Civil society and populism in Europe: outbreak or cure?

References

• Akkerman, T., S. L. de Lange, and M. Rooduijn, eds. 2016. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D. 2009. “Reconciling ‘Voice’ and ‘Exit’: Swiss and Italian Populists in Power.” Politics 29 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2008.01332.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggini, J. 2015. “The Populist Threat to Pluralism.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 41 (4–5): 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453714564460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, N. G. 2003. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bill, S. 2022. “Counter-Elite Populism and Civil Society in Poland: PiS’s Strategies of Elite Replacement.” East European Politics and Societies 36 (1): 118–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325420950800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bláha, P. 2023. “Populism and Social Capital in Structurally Disadvantaged Regions and the 2023 Czech Presidential Election: Making Democracy Work Again?” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2293778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossetta, M. 2021. “Fighting Fire with Fire: Mainstream Adoption of the Populist Political Style in the 2014 Europe Debates Between Nick Clegg and Nigel Farage.” The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19 (4): 715–734. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117715646.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K., and A. Mondon. 2021. “Populism, the Media, and the Mainstreaming of the Far Right: The Guardian’s Coverage of Populism As a Case Study.” Politics 41 (3): 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720955036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustikova, L., and P. Guasti. 2017. “The Illiberal Turn or Swerve in Central Europe?” Politics & Governance 5 (4): 166–176. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzalka, J. 2021. “Village Fascists and Progressive Populists: Two Faces of the Countermovement in Slovakia.” Europe-Asia Studies 73 (9): 1658–1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1978934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzalka, J. 2022. “Post-Peasant Progressivism: On Liberal Tendencies in the Slovak Countryside.” In Anthropology of Transformation. From Europe to Asia and Back, edited by J. Buzalka and A. Pasieka, 179–204. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Buzalka, J., and A. Figulová. 2023. “Post-Peasant Progressivism As a Kind of Populism.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2288243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caiani, M., and O. Čísař, eds. 2019. Radical Right Movement Parties in Europe. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315123851.
   Google Scholar
• Canovan, M. 1999. “Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy.” Political Studies 47 (1): 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Čermák, D., R. Mikešová, and J. Stachová. 2016. “Regional Differences in Political Trust: Comparing the Vysocina and Usti Regions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 49 (2): 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csehi, R., and E. Zgut. 2021. ““We Won’t Let Brussels Dictate Us”: Eurosceptic Populism in Hungary and Poland.” European Politics and Society 22 (1): 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1717064.
   Google Scholar
• Custodi, J., and E. Padoan. 2023. “The Nation of the People: An Analysis of Podemos and Five Star Movement’s Discourse on the Nation.” Nations and Nationalism 29 (2): 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deegan-Krause, K. 2012. “Populism, Democracy, and Nationalism in Slovakia.” In Populism in Europe and the Americas, edited by C. Mudde and C. Rovira Kaltwasser, 182–204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152365.010.
   Google Scholar
• della Porta, D., J. Fernández, H. Kouki, and L. Mosca. 2017. Movement Parties Against Austerity. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Favero, A., and M. Zulianello. 2023. “Building Legitimacy: Why the Populist Radical Right Engages in Grassroots Activism at the Local Level.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2269383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerő, M., A. Fejős, S. Kerényi, and D. Szikra. 2023. “From Exclusion to Co-Optation: Political Opportunity Structures and Civil Society Responses in De-Democratising Hungary.” Politics & Governance 11 (1): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i1.5883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyárfášová, O., and G. Mesežnikov. 2015. “Actors, Agenda, and Appeal of the Radical Nationalist Right in Slovakia.” In Transforming the Transformation? The East European Radical Right in the Political Process, edited by M. Minkenberg, 224–248. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hartleb, F. 2013. “Anti-Elitist Cyber Parties?” Journal of Public Affairs 13 (4): 355–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1480.
   Google Scholar
• Havlík, V. 2019. “Technocratic Populism and Political Illiberalism in Central Europe.” Problems of Post-Communism 66 (6): 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2019.1580590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinisch, H., and V. Jansnesberger. 2022. “Lacking Control – Analysing the Demand Side of Populist Party Support.” European Politics and Society on-line first 25 (2): 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2022.2150027.
   Google Scholar
• Hunger, S., and F. Paxton. 2022. “What’s in a Buzzword? A Systematic Review of the State of Populism Research in Political Science.” Political Science Research and Methods 10 (3): 617–633. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2021.44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, S. P. 2006. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaniok, P., and V. Havlík. 2016. “Populism and Euroscepticism in the Czech Republic: Meeting Friends or Passing By?” Romanian Journal of European Affairs 16 (2): 20–35.
   Google Scholar
• Keane, J. 2010. “Civil Society, Definitions and Approaches.” In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, edited by H. K. Anheier and S. Toepler, 461–464. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_531.
   Google Scholar
• Kefford, G., B. Moffitt, J. Collins, and J. Marsh. 2023. “Populist Attitudes in Australia: Contextualising the Demand-Side.” Australian Journal of Political Science 58 (1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2022.2122401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevický, D. 2022. “Where Is the Populist Radical Right Successful? Spatial Analysis of Populist Radical Right Parties in Slovakia and Czechia.” Eurasian Geography and Economics on-line first 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2022.2151485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. 2022. “The Limits of Party Unionism: Far-Right Projects of Trade Union Building in Belgium, France, and Germany.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2022.2118679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., S. Greef, and W. Schroeder. 2022. The Far Right in the Workplace. A Six-Country Comparison. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04002-3.
   Google Scholar
• Kopecký, P., and C. Mudde, eds. 2002. Uncivil Society? Contentious Politics in Post-Communist Europe. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. 2005. On Populist Reason. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Lubbers, M., M. Gijsberts, and P. Scheepers. 2002. “Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe.” European Journal of Political Research 41 (3): 345–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maškarinec, P. 2013. “Prostorová analýza prezidentských voleb v České republice v roce 2013 [Spatial Analysis of the 2013 Czech Presidential Elections].” Sociológia 45 (5): 435–469.
   Google Scholar
• Maškarinec, P. 2019. “The Rise of New Populist Political Parties in Czech Parliamentary Elections Between 2010 and 2017: The Geography of Party Replacement.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 60 (5): 511–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.1691928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzolini, S., and A. Boriello. 2022. “The Normalization of Left Populism? The Paradigmatic Case of Podemos.” European Politics and Society 23 (3): 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1868849.
   Google Scholar
• Meijers, M. J., and A. Zaslove. 2021. “Measuring Populism in Political Parties: Appraisal of a New Approach.” Comparative Political Studies 54 (2): 372–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020938081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel, W. 2002. “Civil Society and Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe.” Central European Political Science Review 3 (10): 78–100.
   Google Scholar
• Mikecz, D. 2020. “Civil Society As a Counterbalance to Democratic Backlash? The Civil Society Master Frame and Discursive Opportunities of Politically Active Civil Organizations in Hungary.” Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 28 (1): 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/25739638.2020.1812940.
   Google Scholar
• Minkenberg, M. 2019. “Between Party and Movement: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations of the Radical right’s Organizational Boundaries and Mobilization Processes.” European Societies 21 (4): 463–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2012. “Populism and (Liberal) Democracy: A Framework for Analysis.” In Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective to Democracy?, edited by C. Mudde and C. Rovira Kaltwasser, 1–26. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152365.002.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.000.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. Rovira Kaltwasser. 2018. “Studying Populism in Comparative Perspective: Reflections on the Contemporary and Future Research Agenda.” Comparative Political Studies 51 (13): 1667–1693. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018789490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navrátil, J., and O. Císař. 2023. “Show Me How to Live: Transactional Advocacy Organizations, Managerial Populism, and the EU.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2271852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naxera, V. 2023a. Anti-Corruption and Populism: The Czech Experience. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003296010.
   Google Scholar
• Naxera, V. 2023b. “‘Let Us Blow Them down!’: Corruption As the Subject of (Non-)Populist Communication of the Czech Pirate Party.” Politics 43 (4): 457–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/02633957211010984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naxera, V., V. Kaše, and O. Stulík. 2023. “‘The More Populism Types You Know, the Better Political Scientist You Are?’?’ Machine-Learning Based Meta-Analysis of Populism Types in the Political Science Literature.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2244911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naxera, V., and P. Krčál. 2020. “Ostrovy deviace” v populistické rétorice Miloše Zemana [“The Isles of Deviation” in Populist Rhetorics of Miloš Zeman].” Sociológia 52 (1): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.31577/sociologia.2020.52.1.4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naxera, V., and O. Stulík. 2022. “‘I Will Handle it Personally’: The Neo-Patrimonial Rhetoric of the Czech Prime Minister in the Times of Covid-19.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies 30 (3): 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.1911789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newth, G. 2023. “Rethinking ‘Nativism’: Beyond the Ideational Approach.” Identities 30 (2): 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2021.1969161.
   Google Scholar
• Nordensvard, M., and J. Ketola. 2022. “Populism As an Act of Storytelling: Analyzing the Climate Change Narratives of Donald Trump and Greta Thunberg As Populist Truth-Tellers.” Environmental Politics 31 (5): 861–882. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1996818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacewicz, J. 2023. “When Is Populism Good for Liberal Democracy?” Sociological Theory 41 (2): 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/07352751231167389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacześniak, A. 2023. “The Anti-Elitist Strategy of Political Parties As a Populist Tool to (Re)gain Electoral Support.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2288238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perottino, M., and P. Guasti. 2020. “Technocratic Populism à la Française? The Roots and Mechanisms of Emmanuel Macron’s Success.” Politics & Governance 8 (4): 545–555. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i4.3412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, B. G., and J. Pierre. 2020. “A Typology of Populism: Understanding the Different Forms of Populism and Their Implications.” Democratization 27 (6): 928–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1751615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirro, A., and P. Taggart. 2018. “The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: A Framework for Analysis.” Politics 38 (3): 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718770579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Andés, R., S. Mazzolini, and J. Custodi. 2023. “Does Left Populism Short-Circuit Itself? Podemos in the Labyrinths of Cultural Elitism and Radical Leftism.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2269375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. 2018. “What Unites the Voter Bases of Populist Parties? Comparing the Electorates of 15 Populist Parties.” European Political Science Review 10 (3): 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773917000145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. 2019. “State of the Field: How to Study Populism and Adjacent Topics? A Plea for Both More and Less Focus.” European Journal of Political Research 58 (1): 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., S. L. de Lange, and W. van der Brug. 2014. “A Populist Zeitgeist? Programmatic Contagion by Populist Parties in Western Europe.” Party Politics 20 (4): 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, M. 2020. “Slovakia After Fico: Systemic Change or More of the Same?” Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science 27 (3): 235–258. https://doi.org/10.5817/PC2020-3-235.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira Kaltwasser, C., and S. M. Van Hauwaert. 2020. “The Populist Citizen: Empirical Evidence from Europe and Latin America.” European Political Science Review 12 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773919000262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzza, C. 2009. “Populism and Euroscepticism: Towards Uncivil Society?” Policy and Society 28 (1): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.02.007.
   Google Scholar
• Ruzza, C., and R. Sanchez Salgado. 2021. “The Populist Turn in EU Politics and the Intermediary Role of Civil Society Organizations.” European Politics and Society 22 (4): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1801180.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter, P. C. 1993. Some Propositions About Civil Society and the Consolidation of Democracy. EUI Working Paper. Wien: Institut für Höhere Studien.
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher, G., and K. van Kersbergen. 2016. “Do Mainstream Parties Adapt to the Welfare Chauvinism of Populist Parties?” Party Politics 22 (3): 300–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814549345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwörer, J. 2021. The Growth of Populism in the Political Mainstream. The Contagion Effects of Populist Messages on Mainstream Parties’ Communication. Cham: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72449-8.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. 2019. “A New Populist Divide? Correspondences of Supply and Demand in the 2015 Polish Parliamentary Elections.” East European Politics and Societies: And Cultures 33 (1): 17–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325418783056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, B., and M. Cześnik. 2019. “Populism in Poland.” In Populism Around the World: A Comparative Perspective, edited by D. Stockemer, 67–87. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96758-5_5.
   Google Scholar
• Staykova, E., and I. Otova. 2024. “Antiestablishment Populism in Bulgaria: Mainstreaming in the Digital Era.” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2024.2308105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styczyńska, N., and J. D. Meijer. 2023. “The ‘Pure Polish people’ Vs the ‘European elite’ – How Do Populism and Euroscepticism Interact in Polish Politics?” Journal of Contemporary European Studies on-line first 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2251000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchánek, J., and J. Hasman. 2022. “Nativist With(out) a Cause: A Geographical Analysis of the Populist Radical Right in the 2017 and 2021 Czech Parliamentary Elections.” Territory, Politics, Governance on-line first 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2022.2150287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrow, S. 2021. Movements and Parties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Timmer, A. D., and D. Docka-Filipek. 2018. “Enemies of the Nation: Understanding the Hungarian State’s Relationship to Humanitarian NGOs.” Journal of International and Global Studies 9 (2): 40–57.
   Google Scholar
• van der Brug, W., M. Fennema, and J. Tillie. 2000. “Anti-immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?” European Journal of Political Research 37 (1): 77–102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007013503658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead, L. 2002. Democratization. Theory and Experience. Oxford Studies in Democratization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yanchenko, K., and M. Zulianello. 2023. “‘Not Fighting Corruption, but Defeating it’: The Populism of Zelensky’s Servant of the People in Comparative Perspective.” European Societies on-line first. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2203214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar