References
- Al-Bekairi AM , Qureshi S , Chaudhry MA , Krishna DR , Shah AH . 1991. Mitodepressive, clastogenic and biochemical effects of (+)-usnic acid in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 33:217–220. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90079-S.
- BaČkorová M , BaČkor M , Mikeš J , Jendželovský R , FedoroČko P . 2011. Variable responses of different human cancer cells to the lichen compounds parietin, atranorin, usnic acid and gyrophoric acid. Toxicol In Vitro. 25:37–44. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.004.
- BaČkorová M , Jendželovský R , Kello M , BaČkor M , Mikeš J , FedoroČko P . 2012. Lichen secondary metabolites are responsible for induction of apoptosis in HT-29 and A2780 human cancer cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro. 26:462–468. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.01.017.
- Behera BC , Mahadik N , Morey M . 2012. Antioxidative and cardiovascular-protective activities of metabolite usnic acid and psoromic acid produced by lichen species Usnea complanata under submerged fermentation. Pharm Biol. 50:968–979. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2012.654396.
- Bézivin C , Tomasi S , Rouaud I , Delcros JG , Boustie J . 2004. Cytotoxic activity of compounds from the lichen: Cladonia convoluta . Planta Med. 70:874–877. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-827240.
- Bissell DM , Gores GJ , Laskin DL , Hoofnagle JH . 2001. Drug-induced liver injury: mechanisms and test systems. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD). 33:1009–1013. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2001.23505.
- Boelsterli UA , Lim PL . 2007. Mitochondrial abnormalities–a link to idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 220:92–107. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.013.
- Bomfim RR , Araujo AAS , Cuadros-Orellana S , Melo MGD , Quintans LJ , Cavalcanti SCH . 2009. Larvicidal activity of Cladonia substellata extract and usnic acid against Aedes aegypti and Artemia salina . Lat Am J Pharm. 28:580–584.
- Brisdelli F , Perilli M , Sellitri D , Piovano M , Garbarino JA , Nicoletti M , Bozzi A , Amicosante G , Celenza G . 2012. Cytotoxic activity and antioxidant capacity of purified lichen metabolites: an in vitro study. Phytother Res. 25:431–437.
- Brisdelli F , Perilli M , Sellitri D , Piovano M , Garbarino JA , Nicoletti M , Bozzi A , Amicosante G , Celenza G . 2013. Cytotoxic activity and antioxidant capacity of purified lichen metabolites: an in vitro study. Phytother Res: PTR. 27:431–437. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4739.
- Bruno M , Trucchi B , Burlando B , Ranzato E , Martinotti S , Akkol EK , Süntar I , Kele¸ H , Verotta L . 2013. (+)-Usnic acid enamines with remarkable cicatrizing properties. Bioorg Med Chem. 21:1834–1843. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.045.
- Campanella L , Delfini M , Ercole P , Iacoangeli A , Risuleo G . 2002. Molecular characterization and action of usnic acid: a drug that inhibits proliferation of mouse polyomavirus in vitro and whose main target is RNA transcription. Biochimie. 84:329–334. doi: 10.1016/S0300-9084(02)01386-X.
- Cardarelli M , Serino G , Campanella L , Ercole P , De Cicco Nardone F , Alesiani O , Rossiello F . 1997. Antimitotic effects of usnic acid on different biological systems. Cell Mol Life Sci. 53:667–672. doi: 10.1007/s000180050086.
- Cocchietto M , Skert N , Nimis PL , Sava G . 2002. A review on usnic acid, an interesting natural compound. Die Naturwissenschaften. 89:137–146. doi: 10.1007/s00114-002-0305-3.
- da Silva Santos NP , Nascimento SC , Wanderley MS , Pontes-Filho NT , da Silva JF , de Castro CM , Pereira EC , da Silva NH , Honda NK , Santos-Magalhaes NS . 2006. Nanoencapsulation of usnic acid: an attempt to improve antitumour activity and reduce hepatotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 64:154–160. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2006.05.018.
- De Carvalho EAB , Andrade PP , Silva NH , Pereira EC , Figueiredo RCBQ . 2005. Effect of usnic acid from the lichen Cladonia substellata on Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro: an ultrastructural study. Micron. 36:155–161. doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.09.003.
- Durazo FA , Lassman C , Han SHB , Saab S , Lee NP , Kawano M , Saggi B , Gordon S , Farmer DG , Yersiz H , et al. 2004. Fulminant liver failure due to usnic acid for weight loss. Amer J Gastroenterol. 99:950–952. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04165.x.
- Dykens JA , Jamieson JD , Marroquin LD , Nadanaciva S , Xu JJ , Dunn MC , Smith AR , Will Y . 2008. In vitro assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity of nefazodone, trazodone, and buspirone. Toxicol Sci. 103:335–345. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn056.
- Dykens JA , Will Y . 2007. The significance of mitochondrial toxicity testing in drug development. Drug Disc Today. 12:777–785.
- Elo H , Matikainen J , Pelttari E . 2007. Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Die Naturwissenschaften. 94:465–468. doi: 10.1007/s00114-006-0208-9.
- Favreau JT , Ryu ML , Braunstein G , Orshansky G , Park SS , Coody GL , Love LA , Fong TL . 2002. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the dietary supplement LipoKinetix. Ann Int Med. 136:590–595. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-136-8-200204160-00008.
- Fernandes VA . 2013. Avaliação do efeito do tratamento com ácido úsnico sobre o perfil redox cardíaco e em parâmetros da função cardíaca na doença de Chagas. Federal University of Sergipe.
- Foti RS , Dickmann LJ , Davis JA , Greene RJ , Hill JJ , Howard ML , Pearson JT , Rock DA , Tay JC , Wahlstrom JL , Slatter JG . 2008. Metabolism and related human risk factors for hepatic damage by usnic acid containing nutritional supplements. Xenobiotica. 38:264–280. doi: 10.1080/00498250701802514.
- Fournet A , Ferreira ME , deArias AR , deOrtiz ST , Inchausti A , Yaluff G , Quilhot W , Fernandez E , Hidalgo ME . 1997. Activity of compounds isolated from Chilean lichens against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Comp Biochem Phys C. 116:51–54.
- Halici M , Odabasoglu F , Suleyman H , Cakir A , Aslan A , Bayir Y . 2005. Effects of water extract of Usnea longissima on antioxidant enzyme activity and mucosal damage caused by indomethacin in rats. Phytomedicine. 12:656–662. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.06.021.
- Halliwell B . 2008. Are polyphenols antioxidants or pro-oxidants? What do we learn from cell culture and in vivo studies? Arch Biochem Biophys. 476:107–112. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.01.028.
- Han D , Matsumaru K , Rettori D , Kaplowitz N . 2004. Usnic acid-induced necrosis of cultured mouse hepatocytes: inhibition of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol. 67:439–451. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.09.032.
- Huang Z , Zheng G , Tao J , Ruan J . 2011. Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of usnic acid. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater. 26:955–959. doi: 10.1007/s11595-011-0344-8.
- Ingólfsdóttir K . 2002. Usnic acid[J]. Phytochemistry. 61:729–736.
- Joseph A , Lee T , Moland CL , Branham WS , Fuscoe JC , Leakey JE , Allaben WT , Lewis SM , Ali AA , Desai VG . 2009. Effect of (+)-usnic acid on mitochondrial functions as measured by mitochondria-specific oligonucleotide microarray in liver of B6C3F1 mice. Mitochondrion. 9:149–158. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.02.002.
- Kohlhardt-Floehr C , Boehm F , Troppens S , Lademann J , Truscott TG . 2010. Prooxidant and antioxidant behaviour of usnic acid from lichens under uvb-light irradiation – studies on human cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 101:97–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.06.017.
- Kowaltowski AJ , de Souza-Pinto NC , Castilho RF , Vercesi AE . 2009. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. Free Rad Biol Med. 47:333–343. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.05.004.
- Krishna YR , Mittal V , Grewal P , Fiel M , Schiano T . 2011. Acute liver failure caused by ‘fat burners’ and dietary supplements: A case report and literature review. Can J Gastroenterol. 25:157–160.
- Kumar KC , Müller K . 1999a. Lichen metabolites. 1. Inhibitory action against leukotriene b 4 biosynthesis by a non-redox mechanism. J Nat Prod. 62:817–820. doi: 10.1021/np9803777.
- Kumar kc KC , Müller K . 1999b. Lichen metabolites. 2. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity of gyrophoric, usnic, and diffractaic acid on human keratinocyte growth. J Nat Prod. 62:821–823. doi: 10.1021/np980378z.
- Lauterwein M , Oethinger M , Belsner K , Peters T , Marre R . 1995. In vitro activities of the lichen secondary metabolites vulpinic acid, (+)-usnic acid, and ( − )-usnic acid against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39:2541–2543. doi: 10.1128/AAC.39.11.2541.
- Lee WM . 2003. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. New Engl J Med. 349:474–485. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra021844.
- Lira MCB , Siqueira-Moura MP , Rolim-Santos HML , Galetti FCS , Simioni AR , Santos NP , Do Egito EST , Silva CL , Tedesco AC , Santos-Magalhaes NS . 2009. In vitro uptake and antimycobacterial activity of liposomal usnic acid formulation. J Liposome Res. 19:49–58.
- Lisci M , Monte M , Pacini E . 2003. Lichens and higher plants on stone: a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 51:1–17. doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(02)00071-9.
- Manojlovic NT , Vasiljevic PJ , Maskovic PZ , Juskovic M , Bogdanovic-Dusanovic G . 2012. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of lichen Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise (Umbilicariaceae). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012:1–8. doi: 10.1155/2012/452431.
- Mayer M , O'Neill MA , Murray KE , Santos-Magalhães NS , Carneiro-Leão AM , Thompson AM , Appleyard VC . 2005. Usnic acid: a non-genotoxic compound with anti-cancer properties. Anti-cancer Drugs. 16:805–809. doi: 10.1097/01.cad.0000175588.09070.77.
- Melo MG , dos Santos JPA , Serafini MR , Caregnato FF , de Bittencourt Pasquali MA , Rabelo TK , da Rocha RF , Quintans L, Jr. , de Souza Araújo AA , da Silva FA , Fonseca Moreira JC, , Gelain PN . 2011. Redox properties and cytoprotective actions of atranorin, a lichen secondary metabolite. Toxicol In Vitro. 25:462–468. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.11.014.
- Mendonça SCS . 2009. Efeito do ácido úsnico obtido do líquen Cladonia substellata Vainio sobre a contratilidade do átrio esquerdo de cobaia (Cavia porcellus). Federal of Sergipe University.
- Mitchell JC , Shibata S. 1969. Immunologic activity of some substances derived from Lichenized Fungi. J Investigative Dermatology. 52:517–520. 10.1038/jid.1969.88.
- Neff GW , Reddy KR , Durazo FA , Meyer D , Marrero R , Kaplowitz N . 2004. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with the use of weight loss diet supplements containing ma huang or usnic acid. J Hepatol. 41:1062–1064. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.06.028.
- Nunes PS , Albuquerque Jr., RLC , Cavalcante DRR , Dantas MDM , Cardoso JC , Bezerra SMS , Souza JCC , Serafini MR , Quitans Jr., LJ , Bonjardim LR , Araújo AS . 2011. Collagen-based films containing liposome-loaded usnic acid as dressing for dermal burn healing. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011:1–9. doi: 10.1155/2011/761593.
- Odabasoglu F , Cakir A , Suleyman H , Aslan A , Bayir Y , Halici M , Kazaz C . 2006. Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of usnic acid on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 103:59–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.043.
- Okuyama E , Umeyama K , Yamazaki M , Kinoshita Y , Yamamoto Y . 1995. Usnic acid and diffractaic acid as analgesic and antipyretic components of usnea diffracta. Planta Med. 61:113–115. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-958027.
- O'Neill MA , Mayer M , Murray KE , Rolim-Santos HM , Santos-Magalhães NS , Thompson AM , Appleyard VC . 2010. Does usnic acid affect microtubules in human cancer cells? Brazil J Biol. 70:659–664. doi: 10.1590/S1519-69842010005000013.
- Pires RH , Lucarini R , Mendes-Giannini MJS . 2012. Effect of usnic acid on Candida orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56:595–597. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05348-11.
- Pramyothin P . 1986. Isolated liver cell preparations. J Natl Res Council. 18:1–9.
- Pramyothin P , Janthasoot W , Pongnimitprasert N , Phrukudom S , Ruangrungsi N. 2004. Hepatotoxic effect of (+)usnic acid from UsneasiamensisWainio in rats, isolated rat hepatocytes and isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Ethnopharmacol. 90:381–387.
- Rabelo TK , Zeidán-Chuliá F , Vasques LM , dos Santos JPA , da Rocha RF , Pasquali MAdB , Rybarczyk-Filho JL , Araújo AAS , Moreira JCF , Gelain DP . 2012. Redox characterization of usnic acid and its cytotoxic effect on human neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y). Toxicol In Vitro. 26:304–314. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.12.003.
- Rafanelli S , Bacchillga R , Stanganelli I , Rafanelli A . 1995. Contact dermatitis from usnic acid in vaginal ovules. Contact Dermatitis. 33:271–271. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00484.x.
- Ramos DF , da silva PEA . 2010. Antimycobacterial activity of usnic acid against resistant and susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Pharm Biology. 48:260–263. doi: 10.3109/13880200903085490.
- Rancan F , Rosan S , Boehm K , Fernández E , Hidalgo ME , Quihot W , Rubio C , Boehm F , Piazena H , Oltmanns U . 2002. Protection against UVB irradiation by natural filters extracted from lichens. J Photochem Photobiol B. 68:133–139. doi: 10.1016/S1011-1344(02)00362-7.
- Ribeiro-Costa RM , Alves AJ , Santos NP , Nascimento SC , Gonçalves EC , Silva NH , Honda NK , Santos-Magalhães NS . 2004. In vitro and in vivo properties of usnic acid encapsulated into PLGA-microspheres. J Microencapsul. 21:371–384. doi: 10.1080/02652040410001673919.
- Rice-Evans CA , Miller NJ , Bolwell PG , Bramley PM , Pridham JB . 1995. The relative antioxidant of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Rad Res. 22:375–383. doi: 10.3109/10715769509145649.
- Riella KR , Marinho RR , Santos JS , Pereira-Filho RN , Cardoso JC , Albuquerque-Junior RL , Thomazzi SM . 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol. 143:656–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.028.
- Sahu SC , O'Donnell, Jr, MW , Sprando RL . 2012. Interactive toxicity of usnic acid and lipopolysaccharides in human liver HepG2 cells. J Appl Toxicol. 32:739–749. doi: 10.1002/jat.2768.
- Salo H , Hannuksela M , Hausen B . 1981. Lichen picker's dermatitis (cladonia alpestris (l) rab.). Contact Dermatitis. 7:9–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1981.tb03951.x.
- Sanchez W , Maple JT , Burgart LJ , Kamath PS . 2006. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with use of a dietary supplement containing usnic acid. Mayo Clin Proc. 81:541–544. doi: 10.4065/81.4.541.
- Santos NPS , Nascimento SC , Wanderley MSO , Pontes-Filho NT , Silva JF , Castro CMMB , Pereira EC , Silva NH , Honda NK , Santos-Magalhães NS . 2006. Nanoencapsulation of usnic acid: An attempt to improve antitumour activity and reduce hepatotoxicity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 64:154–160.
- Scalbert A , Johnson IT , Saltmarsh M . 2005. Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond. Am J Clin Nutr. 81:215S–217S.
- Segatore B , Bellio P , Setacci D , Brisdelli F , Piovano M , Garbarino JA , Nicoletti M , Amicosante G , Perilli M , Celenza G . 2012. In vitro interaction of usnic acid in combination with antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates determined by FICI and δe model methods. Phytomedicine. 19:341–347. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.10.012.
- Seifried HE , Anderson DE , Fisher EI , Milner JA . 2007. A review of the interaction among dietary antioxidants and reactive oxygen species. J Nutr Biochem. 18:567–579. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.10.007.
- Sheu M , Simpson EL , Law SV , Storrs FJ . 2006. Allergic contact dermatitis from a natural deodorant: a report of 4 cases associated with lichen acid mix allergy. J Amer Acad Dermatol. 55:332–337. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.043.
- Sokolov DN , Zarubaev VV , Shtro AA , Polovinka MP , Luzina OA , Komarova NI , Salakhutdinov NF , Kiselev OI . 2012. Anti-viral activity of ( − )- and (+)-usnic acids and their derivatives against influenza virus A(H1N1)2009. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 22:7060–7064. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.084.
- Song Y , Dai F , Zhai D , Dong Y , Zhang J , Lu B , Luo J , Liu M , Yi Z . 2012. Usnic acid inhibits breast tumor angiogenesis and growth by suppressing VEGFR2-mediated AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Angiogenesis. 15:421–432. doi: 10.1007/s10456-012-9270-4.
- Sonko BJ , Schmitt TC , Guo L , Shi Q , Boros LG , Leakey JE , Beger RD . 2011. Assessment of usnic acid toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes using 13c isotopomer distribution analysis of lactate, glutamate and glucose. Food Chem Toxicol. 49:2968–2974. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.047.
- Su Z-Q , Mo Z-Z , Liao J-B , Feng X-X , Liang Y-Z , Zhang X , Liu Y-H , Chen X-Y , Chen Z-W , Su Z-R , Lai X-P . 2014. Usnic acid protects LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice through attenuating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Inter Immunopharmacology 22: 371–378.
- Takai M , Uehara Y , Beisler JA . 1979. Usnic acid derivatives as potential antineoplastic agents. J Med Chem. 22:1380–1384. doi: 10.1021/jm00197a019.
- Thune PO , Solberg YJ . 1980. Photosensitivity and allergy to aromatic lichen acids, compositae oleoresins and other plant substances. Compositae oleoresins and other plant substances. Contact Dermatitis. 6:81–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1980.tb03911.x.
- Vijayakumar CS , Viswanathan S , Reddy MK , Parvathavarthini S , Kundu AB , Sukumar E . 2000. Anti-inflammatory activity of (+)-usnic acid. Fitoterapia. 71:564–566. doi: 10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00209-4.
- Yellapu RK , Mittal V , Grewal P , Fiel M , Schiano T . 2011. Acute liver failure caused by ‘fat burners’ and dietary supplements: a case report and literature review. Can J Gastroenterol. 25:157–160.