band syndrome: a single-institutional experience. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2015;37(1):1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiró JL, Carreras E, Soldado F, et al. Fetoscopic release of umbilical cord amniotic band in a human fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33(2):232–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldado F, Aguirre M, Peiró JL, et al. Fetoscopic release of extremity amniotic bands with risk of amputation. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009;29(3):290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero RA, Morales WJ, Phillips J, et al. In utero lysis of amniotic bands. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1997;10(5):316–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sentilhes L, Verspyck E, Eurin D, et al. Favourable outcome of a tight constriction band secondary to amniotic band syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 2004;24(3):198–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronderos-Dumit D, Briceño F, Navarro H, et al. Endoscopic release of limb constriction rings in utero. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2006;21(3):255–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain LE, Flake AW. In utero stem cell transplantation and gene therapy: recent progress and the potential for clinical application. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;31:88–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman IL, Shizuru JA. The origins of the identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells, and their capability to induce donor-specific transplantation tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. Blood. 2008;112(9):3543–3553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roybal JL, Santore MT, Flake AW. Stem cell and genetic therapies for the fetus. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;15(1):46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature. 1953;172(4379):603–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billingham RE, Brent L, Medawar PB. ‘Actively acquired tolerance’ of foreign cells. J Immunol. 2010;184(1):5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahama Y. Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(2):127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flake AW, Roncarolo MG, Puck JM, et al. Treatment of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by in utero transplantation of paternal bone marrow. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(24):1806–1810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wengler GS, Lanfranchi A, Frusca T, et al. In-utero transplantation of parental CD34 haematopoietic progenitor cells in a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDXI). Lancet. 1996;348(9040):1484–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnani A, Jouannic J-M, Rosain J, et al. Successful in utero stem cell transplantation in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Blood Adv. 2019;3(3):237–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touraine JL, Raudrant D, Royo C, et al. In-utero transplantation of stem cells in bare lymphocyte syndrome. Lancet. 1989;333(8651):1382.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson EG, Flake AW. Stem cell and genetic therapies for the fetus. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2013;22(1):56–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattar CN, Choolani M, Biswas A, et al. Fetal gene therapy: recent advances and current challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011;11(10):1257–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukogeorgakis SP, Flake AW. In utero stem cell and gene therapy: current status and future perspectives. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2014;24(3):237–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt R, MacKenzie TC, Peranteau WH. Fetal stem cell and gene therapy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;22(6):410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar