Differential impact of abnormal vaginal colonization on perinatal outcome and association with early-onset neonatal sepsis: preterm labor vs. preterm premature rupture of membrane

References

• Anderson BL, Mendez-Figueroa H, Dahlke JD, et al. Pregnancy-induced changes in immune protection of the genital tract: defining normal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208(4):321.e321–321.e329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelinghuys MJ, Ehlers MM, Dreyer AW, et al. Normal flora and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: an overview. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2016;42(3):352–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Gomez R, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(Suppl 2):41–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donati L, Di Vico A, Nucci M, et al. Vaginal microbial flora and outcome of pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281(4):589–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capoccia R, Greub G, Baud D. Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(3):231–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak DW, Hwang HS, Kwon JY, et al. Co-infection with vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis increases adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(4):333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abele-Horn M, Scholz M, Wolff C, et al. High-density vaginal Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization as a risk factor for chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2000;79(11):973–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekki M, Kurki T, Pelkonen J, et al. Vaginal clindamycin in preventing preterm birth and peripartal infections in asymptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis: a randomized, controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(5 Pt 1):643–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC, et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(8):534–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;104(12):1391–1397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donders GG, Van Calsteren C, Bellen G, et al. Association between abnormal vaginal flora and cervical length as risk factors for preterm birth. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010. DOI:10.1002/uog.7568
   Google Scholar
• Carey JC, Yaffe SJ, Catz C. The vaginal infections and prematurity study: an overview. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993;36(4):809–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey JC, Klebanoff MA. Is a change in the vaginal flora associated with an increased risk of preterm birth? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192(4):1341–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Jolley P, et al. Vaginal infection and preterm labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991;98(5):427–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramos B. D A, Kanninen TT, Sisti G, et al. Microorganisms in the female genital tract during pregnancy: tolerance versus pathogenesis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(5):383–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seliga-Siwecka JP, Kornacka MK. Neonatal outcome of preterm infants born to mothers with abnormal genital tract colonisation and chorioamnionitis: a cohort study. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(5):271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeman L, Dresang LT, Fontaine P. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2016;93(2):121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn JT. An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. Clinical experience. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(8):987–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin CR, Dammann O, Allred EN, et al. Neurodevelopment of extremely preterm infants who had necrotizing enterocolitis with or without late bacteremia. J Pediatr. 2010;157(5):751–756 e751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericson JE, Laughon MM. Chorioamnionitis: implications for the neonate. Clin Perinatol. 2015;42(1):155–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzo G, Capponi A, Rinaldo D, et al. Interleukin-6 concentrations in cervical secretions identify microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175(4 Pt 1):812–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitti J, Hillier SL, Agnew KJ, et al. Vaginal indicators of amniotic fluid infection in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(2):211–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wortham JM, Hansen NI, Schrag SJ, et al. Chorioamnionitis and culture-confirmed, early-onset neonatal infections. Pediatrics. 2016;137(1):e20152323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SM, Chang M, Kim KS. Blood culture proven early onset sepsis and late onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(Suppl 1):S67–S74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chander J, Huria A, Gupta V, et al. Vaginal flora in preterm premature rupture of membranes and their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. Asian J Med Sci. 2014;5(4):58–60.
   Google Scholar
• Chan GJ, Lee AC, Baqui AH, et al. Risk of early-onset neonatal infection with maternal infection or colonization: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Med. 2013;10(8):e1001502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Truque N, Tedeschi S, Saye EJ, et al. Relationship between maternal and neonatal Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1252–e1259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tameliene R, Barcaite E, Stoniene D, et al. Escherichia coli colonization in neonates: prevalence, perinatal transmission, antimicrobial susceptibility, and risk factors. Medicina. 2012;48(2):71–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JY, Sung JH, Chang KH, et al. Abnormal vaginal colonization by gram-negative bacteria is significantly higher in pregnancy conceived through infertility treatment compared to natural pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(5):556–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CW, Park JS, Moon KC, et al. Preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes have a different pattern in the involved compartments of acute histologoic chorioamnionitis and/or funisitis: patho-physiologic implication related to different clinical manifestations. Pathol Int. 2016;66(6):325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders GG. Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21(3):355–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, et al. The association of occult amniotic fluid infection with gestational age and neonatal outcome among women in preterm labor. Obstet Gynecol. 1992;79(3):351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders GG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, et al. Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis. BJOG. 2002;109(1):34–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders G, Bellen G, Rezeberga D. Aerobic vaginitis in pregnancy. BJOG. 2011;118(10):1163–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley N, Poljak B, Mammarella S, et al. Clinical guidelines for prevention and management of preterm birth: a systematic review. BJOG. 2018;125(11):1361–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics TACoO Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 130: prediction and prevention of preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(4):964–973.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaambo E, Africa C, Chambuso R, et al. Vaginal microbiomes associated with aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Front Public Health. 2018;6(78):78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamont RF. Advances in the prevention of infection-related preterm birth. Front Immunol. 2015;6:566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar