References
- Shan ZY, Chen YY, Teng WP, et al. A study for maternal thyroid hormone deficiency during the first half of pregnancy in China. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(1):37–42.
- Su PY, Huang K, Hao JH, et al. Maternal thyroid function in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy and subsequent fetal and infant development: a prospective population-based cohort study in China. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3234–3241.
- Léger J, dos Santos S, Larroque B, et al. Pregnancy outcomes and relationship to treatment adequacy in women treated early for congenital hypothyroidism: a longitudinal population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(3):860–869.
- Alexander E, Abalovich M, Stagnaro Green A, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011;21(10):1081–1125.
- Dong J, Peng T, Li M-Q, et al. Association between maternal thyroxine and risk of fetal congenital heart defects: a hospital-based cohort study. Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:3859388.
- Rytter D, Andersen SL, Bech BH, et al. Maternal thyroid function in pregnancy may program offspring blood pressure, but not adiposity at 20 y of age. Pediatr Res. 2016;80(1):7–13.
- Abuhamad AZ, Chaoui R. A practical guide to fetal echocardiography normal and abnormal hearts. 3rd ed. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health Inc.; 2015. p. 66–252.
- Dong FQ. Guidelines for ultrasonic examination of fetal heart in China. 1st ed. Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House; 2018. p. 33–108.
- Zhang YH, Chen GH, Li WJ, et al. The value of Tei index in evaluating fetal cardiac function after average heart rate correction. J Appl Med. 2013;29(22):3655–3657.
- Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas J, et al. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017;390(10101):1550–1562.
- Sun T, Guan AN, Zhang XY. Diagnosis and treatment of 21 cases of hypothyroidism heart disease. Chin J Pract Intern Med. 2001;21(5):300–301.
- Kahaly GJ, Dillmann WH. Thyroid hormone action in the heart. Endocr Rev. 2005;26(5):704–728.
- Kahaly G, Mohr-Kahaly S, Beyer J, et al. Left ventricular function analyzed by Doppler and echocardiographic methods in short-term hypothyroidism. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(8):645–648.
- Ghanbari M, Jeddi S, Bagheripuor F, et al. The effect of maternal hypothyroidism on cardiac function and tolerance to ischemia–reperfusion injury in offspring male and female rats. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38(8):915–922.
- Khoury MJ, Becerra JE, d‘Almada PJ. Maternal thyroid disease and risk of birth defects in offspring: a population-based case-control study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1989;3(4):402–420.
- Robert E, Vollset SE, Botto L, et al. Malformation surveillance and maternal drug exposure: the MADRE project. Int J Risk Saf Med. 1994;6(2):75–118.
- Wang LZ, Xue L. Clinical follow-up and mechanism of fetal intracardiac hyperechoic foci. Journal of Knowledge of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (second half); 2015;(2):82–84.
- Zhong DL, Wu HC. Research progress of thyroid hormone on myocardial remodeling. Guangdong Med J. 2016;37(10):1573–1575.
- Liu JL. Effect of congenital hypothyroidism on cardiac development [D]. Tianjin, China: Tianjin Medical University; 2017.
- Liu Z, Gerdes AM. Influence of hypothyroidism and the reversal of hypothyroidism on hemodynamics and cell size in the adult rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1990;22(12):1339–1348.
- Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(14):1750–1757.
- Drazner MH, Rame JE, Marino EK, et al. Increased left ventricular mass is a risk factor for the development of a depressed left ventricular ejection fraction within five years: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(12):2207–2215.
- Pieri M, Belletti A, Monaco F, et al. Outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with low preoperative ejection fraction. BMC Anesthesiol. 2016;16(1):97.
- Berkley E, Chauhan SP, Abuhamad A, et al. Doppler assessment of the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206(4):300–308.
- Hofstaetter C, Gudmundsson S, Hansmann M. Venous Doppler velocimetry in the surveillance of severely compromised fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(3):233–239.
- Yang X, Wang YC, Liu XY. Tei index combined with pulmonary venous and ductal blood flow parameters to evaluate fetal cardiac function in patients with gestational hypertension. Chin J Ultrasound Med. 2017;33(9):809–812.
- DeVore GR, Horenstein J. Ductus venosus index: a method for evaluating right ventricular preload in the second-trimester fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1993;3(5):338–342.
- Carvalho FH, Moron AF, Mattar R, et al. Ductus venosus Doppler velocimetry to predict acidemia at birth in pregnancies with placental insufficiency. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2005;51(4):221–227.
- Jiang ZJ, Su FL. Tei index evaluation of right ventricular function in fetus with hypertensive disease during pregnancy. J Guangxi Med Univ. 2017;34(6):890–891.
- Luo BY, Zhao YJ. Effects of thyroid hormone on cardiovascular system. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2008;28(4):246–248.
- Lazarus JH, Othman S. Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol. 1991;34(1):91–98.
- Mittag J, Lyons DJ, Sällström J, et al. Thyroid hormone is required for hypothalamic neurons regulating cardiovascular functions. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(1):509–516.
- Pedaran M, Oelkrug R, Sun Q, et al. Maternal thyroid hormone programs cardiovascular functions in the offspring. Thyroid. 2021;31(9):1424–1435.